Incidence of unexplained intra-abdominal free fluid in patients with blunt abdominal trauma

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal free fluid is commonly caused by injuries of solid or hollow organs in patients suffering from blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). However, it presents a diagnostic dilemma for surgeons when free fluid is unexplained, especially in stable BAT patients. This study was to analyze the incidence of such unexplained free fluid in BAT patients and its diagnostic value in abdominal organ injury. METHODS: Altogether 597 patients with BAT who had been treated at our trauma center over a 10-year period were reviewed. Stable patients with free fluid but without free air or definite organ injury on abdominal computed tomography were studied. Clinical management and operative findings were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-four (5.70%) of the 597 patients met the inclusion criteria: 24 (4.02%) underwent therapeutic exploratory laparotomy: bowel injuries were found in 13, hepatic rupture in 3, colon rupture in 3, duodenal rupture in 2, spleen rupture in 1, pancreas rupture in 1, and gallbladder perforation in 1. In 2 patients, laparotomy was nontherapeutic. Those with moderate or large amounts of free fluid were more likely to suffer from a hollow viscus injury and have a therapeutic procedure. The mean time of hospital stay for the delayed laparotomy group was longer than that for the emergency group (19 5.12 vs. 12 2.24 days; t=2.73, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive correlation between the amount of unexplained free fluid and the determination of intra-abdominal organ injury. The proportion of BAT patients who required surgical intervention was high, particularly those with a moderate or large amount of free fluid, and most of them suffered from a hollow organ injury. Emergency laparotomy is recommended for these patients.

Development and applications of solids-free oil-in-water drilling fluids

The increasing application of near balanced drilling technology to low-pressure and depleted fractured reservoirs requires the use of low-density drilling fluids to avoid formation damage. Solidsfree oil-in-water （O/W） emulsion drilling fluid is one type of low-density drilling fluid suitable for depleted fractured reservoirs. In this paper, the solids-free O/W drilling fluid was developed and has been successfully used in the Bozhong 28-1 oil and gas field, by which lost circulation, a severe problem occurred previously when drilling into fractured reservoir beds, was controlled, thereby minimizing formation damage. The O/W emulsion drilling fluid was prepared by adding 20% （by volume） No. 5 mineral oil （with high flash point, as dispersed phase） into seawater （as continuous phase）. Surfactant HTO-1 （as a primary emulsifier） and non-ionic surfactant HTO-2 （as a secondary emulsifier） were added into the drilling fluid system to stabilize the emulsion; and YJD polymer was also added to seawater to improve the viscosity of the continuous phase （seawater）. The drilling fluid was characterized by high flash point, good thermal stability and high stability to crude oil contamination.

Influence of chemical reaction on heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian fluid with yield stress by free convection from vertical surface in porous medium considering Soret effect

The effect of chemical reaction on free convection heat and mass transfer for a non-Newtonian power law fluid over a vertical flat plate embedded in a fluid-saturated porous medium has been studied in the presence of the yield stress and the Soret effect. The governing boundary layer equations and boundary conditions are cast into a dimen- sionless form by similarity transformations, and the resulting system of equations is solved by a finite difference method. The results are preSented and discussed for concentration profiles, as well as the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number for various values of the parameters, which govern the problem. The results obtained show that the flow field is influenced appreciably by the presence of the chemical reaction parameter γ the order of.the chemical reaction parameter m, the Soret number St, the buoyancy ratio N, the Lewis number Le, and the dimensionless rheological parameter Ω.

Second-order random interfacial wave solutions for two-layer fluid with a free surface

A previous study （Song. 2004. Geophys Res Lett, 31 （15）：L15302） of the second-order solutions for random interracial waves is extended in a constant depth, two-layer fluid system with a rigid lid is extended into a more general case of two-layer fluid with a top free surface. The rigid boundary condition on the upper surface is replaced by the kinematical and dynamical boundary conditions of a free surface, and the equations describing the random displacements of free surface, density-interface and the associated velocity potentials in the two-layer fluid are solved to the second order using the same expansion technology as that of Song （2004. Geophys Res Lett, 31 （15）：L15302）. The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously, and the wave fields to the first-order both at the free surface and at the density-interface are made up of a linear superposition of many waves with different amplitudes, wave numbers and frequencies. The second-order solutions describe the second-order wave-wave interactions of the surface wave components, the interface wave components and among the surface and the interface wave components. The extended solutions also include special cases obtained by Thorpe for progressive interracial waves （Thorpe. 1968a.Trans R Soc London, 263A：563～614） and standing interracial waves （Thorpe. 1968b. J Fluid Mech, 32：489-528） for the two-layer fluid with a top free surface. Moreover, the solutions reduce to those derived for random surface waves by Sharma and Dean （1979.Ocean Engineering Rep 20） if the density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer.

MHD flow and heat transfer from continuous surface in uniform free stream of non-Newtonian fluid

An analysis is carried out to study the steady flow and heat transfer characteristics from a continuous flat surface moving in a parallel free stream of an electrically conducting non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid. The flow is subjected to a transverse uniform magnetic field. The constitutive equation of the fluid is modeled by that for a second grade fluid. Numerical results are obtained for the distribution of velocity and temperature profiles. The effects of various physical parameters like viscoelastic parameter, magnetic parameter and Prandtl number on various momentum and heat transfer characteristics are discussed in detail and shown graphically.

Unsteady Electromagnetic Free Convection Micropolar Fluid Flow through a Porous Medium along a Vertical Porous Plate

Unsteady electromagnetic free convection flows of two-dimensional micropolar fluid through in a porous medium parallel to a vertical porous plate have been investigated numerically. Similarity analysis has been used to transform the governing equations into its non-dimensional form by using the explicit finite difference method to obtain numerical solutions. Estimated results have been gained for various values of Prandtl number, Grashof number, material parameters, micropolar parameter, electric conductivity, electric permeability, thermal relaxation time and the permeability of the porous medium. The effects of pertinent parameters on the velocity, electric induction, magnetic induction, microrotation and temperature distributions have been investigated briefly and illustrated graphically.

Construction of Wave-free Potentials and Multipoles in a Two-layer Fluid Having Free-surface Boundary Condition with Higher-order Derivatives

有高顺序的边界条件为秒顺序产生的液体结构相互作用的域里的问题的一个大类部分微分方程。各种各样的方法正在被使用处理与 Laplaces 方程联系的这些种混合边界值问题(或 Helmholtz 方程) 在通过固体或液体宣传的波浪的学习产生。在波浪结构相互作用的广泛地使用的方法之一是多极扩大方法。这扩大包含一个常规波浪，波浪来源，波浪偶极子和常规没有波浪的部分的一般联合。没有波浪的部分能进一步以作为没有波浪的潜力被称为的没有波浪的多极被扩展。这些是 Laplaces 方程或二维的 Helmholz 方程的单个答案。这些没有波浪的潜力和多极的建设为象二维的非倾斜、倾斜的波浪那样的很多种状况以一种系统的方式这里被介绍，在有有部分衍生物被考虑的更高的顺序的免费表面状况的二层的液体的三个维的波浪。特别地，这些被获得面对作为一个薄有弹性的盘子建模的一个冰封面在免费表面并且也表面紧张的存在的效果考虑。另外为限制大小写，多极和没有波浪的潜在的功能走向单个层多极和没有波浪的潜力，这能被显示出。

Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the Saturated Fluid with a Free Surface Area and the Internal Energy as a Function of the Phase-Specific Volumes and Vapor Pressure

This study is concerned with describing the thermodynamic equilibrium of the saturated fluid with and without a free surface area A. Discussion of the role of A as system variable of the interface phase and an estimate of the ratio of the respective free energies of systems with and without A show that the system variables given by Gibbs suffice to describe the volumetric properties of the fluid. The well-known Gibbsian expressions for the internal energies of the two-phase fluid, namely for the vapor and for the condensate (liquid or solid), only differ with respect to the phase-specific volumes and . The saturation temperature T, vapor presssure p, and chemical potential are intensive parameters, each of which has the same value everywhere within the fluid, and hence are phase-independent quantities. If one succeeds in representing as a function of and , then the internal energies can also be described by expressions that only differ from one another with respect to their dependence on and . Here it is shown that can be uniquely expressed by the volume function . Therefore, the internal energies can be represented explicitly as functions of the vapor pressure and volumes of the saturated vapor and condensate and are absolutely determined. The hitherto existing problem of applied thermodynamics, calculating the internal energy from the measurable quantities T, p, , and , is thus solved. The same method applies to the calculation of the entropy, chemical potential, and heat capacity.

Lie Group Analysis for the Effects of Variable Fluid Viscosity and Thermal Radiation on Free Convective Heat and Mass Transfer with Variable Stream Condition

Natural convective boundary layer flow and heat and mass transfer of a fluid with variable viscosity and thermal radiation over a vertical stretching surface in the presence of suction/injection is investigated by Lie group analysis. Fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as a linear function of temperature. The symmetry groups admitted by the corresponding boundary value problem are obtained by using a special form of Lie group transformations viz. scaling group of transformations. An exact solution is obtained for translation symmetry and numerical solutions for scaling symmetry. The effects of fluid viscosity and thermal radiation on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown graphically. Comparisons with previously published works are performed and excellent agreement between the results is obtained. The conclusion is drawn that the flow field and temperature profiles are significantly influenced by these parameters.

Soret and Dufour Effects on Unsteady Free Convection Fluid Flow in the Presence of Hall Current and Heat Flux

Unsteady MHD natural convective heat and mass transfer flow through a semi-infinite vertical porous plate in a rotating system have been investigated with the combined Soret and Dufour effects in the presence of Hall current and constant heat flux. It is considered that the porous plate is subjected to constant heat flux. The obtained non-dimensional, non-similar coupled non-linear and partial differential equations have been solved by explicit finite difference technique. Numerical solutions for velocities, temperature and concentration distributions are obtained for various parameters by the above mentioned technique. The local and average shear stresses, Nusselt number as well as Sherwood number are also investigated. The stability conditions and convergence criteria of the explicit finite difference scheme are established for finding the restriction of the values of various parameters to get more accuracy. The obtained results are illustrated with the help of graphs to observe the effects of various legitimate parameters.

Free Vibration Analysis of Symmetrically Laminated Composite Plates on Elastic Foundation and Coupled with Stationary Fluid

Free vibration analysis of symmetrically laminated composite plates resting on Pasternak elastic support and coupled with an ideal, incompressible and inviscid fluid is the objective of the present work. The fluid domain is considered to be infinite in the length direction but bounded in the depth and width directions. In order to derive the eigenvalue equation, Rayleigh-Ritz method is applied for the fluid-plate-foundation system. The efficiency of the method is proved by comparison studies with those reported in the open literature. At the end, parametric studies are carried out to examine the impact of different parameters on the natural frequencies.

Effect of Heat Source/Sink on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid between Vertical Concentric Annuli

The purpose of this paper is to find the effect of heat source/sink parameter on free convective flow of a polar fluid in open-ended vertical concentric annuli. Exact solutions of the non-dimensional differential equations describing the flow model have been obtained one by one for two different cases of source and sink. To observe the effect of the physical parameters such as source/sink and vertex viscosity, the numerical results of the velocity and microrotational velocity are finally shown on the graphs.

A Study of Solid-Free Drilling Fluid for Tight Gas Reservoirs

This project is explaining a laboratory development of a solid free drilling fluid formula that could be potentially used in tight gas reservoirs. The configuration of the weak gel fluid WGL-1, which is resistant to high temperature and high salt, was tested, and concluded that its gelling properties, salt and temperature resistance, and environmental protection were all in line with industry requirements. The final drilling fluid formula was developed as: water + (0.3% ~ 0.5%) NaOH + 5% KCl + 2% WGL-1 + 5% NaCl + (1.0% ~ 2.0%) HBFR Anti-high temperature fluid loss agent + 2% Polyol + (1.5% ~ 2.0%) SDL-1 Lubricant + 0.4% A4O1. The performance of the liquid was tested for temperature resistance, inhibition, gas formation protection effect, plugging performance, and static settlement stability. It was concluded that the temperature resistance performance is satisfied at 150°C, and the cuttings recovery rate is as high as 96.78%. It has good performance in inhibiting water dispersion and swelling of cuttings. The permeability recovery value reaches 88.9%, which meets the requirements of gas formation protection. The SSSI value shows that its settlement stability is good;under high temperature and high pressure, its sealing performance is good. This drilling fluid system has achieved the expected results and laid a foundation for further promoting the development of solid-free drilling fluid systems. The future development direction of solid-free drilling fluids is pointed out, to the improvement of properties to be applied in high temperature environment and have high salt resistance capacity.

GLOBAL SOLUTION TO 1D MODEL OF A COMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS MICROPOLAR HEAT-CONDUCTING FLUID WITH A FREE BOUNDARY

In this paper we consider the nonstationary 1D flow of the compressible viscous and heat-conducting micropolar fluid, assuming that it is in the thermodynamically sense perfect and polytropic. The fluid is between a static solid wall and a free boundary connected to a vacuum state. We take the homogeneous boundary conditions for velocity, microrotation and heat flux on the solid border and that the normal stress, heat flux and microrotation are equal to zero on the free boundary. The proof of the global existence of the solution is based on a limit procedure. We define the finite difference approximate equations system and construct the sequence of approximate solutions that converges to the solution of our problem globally in time.

Free Transverse Vibration Analysis of an Underwater Launcher Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction

一个灵魂发射台理论上被调查在水里学习它的自然横向的颤动。就封上的盖子的集体效果而言，发射台与一个最高的点团作为一根一致伸臂横梁被简化。由介绍边界和连续性条件进运动方程，自然频率方程和模式形状功能被导出。为增加的质量的一个反复的计算方法也用速度潜力函数被介绍在发射台上说明液体的集体效果。开始的 2 顺序天赋频率和模式形状在外部流动领域和外部、内部的流动领域里被讨论。结果证明对在理论分析和 FEM 之间的自然频率和模式形状的好同意学习。另外，增加的团被发现随发射台的模式形状订单的增加减少。并且因为在两个的更大的增加的团，外部、内部的流动比在仅仅外部流动地里，前者的相应自然频率相对更小的回答。

一种新型钾基磷酸盐无固相高密度封隔液

高温高密度封隔液是高温高压井完井关键技术之一,目前密度超过1.60 g/cm 3无固相盐水封隔液只有溴盐、锌盐或者甲酸铯溶液,溴盐毒性大,锌盐高温腐蚀性难以控制,而甲酸铯价格昂贵,难以满足高温高压井完井技术要求,开发针对高温高压井的新型无固相高密度清洁盐水封隔液势在必行。以磷酸三钾TKP为主剂并添加其他处理剂优化而成可溶性盐SW4,研发了一种新型钾基磷酸盐无固相高密度封隔液,测试了其密度调节能力、水溶液的流变性和流变模式、金属腐蚀性、高温稳定性、生物毒性等性能。结果表明,SW4封隔液常温条件下最大密度可达1.90 g/cm 3;随密度增大,其水溶液黏度上升,其流变模式为牛顿流体;密度1.85 g/cm 3的封隔液在150℃、7 d条件下对A3钢、N80钢、TN110Cr13S和TN110Cr13M钢的腐蚀速率均小于0.076 mm/a,N80钢在1.80 g/cm 3 SW4封隔液中的腐蚀性明显低于同等条件下的溴化钠、溴化钙和溴化锌,与甲酸铯相当;在同等加量条件下,SW4能够提供更多的K+,具有更优异的防膨性;高温稳定性强,能够满足高温高压井完井工况需求;生物毒性低,具有环境可接受性,可以满足作为无固相高密度封隔液加重剂的技术要求。

增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液技术的研究与应用

针对深井超深井钻井过程中钻遇高温高压、井壁失稳及井下复杂情况的难题,基于仿生学、超分子化学以及岩石表面润湿性理论,通过优选仿生增效剂、仿生提切剂及仿生降滤失剂,配套相关处理剂,最终形成了一套适用于深井、超深井地层钻探的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系。研究发现,建立的增效型无土相仿生油基钻井液体系可抗220℃高温,配制密度为2.4 g/cm^(3),破乳电压大于400 V,高温高压滤失量为3.2 mL,人造岩心在该体系中220℃下老化后的抗压强度达到7.1 MPa,平均渗透率恢复值为93.9%。现场应用情况表明,体系流变性能稳定,平均机械钻速比邻井提高16%,平均井径扩大率仅为1.25%,可有效解决深井超深井钻井过程中出现的井壁失稳难题,为我国深井超深井的钻探提供了技术保障。

含双温敏单体的耐220℃高温降失水剂

针对目前油井水泥降失水剂高温条件下耐温性差的问题,通过分子结构设计,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)、双温敏单体N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)与N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(DEAA)为原料,通过水溶液自由基聚合法制备了一种耐高温降失水剂(LHF-1L)。以失水量为评价指标,对合成条件进行了优选,同时对LHF-1L进行了结构表征和性能评价。结果表明,在AM、SSS、DMAA、DEAA物质的量比为4∶6∶2∶0.5,引发剂为单体总质量0.75%的过硫酸钾(KPS)溶液,反应物溶液pH值为7,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下制得的LHF-1L的降滤失性能最佳。在220℃、7%加量下的失水量为42 mL。FT-IR、TG和GPC测试结果表明,4个单体均成功参与聚合并生成目标产物。当温度达到273℃后,LHF-1L才出现明显的热损失,其多分散系数为1.396,数均分子量为171 351 g/mol。此外,LHF-1L对水泥浆流动度和水泥石抗压强度发展的影响较小。在220℃下,在水泥浆中加入7%LHF-1L后的失水量仍能控制在50 mL以内。在150℃、94.4 MPa下,LHF-1L不会使水泥浆急剧增稠和超缓凝,稠化曲线正常,未发生异常胶凝现象。采用双温敏单体制备LHF-1L,增强了其在高温下的温敏疏水缔合作用,从而提高了高温降滤失性能,可以满足高温条件下的固井技术需求。

人体成分与脂肪细胞因子在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的关系研究

目的:探讨妊娠期女性的人体成分与脂肪细胞因子在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)风险之间的关系。方法:选择本院常规产前检查单胎自然受孕GDM孕妇90例为GDM组,另选择同期单胎正常妊娠孕妇219例为对照组(NGT组)。在妊娠24~28周时,用生物阻抗法测定其人体成分。分析孕前体质量指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(FMP)、去脂体质量百分比(FFMP)、细胞外液/细胞内液(ECW/ICW)、体脂指数(FMI)等人体成分与GDM的关系。所有入组孕妇同期采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测循环脂联素、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)、瘦素以及空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,并分析其与人体成分各指标的关系。结果:①GDM组脂联素低于NGT组,而瘦素高于NGT组(P<0.05)。②GDM组FMP、ECW/ICW、FMI显著高于NGT组(P<0.05),单因素回归分析显示孕前BMI、FMP、FMI、ECW/ICW是GDM的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。而多因素分析显示仅FMP升高与GDM发病风险显著相关,是其发病的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),FFMP、MP、PP、M/F是GDM的保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。③GDM组,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与FMI呈正相关(r>1,P<0.05),与PP呈负相关(r<1,P<0.05)。④ROC曲线显示,孕前BMI、FMP、ECW/ICW、FMI对GDM的诊断价值相似,孕前BMI、FMP和FMI相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但略优于ECW/ICW(P<0.001)。结论:妊娠期的人体成分与患GDM的风险有关。FMP升高与发展为GDM的风险增加有关,FMP越高,GDM的风险越高。孕前BMI、FMP、FMI对GDM的诊断效能相似。