Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the Saturated Fluid with a Free Surface Area and the Internal Energy as a Function of the Phase-Specific Volumes and Vapor Pressure

This study is concerned with describing the thermodynamic equilibrium of the saturated fluid with and without a free surface area A. Discussion of the role of A as system variable of the interface phase and an estimate of the ratio of the respective free energies of systems with and without A show that the system variables given by Gibbs suffice to describe the volumetric properties of the fluid. The well-known Gibbsian expressions for the internal energies of the two-phase fluid, namely for the vapor and for the condensate (liquid or solid), only differ with respect to the phase-specific volumes and . The saturation temperature T, vapor presssure p, and chemical potential are intensive parameters, each of which has the same value everywhere within the fluid, and hence are phase-independent quantities. If one succeeds in representing as a function of and , then the internal energies can also be described by expressions that only differ from one another with respect to their dependence on and . Here it is shown that can be uniquely expressed by the volume function . Therefore, the internal energies can be represented explicitly as functions of the vapor pressure and volumes of the saturated vapor and condensate and are absolutely determined. The hitherto existing problem of applied thermodynamics, calculating the internal energy from the measurable quantities T, p, , and , is thus solved. The same method applies to the calculation of the entropy, chemical potential, and heat capacity.

Translation of Company Name swithin a Trade Globalization Context--A Case Study of Wuhan Pilot Free Trade Area

Under the further development of trade and economic globalization,the construction of free trade area provides a platform for local enterprises to"go out".In this context,the English translation of company names in Wuhan Pilot Free Trade Area is the basic guarantee for the company to further integrate into the international trade market.Based on the investigation of the current situation of translation of company names in Wuhan Area and the analysis of the problems in the translation,this paper puts forward some specific suggestions to improve the translation quality of company names.

A review on polishing technology of large area free-standing CVD diamond films

Recently,with the rapid development of chemical vapor deposition(CVD)technology,large area free-standing CVD diamond films have been produced successfully.However,the coarse grain size on the surface and the non-uniform thickness of unprocessed CVD diamond films make it difficult to meet the application requirement.The current study evaluates several existing polishing methods for CVD diamond films,including mechanical polishing,chemical mechanical polishing and tribochemical polishing technology.

The Shift in the Discourse About a Free Trade Area in the Brazilian Amazon： From Progress to Ecological Modernization

The Manaus Free Trade Area （ZFM） will end in 2023, but there is a proposal to amend the Brazilian Federal Constitution so that it lasts until 2073. From the understanding of discourse as a social practice, this paper is based on the analysis of 265 parliamentary pronouncements, 19 numbers of an institutional magazine, and 626 news texts from the most important local newspaper, all published between 2007 and 2010. It reveals a shift in the discourse about the ZFM, guided by ecological modernization. The industries are now presented as responsible for preserving the rainforest： it is said that if the tax incentives stop, there will be unemployment and deforestation. This tragic story line does not recognize the role of traditional peoples and communities in forest conservation and neither is open to the public debate about other models of development for the Amazon.

Path Selection of Xi＇an Free Trade Area Construction under the Strategy of Silk Road Economic Belt

From the present situation of worldwide flee-trade area and the new trend of reform and opening in China after 18 of the fifth plenary session, you can see that in domestic, the construction and development of free-trade area, taking regional core city as center, is economy transformation means under new normal economic environment, and new clues to improve the level of reform and opening. The establishments of free trade Area in Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, Fujian provided references for establishing a free trade area of xi ＇ an under the background of the silk road economic belt construction. This article firstly analyzes the present domestic and foreign research situation and development trend; and then put forward the necessity of building Xi＇ an free trade area. Then discusses the Xi＇ an Silk Road economic belt free trade area construction strategy. Finally, in combination with the practical situation of Xi＇ an, it proposes path selection of Xi＇ an free trade area construction under the strategy of Silk Road economic belt.

Thinking on Establishing Free Trade Area of Central Asia

With the economic integration all over the world, it is necessary to establish the free trade area of central Asia, including Xinjiang. This paper analyses the demands on establishing free trade area in central Asia. According to the present statues of Xinjiang and five countries of central Asia, the developmental patterns are suggested. Furthermore, some policies and suggestions are proposed about the existing problems.

An Inquiry into the Approach to Asian Regional Trade Integration Under the Belt and Road Initiative——The Case of the Alignment of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area

It has been five years since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was first introduced. Though there has been a growing body of literature on regional cooperation between covered countries, Japan and South Korea have been barely discussed. This paper starts with the consensus-based mechanism of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area (FTA) to probe the approach of its alignment with the BRI in terms of the sequence of “master plans,”“viability of cooperation,” and “embedding of rules.” This inquiry found that the three countries have a shared interest in cooperation in Central Asia to which China prefers a pragmatic approach, while Japan and South Korea an approach combining idealism with pragmatism. Given the huge potential of cooperation between the trio, it is suggested that a “Central Asia chapter” be incorporated in the negotiation framework of this trilateral FTA, and that the design feature three aspects;fundamental principles, specific rules, and an executive body with a view to functionally contributing to regional trade integration in Asia. This approach may also be applied to the alignment of other Asian areas with the BRI.

Predicting octanol/water partition coefficient using solvation free energy and solvent-accessible surface area

The regression model for octanol/water partition coefficients ( K ow ), is founded with only two molecular descriptors available through quantum chemical calculations: solvation free energy (Δ G S ), and solvent accessible surface area (SASA). For the properties of 47 organic compounds from 17 types, the model gives a correction coefficient (adjusted for degrees of freedom) of 0 959 and a standard error of 0 277 log unit. It is a suitable way to predict the partition properties that are related to solute solvent interactions in the water phase.

Analysis of results related to the percent free prostate specific antigen among men without prostate diseases in Xi'an area

To measure the percent of free prostate specific antigen （fPSA） among men without prostate diseases in Xi＇an area, and to study the relationship of percent fPSA with age and pathological grade, clinical stage of prostate cancer （PCa） with percent fPSA, and to analyze the difference between the data in China and the.overseas data to determine appropriate reference range for Chinese male. Methods： A total of 713 participants were enrolled into the study, with PSA, fPSA in serum measured and the percent fPSA calculated. Out of 713 cases, 679 without prostate diseases were divided into 5 groups by age, and then the relationships of PSA, fPSA and percent fPSA with age were studied, respectively. The relationship of pathological grade and clinical stage with percent fPSA of the 34 participants with PCa was also studied. With the help of the related data of men without prostate disease, the appropriate reference range for Chinese male was established. Results： The increases in PSA or fPSA were correlated with age, while there was no significant correlation between age and percent fPSA. The percent fPSA was also correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage of PCa. The percent fPSA of men without prostate disease in Xi＇an area was significandy lower than that in the related overseas data. The reference range of percent fPSA for Chinese male was≥ 15%. Conclusion： Percent fPSA might be more useful than PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. As the percent fPSA is decreased, the pathological grade is decreased, and the clinical stage is increased, the malignant degree is increased. The reference range of ≥15% is more appropriate for Chinese male.

Derivation of Cloud-Free-Region Atmospheric Motion Vectors from FY-2E Thermal Infrared Imagery

The operational cloud-motion tracking technique fails to retrieve atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in areas lacking cloud; and while water vapor shown in water vapor imagery can be used, the heights assigned to the retrieved AMVs are mostly in the upper troposphere. As the noise-equivalent temperature difference （NEdT） performance of FY-2E split win- dow （10.3-11.5 μm, 11.6-12.8 μm） channels has been improved, the weak signals representing the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols in cloud-free areas can be strengthened with algorithms based on the difference principle, and applied in calculating AMVs in the lower troposphere. This paper is a preliminary summary for this purpose, in which the principles and algorithm schemes for the temporal difference, split window difference and second-order difference （SD） methods are introduced. Results from simulation and cases experiments are reported in order to verify and evaluate the methods, based on comparison among retrievals and the ＂truth＂. The results show that all three algorithms, though not perfect in some cases, generally work well. Moreover, the SD method appears to be the best in suppressing the surface temperature influence and clarifying the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols. The accuracy with respect to NCEP 800 hPa reanalysis data was found to be acceptable, as compared with the accuracy of the cloud motion vectors.

深水钢桁梁无承台特大桥无应力状态法合龙应用研究

深水区域钢桁梁特大桥无承台桩基施工需要特别考虑施工工艺及其受力体系控制。依托四川汉源兰家湾特大桥工程,基于无应力状态方法分析计算钢桁梁特大桥的无桩基承台施工技术以及合龙施工的若干力学研究。结果表明,通过搭建深水区域无承台的特大桥桩墩结合施工,在其上进行钢桁梁安装拼接的无应力状态法合龙施工可取得良好受力整体性效果。所述方法可解决在较深水流条件下的特大桥桩基施工与整体受力控制难题,可为类似工程提供技术参考和借鉴。

Characteristics of La-modified Ni-Al_2O_3 and Ni-SiO_2 catalysts for CO_x-free hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane

Hydrotalcite precursors of La modified Ni-Al2O3 and Ni-SiO2 catalysts prepared by co-precipitation method and the catalytic activities were examined for the production of COx-free H2 by CH4 decomposition. Physico-chemical characteristics of fresh, reduced and used catalysts were evaluated by XRD, TPR and O2 pulse chemisorptions, TEM and BET-SA techniques. XRD studies showed phases due to hydrotalcite-like precursors in oven dried form produced dispersed NiO species upon calcination in static air above 450 C. Raman spectra of deactivated samples revealed the presence of both ordered and disordered forms of carbon. Ni-La-Al2O3catalyst with a mole ratio of Ni : La : Al = 2 : 0.1 : 0.9 exhibited tremendously high longevity with a hydrogen production rate of 1300 molH2 mol 1 Ni. A direct relationship between Ni metal surface area and hydrogen yields was established.

基于Free Search的植被叶面积指数Logistic模型研究

针对利用归一化植被指数NDVI反演的植被叶面积指数LAI时间分辨率不足的问题,对传统Logistic模型进行了改进,并引入自由搜索(Free Search,FS)算法率定模型参数,建立了一种能够模拟植被逐日LAI的Logistic模型。首先,以NOAA-AVHRR提供的月NDVI作为反演植被LAI的基础数据,采用简单生物圈模型(Si B2)反演不同土地覆被类型下的植被月LAI;其次,借鉴传统Logistic模型模拟作物干物质的思路建立了一种改进的Logistic模型,并将FS单个动物每步探查行走的位置向量作为模型参数值,利用FS的动物群体迁移行为识别改进Logistic模型的最优参数,从而研究改进Logistic模型对植被月LAI的模拟效果。呼兰河流域的应用结果表明,利用FS识别参数的改进Logistic模型对呼兰河流域6种植被的月LAI模拟效果较好,为模拟植被LAI的逐日变化过程提供了一种新方法。

百年大变局下的中欧经济合作:现状成就、困难阻力与有效措施

作为当今世界两大力量、两大市场、两大文明,中欧在世界政治和全球经济活动中的地位举足轻重。当前,世界正在经历百年未有之大变局,国际秩序和全球体系迎来深度的变革调整,欧盟也致力于在国际政治舞台上进阶更高席次、实现更大抱负。与此同时,我国正处在一个大有可为的历史机遇期,也面临世界百年大变局带来的外部环境变动和不确定性因素。因此,中欧推动双方合作迈上更高台阶,不仅能够保障各自的发展需求和国际地位,也符合双方规划设计的总体目标和长远利益,对彼此都具有重大的战略意义和全球影响。特别是随着国内消费升级、经济产业变革,促使服务业成为拉动中国经济发展的重要动力之一,中国开始更大规模地增加商品和服务进口,这给中欧经济合作注入了更强的动力和活力。

“印太经济框架”新进展及其对亚太区域经济一体化的影响

“印太经济框架”(IPEF)以成员方自愿选取其四大支柱参与的“菜单式”合作,构建不同于传统自由贸易协定、聚焦新兴领域及高标准规则的新型经济框架。截至目前,“供应链”支柱协议已签署并生效,“清洁经济”“公平经济”支柱协议和IPEF协定也已实质性结束磋商。作为美国加速推进的“印太战略”的经济支柱,IPEF的地缘政治和意识形态色彩更为浓厚,尤其基于“价值观同盟”的区域供应链的构建与强化及对“美国优先”、对中国经济“去风险化”的发展与强调,使地缘经济分裂的风险进一步加剧,亚太区域经济一体化既有的进程受损、既定的目标趋弱、可能的路径分散,亚太自由贸易区议程的推进更为不易。中国自由贸易区提升战略的实施,应继续保持战略定力,持续推进亚太经合组织内部自由贸易协定能力建设与亚太自由贸易区议程及自身加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(CPTPP)的进程,加快与IPEF、亚太经合组织、CPTPP成员双边自由贸易区的构建,适时扩容和升级《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP),并切实推动RCEP与CPTPP的融合发展,尽量减轻IPEF带给自身的战略压力。

居家养老背景下老旧住区室内无障碍改造研究

随着人口老龄化的不断加剧,养老问题也越来越受到社会的关注。老年人身体机能的退化,使老年人的行为特征和身体尺度都发生了一定的改变,文章在居家养老背景下,通过对老年人状态的分析,总结出室内无障碍改造的需求及改造原则,从玄关、客餐厅、卧室、卫生间、厨房等几个室内空间主要活动场所入手,给出无障碍改造建议,为老年人提供安全、舒适、便捷的居家养老环境。

论上海建设中国特色国际体育贸易中心的战略路向——基于赛事、版权与转会市场的分析

近年来,上海出台了一系列促进体育产业改革与创新发展的战略规划和政策举措,提出了加快上海建设国际体育贸易中心的战略构想,但目前关于国际体育贸易中心建设的研究仍处于起步阶段。现从国际贸易学的“要素禀赋理论”和“比较优势理论”出发,结合全球著名国际体育贸易中心发展的历程与经验、上海建设国际体育贸易中心已经取得的经验和优势,同时运用PEST分析法、文献资料法、调研法和案例分析法,从国家战略与城市定位、体育产业结构状况、体育消费市场、体育产业政策等角度对上海建设国际贸易中心的内外部环境进行具体分析。通过研究发现当前上海市建设国际体育贸易中心存在体育赛事缺乏创新、版权保护形势严峻、体育产业结构不合理等诸多问题,并由此提出上海建设国际体育贸易中心要进一步促进中华文化与体育赛事的融合、强化版权保护、推动体育产业结构转型升级并强化运动员人力资本产权的界定等战略路向。

甘肃省陇东南农区奶牛和奶羊场布鲁氏杆菌检测净化过程与强化措施

奶牛奶羊场的布鲁氏杆菌病净化对于人们的公共卫生安全有重要意义,农区的布病人间感染尤其更值得重视。该文主要首先论述陇南礼县的乳用牛羊的存栏现状及历史上布病流行概况,其次论述检出阳性畜的奶牛场和奶山羊场的基本情况和检测净化过程,最后论述强化措施,从而建立一套农区立体的奶牛、奶羊的布病综合防控体系。

The Impact of High-standard Free Trade Areas on the Diversification of China's Export Products: Expanding Market or Intensifying Competition?

In the context of China's efforts to establish a global network of free trade areas and diversify its export products, this study explores the impact of trade agreement depth on China's export diversification. Building upon a trade model with multiproduct firms, we discover that the effect of trade agreement depth on export diversification is multifaceted, depending on the relative magnitude of the “market expansion effect” and the “competition intensification effect.” Through empirical analysis of China's exports to 132 countries (or regions) from 2000 to 2015, we find that the deepening of trade agreements affected China's export diversification negatively. This negative correlation was predominantly due to the similarity in comparative advantages between China and its trade partners, leading to the “competition intensification effect” overshadowing the “market expansion effect.” We also note that “natural” agreements, when deepened, were more likely to affect China's export diversification adversely than their “non-natural” counterparts. Moreover, as export diversification increased, the marginal impact of deepening trade agreements exhibited an inverted U-shaped trajectory.

“文商旅”融合视角下世界文化和旅游商品自由贸易中心的创建路径

“文商旅”融合是对文化、商业和旅游的三方资源进行整合,重构三者之间的关系,从而形成相互促进、共同发展、共享繁荣的经济态势。基于对金义片区的发展现状分析,该区在文化旅游、商业贸易等方面都具备先发优势与核心优势:一是商业活动发达,经济贡献显著;二是人文底蕴深厚,文化创意焕发;三是旅游资源丰富,精品项目频现;四是多元文化交融,多地民俗交织。在创建世界文化和旅游商品自由贸易中心方面提出以下路径:一是准确定位,开发三大旅游路线;二是发挥优势,融通三种品牌宣传平台;三是聚焦人才,打造一个文化双创高地,以供参考。