Solar-driven salt-free deposition evaporation for simultaneous desalination and electricity generation based on tip-effect and siphon-effect

Solar-driven desalination is a promising way to alleviate the freshwater shortage,while is facing challenges posed by low evaporation rates and severe salt accumulation.Herein,a high-performance twodimensional(2D) solar absorber with Co_(3)O_(4) nanoneedle arrays(Co_(3)O_(4)-NN) grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide-coated pyrolyzed silk cloth(Co_(3)O_(4)-NN/rGO/PSC) was prepared,and a salt-free evaporator system was assembled based on the composite material and siphonage-the flowing water delivery.It is revealed that the evaporation enthalpy of water can be reduced over the 2D solar absorber grown with Co_(3)O_(4)-NN_T enabling an evaporation rate of up to 2.35 kg m^(-2) h^(-1) in DI water under one solar irradiation.The desalination process can be carried out continuously even with salt concentration up to 20 wt%,due to the timely removal of concentrated brine from the interface with the assistance of directed flowing water.Moreover,the 2D structure and the flowing water also provide an opportunity to convert waste solar heat into electricity in the evaporator based on the seebeck effect,ensuring simultaneous freshwater production and power generation.It is believed that this work provides insights into designing hybrid systems with high evaporation rate,salt resistance,and electricity generation.

A Prediction of the Excess Partial Molar Free Energies of MgCl_2 in the KCI-MgCl_2-LiCl Molten Salt System Containing MgCl_2 below 0.5 from Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems

The thermodynamical properties of MgCl_2 in KCI-MgCl_2-LiCl molten electrolytes containing MgCl_2 below 0.5 (mole fraction, the same below) have been determined from the interchange energies of two binary systems KCI-MgCl_2 and LiCI-MgCl_2, by means of a model on the assumptions that the electrolytes in the solution are treated as independent particles instead of their ion forms and the interchange energy between the component pair KCI-LiCl is ignored when compared with those of component pairs KCl-MgCl_2 and MgCl_2-LiCl. The interchange energies, wKCl-MgCl_2 and wMgcCl_2-Licl, are obtained as-70000 and -13800 J.mol-1, from the corresponding binary solutions, respectively.

壳聚糖改性棉织物的黑枸杞色素染色

提取黑枸杞天然色素,对壳聚糖改性棉织物进行直接法染色,探究了染浴pH值、温度、时间、氯化钠浓度等因素对染色效果和防紫外性能的影响,通过对染色织物的色深值Integ、颜色特征值及UPF值综合评价,得到最佳染色工艺。结果表明,具体工艺如下:浴比1∶30,提取母液30 mL,pH值为4,食盐为0,焙烘温度110℃,焙烘时间4 min;染色过程中可不添加食盐,实现了无盐染色,大大减轻了染料废水处理的负担;经此方法染色所得紫色棉织物不但具有较好的耐摩擦色牢度、耐皂洗色牢度和耐日晒色牢度,同时具有优良的防紫外线性能。

钒渣焙烧过程钒元素价态变化特征探讨

综合利用光电子能谱及矿物分析仪,研究了钒渣及无盐焙烧阶段不同温度节点下的钒渣熟料的矿物组成及钒元素价态组成。结果表明:钒尖晶石、铁橄榄石和钙铁辉石含量随焙烧温度升高而下降,氧化铁、铁板钛矿、钒酸锰等矿物含量随焙烧温度升高而增加;随焙烧温度升高,钒渣逐步由以V^(3+)氧化为V^(4+)为主的边缘氧化向V^(3+)氧化为V^(4+)与V^(4+)氧化为V 5+共存的内部氧化过渡;钒尖晶石中钒的价态为V^(3+),氧化态钒尖晶石中钒的价态为V^(4+);钒渣及熟料矿物分析结果与钒元素价态分析结果之间一致性较好。

碳酸肼对乏燃料后处理模拟污溶剂中磷酸二丁酯和Zr(Ⅳ)的洗涤行为研究

碳酸肼作为碱性无盐试剂对钚铀氧化还原萃取(PUREX)流程的污溶剂的洗涤有广泛的应用前景。本文使用碳酸肼溶液对30%磷酸三丁酯-正十二烷有机溶液中的磷酸二丁酯和Zr(IV)进行洗涤,利用单一变量原则,考察了振荡时间、温度、水相与有机相体积比、碳酸肼质量分数以及磷酸二丁酯质量浓度等因素对去除有机溶液中磷酸二丁酯和Zr(IV)的影响。结果表明:在25℃下振荡洗涤15 min,5%碳酸肼洗涤3次同体积的有机溶液后对0.1 g/L和0.5 g/L的磷酸二丁酯的去除率分别约为98.7%和88.1%。此外,磷酸二丁酯的存在可以促进有机相对Zr(IV)的萃取和保留,当磷酸二丁酯的质量浓度为0时,碳酸肼对Zr(IV)的去除率为98.5%。

常压无氯盐溶液制备α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体研究

本文以Na_(2)SO_(4)溶液为反应介质,研究了反应温度、反应时间、液固比、pH值、Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数对α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O生成的影响。结果表明,在Na_(2)SO_(4)质量分数为12.5%,液固比为5∶1,pH值为7,反应温度为97℃,反应时间为4 h的条件下,制备出平均长度46.0μm、平均长径比17.23、形貌均一的α-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O晶体。常压无氯盐溶液方法克服了氯离子腐蚀工业设备、污染环境等缺点,为高值化利用磷石膏提供重要的技术支持。

解冻方式对炝蟹食用品质的影响

为研究不同解冻方式对冻藏炝蟹食用品质的影响,筛选食用前的最佳解冻方式,对低温解冻、室温解冻、流水解冻、超声解冻和脉冲磁场辅助解冻5种方式的解冻曲线、感官评价、电子舌、蟹肉蛋白质及其降解产物和呈味核苷酸含量变化进行分析。结果表明:超声和脉冲磁场辅助解冻最具时效性(10.4、26.2 min),低温解冻最耗时(312.6 min)。脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉的色泽、质地和气味的评分最高,超声解冻的口感评分最好。电子舌结果表明,低温解冻、脉冲磁场辅助解冻和超声解冻蟹肉品质较接近,与流水解冻和室温解冻之间存在较大差异。超声解冻蟹肉的水分质量分数最高(84.37%),脉冲磁场辅助解冻的蛋白降解指数最低(13.83%),流水解冻的蟹肉水分质量分数最低(77.36%),且蛋白降解指数最高(16.64%)。低温解冻蟹肉的总游离氨基酸含量最高(2885.78 mg/100 g),脉冲磁场辅助和超声解冻蟹肉中谷氨基酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸的含量相近,分别为97.50、665.80 mg/100 g和487.20 mg/100 g及92.30、642.40 mg/100 g和490.50 mg/100 g,显著高于其他3种解冻方式。不同解冻方式对炝蟹蟹肉中呈味核苷酸作用显著,超声和脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉中呈味核苷酸具有较高的含量,以脉冲磁场辅助解冻蟹肉中等效鲜味浓度最高(44.38 g/100 g)。因此,脉冲磁场辅助解冻最适宜作为冻藏炝蟹的解冻方式。

活性黄145在无盐少水染色体系中的染色及其动力学研究

为探究活性染料在非水介质无盐少水染色体系中的染色性能及染色动力学,文章以不同质量分数的活性黄145染料和硅氧烷组成无盐少水染色体系,对棉织物进行染色,对准一级动力学模型和准二级动力学模型进行分析,且与传统水浴染色效果进行对比。结果表明,在相同质量分数下,无盐少水染色体系染色性能较传统水浴更好,其中固色率及K/S值差异随着染料质量分数的增加而增大。活性黄145在两个染色体系中的染色动力学可以用准二级动力学模型来描述,相较于传统水浴体系,无盐少水染色体系具有更高的染料最终吸附量和更小的半染时间。随着染料质量分数的增大,染料最终吸收量的差距逐渐提高,半染时间逐渐缩短。为活性染料在非水介质无盐少水染色体系中的染色实践提供了理论指导。

富氧燃烧-红外吸收法测定氯化熔盐中游离碳含量方法研究

游离碳是熔盐氯化重要反应物之一,对二氧化钛氯化反应速率影响较大,准确测定熔盐中游离碳含量,对控制氯化反应及炉料添加有重要指导意义。氯化熔盐属高氯样品,目前用管式炉或高频炉燃烧,红外吸收法测定熔盐中碳含量时,存在无相应标准样品建立仪器标准工作曲线和燃烧产生的氯气易腐蚀仪器的问题。实验提出用氯化钠稀释石油焦标准样品,配制不同浓度的游离碳校准样品,同时对仪器试剂管改装,以石英砂-氢氧化钙(m_(石英砂)∶m_(氢氧化钙)=3∶1)吸收氯气,有效解决上述问题,实验还讨论了燃烧温度、氧气压力、样品量对游离碳测定的影响。实验结果表明:当样品量为0.15 g,燃烧温度700℃、氧气压力0.50 MPa时为氯化熔盐中游离碳的最佳测量条件。采用实验方法对生产过程中氯化熔盐样品及配制的校准样品测量,方法精密度小于2.0%,校准样品测量值与理论值在实验允许误差范围内。

超声波处理对低盐条件下鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白结构和氧化性质的影响

为探究超声波对低盐条件下(0.15 mol/L NaCl)鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)结构、物理稳定性的影响,以及超声波产生的自由基对鸡肉MP的氧化效应,研究不同超声时间(频率20 kHz,功率450 W,时间0、3、6、9、12 min)处理后,低盐条件下鸡肉MP结构和氧化性质的变化。结果表明:与对照组相比,随着超声波处理时间的延长,低盐条件下鸡肉MP的溶解度、物理稳定性和ζ-电位绝对值显著增加(P<0.05),而浊度、粒径显著减小(P<0.05);超声波处理12 min时,鸡肉MP的溶解度增加至58.5%;经超声处理后,鸡肉MP的表面疏水性显著增强,分子柔性明显增加,表明超声处理使低盐条件下鸡肉MP高度聚集的结构展开,内部疏水基团暴露;超声波处理6 min以上,鸡肉MP的自由巯基含量开始逐渐下降,二硫键含量升高;超声波处理12 min时,自由基含量、羰基含量及二聚酪氨酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中二聚酪氨酸含量升高约20.55%,而游离氨基含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上,超声波处理会改变低盐条件下鸡肉MP的结构性质,增加鸡肉MP的物理稳定性,有助于乳化形成;超声会产生自由基,尤其延长超声波处理时间至6 min后进一步加剧鸡肉MP氧化,因此,应用超声波处理改善MP功能特性时需进一步关注超声波产生的自由基对MP的氧化效应。

梯度升温发酵工艺对不同盐分稀态发酵酱油微生物变化和风味形成的影响

本文以12%和18%(w/v)两种盐分浓度的稀态发酵酱醪为研究对象,探究梯度升温(15℃-20℃-25℃-30℃)工艺对发酵酱醪微生物计数和风味形成的影响。结果显示:采用梯度升温工艺的低盐分酱醪样品(TC12)的酵母计数在发酵到期时比恒温(30℃)对照组(C12)要高1.0 log CFU/g左右,这表明酵母在梯度升温工艺中维持生长代谢时间较长。这或与发酵前期较低的温度限制了酵母过快的繁殖有关。其中,TC12的发酵到期原油的氨基酸态氮高达1.14 g/100 g,达到我国规定的特级酿造酱油标准。同时,TC12中的鲜味(19.03 g/L)和甜味氨基酸(19.32 g/L)含量较高,共占氨基酸总量约60%,呈现较好的鲜甜滋味。挥发性物质检测数据显示,TC12中的乙醇、苯乙酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、3-甲硫基丙醛和苯甲醛等含量较高,样品整体呈现“水果甜香和酯香”。另一方面,高盐组梯度升温样品(TC18)则测得更多的愈创木酚和甲基麦芽酚,呈现“烟熏香和酱香”。感官鉴评数据显示,低盐分梯度升温发酵样品TC12相比恒温发酵组C12具有更高的香气和滋味得分,综合口感更优。综上所述,梯度升温工艺有利于限制低盐分(12%)发酵酱醪中酵母在前期的过快生长,保持其在发酵后期的活性细胞计数,使其能持续发酵生成更多风味物质,提升低盐发酵原油的整体风味。

Manufacture of Boron-free Magnesia with High Purity from Residual Brine

A novel method for removing boron with ion exchange resin from residual brines to manufacture boron-free magnesia is described. The concentration of boron in the target magnesia manufactured thereby from Qinghai salt lakes is lower than 5 mg/g, and the typical D50 size of product is 10.625 mm.

Antihyperlipidemic effect of Melothria maderaspatana leaf extracts on DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats

Objective:To investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of crude ethanolic extract of Melothria maderaspatana(M.maderaspatana) leaf(CEEM) on deoxycorticosterone acetate(DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats.Methods:A midscapular incision was made on each rat and the left kidney was excised after ligation of the renal artery.The surgical wound was closed using an absorbable suture.After one week recovery period,hypertension was induced by subcutaneous injection of DOCA-salt solution,twice a week,and the rats received a 1%sodium chloride solution as drinking water throughout the experimental period.CEEM or nifedipine was administered orally once a day for 6 weeks.Results:In DOCA-salt hypertensive rats,the level of plasma and tissues of total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),free fatty acids(FFA) and phospholipids (PL) significantly increased and administration of CEEM significantly reduced these parameters towards normality.Further,the levels of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(VLDL-C) significantly increased while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in hypertensive rats and administration of CEEM brought these parameters to normality which proved their antihyperlipidemic action.Histopathology of liver, kidney and heart on DOCA-salt induced rats treated with CEEM showed reduced the damages towards normal histology.Conclusions:These findings provided evidence that CEEM was found to be protecting the liver,kidney and heart against DOCA-salt administration and the protective effect could attribute to its antihyperlipidemic activities.

Research on Properties of Metasilicate Bonded Carbon-free Basic Dry Vibration Mix

Carbon-free basic dry vibration mix was prepared using middle grade magnesia and fused magnesia as main starting materials,metasilicate replacing phenolic resin as binder,adding a certain amount of medium and low temperature intensifiers. Effects of binder,grain composition,and additives on basic dry vibration mix for tundish were studied,and the bonding mechanism was also analyzed. The results show that：（1） when using metasilicate as binder,the higher strength can be acquired; （2） the suitable grain composition is q=0.48,the critical granularity is 5 or 3 mm,the fines addition is 10%-20% （mass percent）; （3） the strength and corrosion resistance of the basic dry vibration mix can be improved by the melting compound of metasilicate and additives; （4） with temperature rising,the bonding type in dry vibration mix changes from cohere bonding to reaction bonding,and then to ceramic bonding at last.

Study of a New Chromium-Free Conversion Coating Formed on ZnAl Alloy

A new chromium-free conversion film was obtained on surface of a ZnAl alloy by chemical conversion process. Influence of the additives in treating solution containing cerium salt on the corrosion protection of the conversion film formed on zinc alloy was investigated. Corrosion tests and electrochemical measurements in sodium chloride solution were performed . The microstructure and composition of the coatings were examined by means of SEM, EDS and XRD. It was found that the corrosion protection capabilities of the conversion film are markedly increased with the cerium nitride plus additives (hydrogen fluoride acid and an organic inhibitor) treating process. The modified conversion film is an organic/inorganic composite coating and is much more corrosion resistant than the conventional chromate conversion coating and the single cerium conversion coating.

Dispersion and Polar Component of Specific Surface Free Energy of NaCl(100), KCl(100), and KBr(100) Single Crystal Surfaces

Contact angle of ethylene glycol and formamide on (100) faces of NaCl, KCl, and KBr single crystal was measured, and the specific surface free energy (SSFE) was calculated. Dispersion component of the SSFE was 90.57, 93.78, and 99.52 mN&#183m-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr, respectively. Polar component of the SSFE was 1.05, 0.65, and 0.45 mN&#183m-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr. Such a large ratio of dispersion component of SSFE results from the neutrality of the crystal surface of alkali halide. Lattice component of alkali halide is 780, 717 and 689 kJ&#183mol-1 for NaCl, KCl, and KBr. The larger lattice enthalpy decreases dispersion component, and increases polar component of the SSFE. The larger lattice enthalpy is considered to enhance the rumpling of the crystal surface more strongly, and such rumpling is considered to decrease the neutrality of the crystal surface.

棉织物活性染料清洁化染色工艺

针对棉织物印染加工过程存在的盐排放量高、耗水量大等问题,采用无盐染色工艺对纯棉织物进行轧染染色,并与传统染色技术染色效果进行对比,探究棉织物活性染料清洁化染色技术的可行性。染色环节中通过自制助染剂ZH的应用,可以避免使用无机盐,同时固色环节采用特种碱剂NBL取代纯碱,提高固色效率,在确保染品性能良好的基础上实现无盐染色。研究结果表明:当活性染料黑NN质量浓度为50 g/L、助染剂ZH质量浓度为5 g/L、特种碱剂NBL质量浓度为10 g/L时,可以获得与传统染色工艺一致的染色效果,在实现无盐染色的同时,平均可以降低染色后处理用水26.65%。

不同形态烟碱的释放和生理效应差异研究进展

烟草及烟草制品中存在不同形态的烟碱,其含量的差异对烟草制品有较大影响。在概述烟碱形态的基础上,着重对不同形态烟碱在释放量和生理效应等方面的差异进行综述,指出:由于理化性质差异,烟草制品中的游离烟碱更易释放到气溶胶中;感官特性方面,游离烟碱的刺激性更高,烟碱盐相对更柔和;吸收率方面,由于存在多种给药方式,不同形态烟碱的吸收率存在差异;毒性方面,总体上游离烟碱毒性小于烟碱盐,但烟碱盐的毒性因酸根离子的种类而异;致瘾性方面,烟碱盐的致瘾性可能高于游离烟碱,且可能因酸根离子的种类而异。未来应对游离烟碱和烟碱盐的吸收率、毒性、致瘾性等生理效应的差异及潜在机制进行深入探究,以更好地指导烟碱盐在烟草制品中的应用。

聚乙二醇化多环氧共聚物的清洁化铬鞣应用

传统铬鞣的低铬利用率以及鞣制过程中大量含铬、含盐废水的排放严重危害生态环境和人类健康,制约了制革工业的可持续发展。研究采用自由基共聚设计并制备了一种聚乙二醇化多环氧基共聚物,将其作为预鞣剂考察了其在无盐、少铬、高吸收清洁化铬鞣过程中的应用。基于碱性条件下环氧基与胶原氨基的反应,共聚物预鞣能够封闭胶原氨基并在皮胶原纤维之间产生预交联,赋予坯革无盐浸酸性能。此外,聚乙二醇链段的引入能够在纤维表面形成水化层惰化胶原纤维,防止铬鞣初期鞣剂在皮表面的快速结合,促进铬鞣剂在皮中的均匀渗透。同时,环氧基开环反应所产生的羟基为后续铬鞣剂提供额外的结合位点,有助于提高铬鞣剂的吸收率。结果表明,共聚物预鞣能够实现无盐浸酸,能使少铬鞣法的铬吸收率由80.5%提高至95%,并显著提高成革热稳定性、力学性能和感官性能。

改善Lyocell纤维原纤化的连续式无盐轧染工艺

为解决Lyocell织物活性染料染色无机盐用量大、纤维原纤化等问题,分析了Lyocell织物的连续式无盐轧染染色技术,探讨了焙烘温度、焙烘时间、浸轧次数、碱剂及尿素用量对染色性能的影响,并与传统浸染工艺进行了比较。结果表明:Lyocell织物活性染料轧-烘-焙最佳的染色配方和工艺为碱剂25 g L,尿素60 g L,二浸二轧,160℃下焙烘2 min。相比传统浸染工艺,连续式无盐轧染染色可获得更高的染色深度,且改善了原纤化程度。