Morpho-cultural, Pathogenicity and Molecular Characterization of Phyllosticta capitalensis Inciting Cavendish Banana Freckle Disease in Hainan

[Objectives]The study was to identify the casual agent of freckle disease on Cavendish banana in Hainan Province,China.[Methods]Fungal isolates were isolated from affected leaf tissues and identified by the morphological features,molecular identification and pathogenicity test.[Results]The fungus isolated from affected leaf tissues was identified as Phyllosticta capitalensis based on the morphological properties of the colony and spore,coupled with sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region and the large subunit(LSU)rDNA gene.Koch s postulates were fulfilled by successfully re-isolating the pathogen from the artificial inoculated leaves.[Conclusions]P.capitalensis is a new pathogen responsible for Cavendish banana freckle disease in Hainan.

Biological Characteristics of the Pathogen Phyllosticta capitalensis Causing Banana Freckle Disease in Hainan Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the biological characteristics of the pathogen Phyllosticta capitalensis,the causal agent of freckle disease on Cavendish banana in Hainan Province,China.[Methods]The impact of various nutritional and environmental factors,including media,carbon sources,nitrogen sources,temperature,pH and light on the growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis was assessed using two distinct methods:mycelium growth rate and blood counting chamber.[Results]The mycelial growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis on different media exhibited notable differences.The use of banana leaf extract dextrose agar(BLEAD)and carrot agar(CA)was observed to facilitate rapid mycelial growth.The potato dextrose agar(PDA)and potato sucrose agar(PSA)were conducive to the production of conidia.The utilization of distinct carbon and nitrogen sources exerted a pronounced influence on the growth of P.capitalensis.Maltose,dextrose,fructose,and casein acid hydrolysate were the preferred substrates for mycelial growth.The tested carbon and nitrogen sources did not significantly stimulate conidial production,whereas dextrose and NaNO 3 were found to favor sporulation.The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and conidial production was determined to be 28 and 32℃,respectively.No mycelial growth was observed at 5℃.Active mycelial growth was observed at pH 6-10,with pH 6-7 being particularly conducive to sporulation.Complete darkness was conducive to mycelial growth and sporulation.[Conclusions]It is recommended that BLEDA and PDA should be incubated at 28℃for 14 d in the dark for the purpose of mycelial growth and sporulation of P.capitalensis,respectively.

PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS IN FRECKLE AREAS FOR INCONEL 625 SUPERALLOY

The freckle formation and their phase characterizatics in freckle areas were investigated by means of microstructure analysis approaches and a thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculation method in an Inconel 625 allay. These results show that in freckle areas a large number of M6C, MC, Laves and δ phases precipitate in grain boundaries even within grain due to the enrichment and segregation of Mo and Nb during solidification, which results in almost of these freckle areas covered by these complex precipitated phases and induces small grains in freckle areas. Equilibrium phase and liquid segregation calculation can give a reasonable interpretation of the freckle feature for this alloy.

Macrosegregation and thermosolutal convection-related freckle formation in directionally solidified Sn−Ni peritectic alloy in crucibles with different diameters

Different from other alloys,the observation in this work on the dendritic mushy zone shows that the freckles are formed in two different regions before and after peritectic reaction in directional solidification of Sn−Ni peritectic alloys.In addition,the experimental results demonstrate that the dendritic morphology is influenced by the temperature gradient zone melting and Gibbs−Thomson effects.A new Rayleigh number(Ra_(P))is proposed in consideration of both effects and peritectic reaction.The prediction of Ra_(P) confirms the freckle formation in two regions during peritectic solidification.Besides,heavier thermosolutal convection in samples with larger diameter is also demonstrated.

FRECKLE FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe-W ALLOY

The freckle formation and their phase characterization in freckle areas were investigated by means of microstructure analysis approaches and a thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculation method in a Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe-W alloy. These results show that in freckle areas a large number of M6C, μ and P phases precipitate in grain boundaries even within grain due to the enrichment and segregation of Mo and C during solidification, which results in small grains in freckle areas. Equilibrium phase and liquid segregation calculation can give an reasonable interpretation of the freckle feature for this alloy.

Traditional Chinese medicine mask for freckles-removal and its preparation

Aim To investigate Traditional Chinese medicine(TMC) mask for freckles-removal because failed facial expression of qi(气) and blood due to their stasis and transport stagnancy is the key factor causing freckles.Method Traditional Chinese medicine is used to remove freckles.TMC mask,which contains Angelica sinensis,Angelica dahurica,Ampelopsis japonica,Bletilla striata,Ligusticum chuanxiongand Asarum sieboldii Miq 100g respectively,is the most respected in facial skin cosmetology in recent years.Results TCM facial mask is used to remove age spots and freckles.They generally help to make the skin smooth and firm and also help in curing freckles gradually.Conclusion The specific active ingredients along with breakthrough of skin absorption barrier are the keys for its effectiveness.

Phyllosticta species associated with freckle disease of banana

The identity of the casual agent of freckle disease of banana was investigated.The pathogen is generally referred to in literature under its teleomorphic name,Guignardia musae,or that of its purported anamorph,Phyllosticta musarum.Based on morphological and molecular data from a global set of banana specimens,several species were found associated with freckle disease.Phyllosticta maculata(from Southeast Asia and Oceania)is introduced as a new name for Guignardia musae,and an epitype is designated from Australia.Phyllosticta musarum(from India and Thailand)is shown to represent a distinct species,and the name is fixed by designation of an epitype from India.Guignardia stevensii is confirmed as distinct species from Hawaii,while Guignardia musicola from northern Thailand is shown to contain different taxa and is regarded as nomen confusum.Phyllosticta cavendishii is described as a new,widely distributed species,appearing primarily on Cavendish,but also on non-Cavendish banana cultivars.

The Influence of Natural Convection and Electromagnetically Driven Flows on Segregation Freckle Formation

Visualizations of the solidification process were obtained by means of X-ray radioscopy within a Hele-Shaw cell filled with a Ga-25wt%In alloy.Therrno-solutal convection in the solidifying melt gives rise to the development of vertical segregation channels( 'chimneys').The probability of chimney formation depends sensitively on variations of both the concentration and temperature distribution.A forced melt flow perpendicular to the growth direction accelerates the growth of the secondary dendrite arms on the upstream side and suppresses the development of secondary arms on the downstream side.The primary dendrite arm spacing is increased,whereas the secondary arm spacing remains unaffected. Flow-induced modifications of the local composition were observed within the mushy zone which may contribute to the formation of spacious segregation pattern.

2-Dimensional FEM modeling of macrosegregation in the directional solidification with mesh adaptation

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of macrosegregation channel, an algorithm for dynamic remeshing is proposed. The basic idea is to generate fine elements near the liquidus isotherm. The norm of the gradient of solid fraction is used for piloting the remeshing in the mushy zone; whereas, the objective mesh size in the liquid is considered as a function of the distance to the liquidus isotherm. The efficiency of mesh adaptation is demonstrated by prediction of macrosegregation channel in a case of unidirectional solidification.

Observation on the effect of licorice flavonoid Chinese herbal medicine spotting cream combined with Awei A capsule in the treatment of psoriasis

Objective: To study the curative effect of licorice flavonoid Chinese herbal frond cream combined with Awei A capsule in the treatment of psoriasis. Methods: During the period from April 2016 to March 2018, a total of 116 patients with psoriasis in our hospital were randomly divided into the experimental group (the treatment of licorice flavonoids and Chinese acupoint cream combined with Awei A capsule) and the control group (single use) Avi A capsule treatment). Comparison of blood lipid metabolism indexes (high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein) and serum biochemical indicators (neutrophil elastase, endogenous inhibitor of NE, placental cadherin) statistical difference in content. The statistical differences between PASI score and DLQI score before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. At the end of treatment, the statistical difference between the clinical efficacy and the incidence of adverse reactions was compared between the two groups. Results:The levels of serum NE, Trappin-2 and P-cad in patients before and after treatment showed a significant downward trend. The content of NE, Trappin-2 and P-cad in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group. The content of HDL-C in lipid metabolism index increased significantly before and after treatment, and the content of APOA and LDL-C decreased significantly. The content of HDL-C in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The content of APOA and LDL-C was significantly lower than that of the control group. The PASI score and DLQI score of patients before and after treatment decreased significantly. After treatment, the PASI score and DLQI score of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was significantly different. The efficacy of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. The skin of the experimental group was dry, itchy, and the skin desquamation was significantly less than that of the control group. Conclusion: Licorice Flavonoids and Avi A capsules have the advantages of improving blood lipid metabolism in the treatment of psoriasis, while reducing the recurrence rate and reducing the occurrence of common adverse reactions such as skin itching, dryness and abnormal liver function. It has a good clinical application significance.

Malignant and Pre-Malignant Manifestations of Xeroderma Pigmentosum in Ghanaians

Introduction: Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disease with sun sensitivity, photophobia, early onset of freckling, and subsequent neoplastic changes on sun-exposed surfaces. There is cellular hypersensitivity to UV radiation and to certain chemicals in association with abnormal DNA repair. Patients with defective DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) have defects in one of seven NER genes;xeroderma pigmentosum variants have normal NER and a defect in a polymerase gene. Study design: This is a case presentation of five patients with the features of xeroderma pigmentosum, aged 48, 26, 15, 14 and 8 years. The first and last patients were males. Each of the first four patients presented with areas of hyper- and hypo-pigmentation over sun exposed body surfaces. Each of them had a minimum of two cutaneous malignancies, distributed on the upper chest, face or scalp. The fifth patient had skin atrophy, with mottled hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation but had no malignant lesions. Result: The first, second and fourth patients had their lesions surgically excised and the defects were skin grafted. The third patient was treated with radiotherapy. All the lesions were confirmed histologically as squamous cell carcinoma. No recurrence has been observed. Conclusion: Xeroderma pigmentosum in Ghanaians presents with squamous cell carcinoma involving the head, neck and upper trunk. A minimum period of exposure to UV radiation, not precisely known, is required for the development of the lesions. Education on sun avoidance and protective clothing is necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality.

Effect of transverse static magnetic field on radial microstructure of hypereutectic aluminum alloy during directional solidification

The effect of different scales thermoelectric magnetic convection(TEMC)on the radial solidification microstructure of hypereutectic Al alloy has been investigated under transverse static magnetic field during directional solidification,focusing on the formation of freckle.Our experimental and numerical simulation results indicate that the TEMC circulation at sample scale under transverse static magnetic field leads to the enrichment of solute Al on one side of the sample.The TEMC and the solute enrichment degree increase with the increase of magnetic field when the magnetic field increases to 0.5 T.The enrichment degree of solute elements under magnetic field is affected by temperature gradient and growth rate.The non-uniform distribution of solute Al in the radial direction of the sample results in the non-uniform distribution of primary dendrite arm spacing(PDAS).Moreover,the applied magnetic field can lead to freckle formation and its number increases with the increase of magnetic field.The change of freckle is consistent with the anisotropy TEMC caused by the anisotropy of primary dendrite or primary dendrite network under magnetic field.Finally,the mechanism of synergism effect of the anisotropy TEMC,the distribution of solute Al and the PDAS on freckle formation and evolution is studied during directional solidification under magnetic field.

Effect of Longitudinal Magnetic Field on Microstructures of Directionally Solidified Ni-Based Superalloy

The effect of a longitudinal static magnetic field on the microstructures of the superalloy DZ417G during directional solidification at the low withdrawal velocity was investigated experimentally.The experimental results showed that the application of a high static magnetic field significantly changed the interface shapes and microstructures of the superalloy.In practice,when the magnetic filed is applied,the well-ordered columnar dendrite structures still existed in the entire sample as the increase of magnetic field from 0 to 0.3 T.With the increase of magnetic field,the columnar to equiaxed transition(CET)occurred and reaches a maximum under a 0.5 T magnetic filed,and then decrease with the magnetic filed still increase.When the magnetic field is higher than 1.2 T,equiaxed grains zone on the edge of sample increased again and gradually extended from the edge to the center of the sample.Moreover,the macrosegregation may occur along with the appearance of the equiaxed grains.These phenomena should be contributed to interaction of the EMD and TEMC in liquid phase and TEMF in solid phase.