Objectives: To evaluate the impact of adult learning and simulation-based learning (SBL) on surgical trainees’ learning experiences and Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) Section 2 General Surgery exa...Objectives: To evaluate the impact of adult learning and simulation-based learning (SBL) on surgical trainees’ learning experiences and Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) Section 2 General Surgery examination pass rate. Methods: This was a cross-sequential study involving 148 surgical candidates (72 UK trainees, 75 non-UK trainees) who had attended our revision course (Phoenix FRCS Course) from June 2017 until 2023. Each course comprised a two-day weekend preparation with dedicated sections for clinical, viva, and academic reading, incorporating SBL as its key learning style. We maintained a prospective database of candidate and course details, examination results, and feedback since the course inception. Results: We found that 97% of candidates passed the FRCS examination after their first attempt. The course was attended once by 89% of candidates, and only 3 of the 148 candidates exhausted all four attempts at the examination. Candidate feedback for the course and its style of learning was positive, with simulation-based table viva sessions and virtual clinical sessions proving the most popular learning sessions (95% and 80% of candidates attending courses run in December 2017, April 2018, and May 2021 rated them “Excellent” respectively). Conclusions: The course is centered around shared adult learning and mindfulness tools to encourage candidates to learn from each other and develop confidence and mastery in all domains of surgical practice. These methods have been shown to be effective in achieving high success rates in the Intercollegiate and International FRCS examinations for UK and overseas surgeons.展开更多
As a hybrid approach to realizing fusion energy,Magnetized Target Fusion(MTF)based on the Field Reversed Configuration(FRC),which has the plasma density and confinement time in the range between magnetic and inertial ...As a hybrid approach to realizing fusion energy,Magnetized Target Fusion(MTF)based on the Field Reversed Configuration(FRC),which has the plasma density and confinement time in the range between magnetic and inertial confinement fusion,has been recently widely pursued around the world.To investigate the formation and confinement of the FRC plasma injector for MTF,the Yingguang-I,which is an FRC test device and contains a multi-bank program-discharged pulsed power sub-system,was constructed at the Institute of Fluid Physics(IFP),China.This paper presents the pulsed power components and their parameters of the device in detail,then gives a brief description of progress in experiments of FRC formation.Experimental results of the pulsed power sub-system show that the peak current/magnetic field of 110 kA/0.3 T,10 kA/1.2 Tand 1.7 MA/3.4 Twere achieved in the bias,mirror and q-pinch circuits with quarter cycle of 80 ms,700 ms and 3.8 ms respectively.The induced electric field in the neutral gas was greater than 0.25 kV/cm when the ionization bank was charged to 70 kV.With H_(2) gas of 8 Pa,the plasma target of density 10^(16) cm^(-3),separatrix radius 4 cm,half-length 17 cm,equilibrium temperature 200 eV and lifetime 3 ms(approximately the half pulse width of the reversed field)have been obtained through the q-pinch method when the bias,mirror,ionization and θ-pinch banks were charged to 5 kV,5 kV,55 kV and ±45 kV respectively.The images from the high-speed end-on framing camera demonstrate the formation processes of FRC and some features agree well with the results with the two-dimension magneto hydrodynamics code(2D-MHD).展开更多
文摘Objectives: To evaluate the impact of adult learning and simulation-based learning (SBL) on surgical trainees’ learning experiences and Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) Section 2 General Surgery examination pass rate. Methods: This was a cross-sequential study involving 148 surgical candidates (72 UK trainees, 75 non-UK trainees) who had attended our revision course (Phoenix FRCS Course) from June 2017 until 2023. Each course comprised a two-day weekend preparation with dedicated sections for clinical, viva, and academic reading, incorporating SBL as its key learning style. We maintained a prospective database of candidate and course details, examination results, and feedback since the course inception. Results: We found that 97% of candidates passed the FRCS examination after their first attempt. The course was attended once by 89% of candidates, and only 3 of the 148 candidates exhausted all four attempts at the examination. Candidate feedback for the course and its style of learning was positive, with simulation-based table viva sessions and virtual clinical sessions proving the most popular learning sessions (95% and 80% of candidates attending courses run in December 2017, April 2018, and May 2021 rated them “Excellent” respectively). Conclusions: The course is centered around shared adult learning and mindfulness tools to encourage candidates to learn from each other and develop confidence and mastery in all domains of surgical practice. These methods have been shown to be effective in achieving high success rates in the Intercollegiate and International FRCS examinations for UK and overseas surgeons.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11375163,11605182,11605183)the Development Foundation of China Academy of Engineering Physics(Grant No.2011B0402009)the Science Challenge Project No.2016212A505.
文摘As a hybrid approach to realizing fusion energy,Magnetized Target Fusion(MTF)based on the Field Reversed Configuration(FRC),which has the plasma density and confinement time in the range between magnetic and inertial confinement fusion,has been recently widely pursued around the world.To investigate the formation and confinement of the FRC plasma injector for MTF,the Yingguang-I,which is an FRC test device and contains a multi-bank program-discharged pulsed power sub-system,was constructed at the Institute of Fluid Physics(IFP),China.This paper presents the pulsed power components and their parameters of the device in detail,then gives a brief description of progress in experiments of FRC formation.Experimental results of the pulsed power sub-system show that the peak current/magnetic field of 110 kA/0.3 T,10 kA/1.2 Tand 1.7 MA/3.4 Twere achieved in the bias,mirror and q-pinch circuits with quarter cycle of 80 ms,700 ms and 3.8 ms respectively.The induced electric field in the neutral gas was greater than 0.25 kV/cm when the ionization bank was charged to 70 kV.With H_(2) gas of 8 Pa,the plasma target of density 10^(16) cm^(-3),separatrix radius 4 cm,half-length 17 cm,equilibrium temperature 200 eV and lifetime 3 ms(approximately the half pulse width of the reversed field)have been obtained through the q-pinch method when the bias,mirror,ionization and θ-pinch banks were charged to 5 kV,5 kV,55 kV and ±45 kV respectively.The images from the high-speed end-on framing camera demonstrate the formation processes of FRC and some features agree well with the results with the two-dimension magneto hydrodynamics code(2D-MHD).
