Light beams with orbital angular momentum for free space optics

The light＇s orbital angular momentum （OAM） is a consequence of the spiral flow of the electromagnetic energy. In this paper, an analysis of light beams with OAM used for free space optics （FSO） is conducted. The basic description and conception of light＇s OAM are reviewed. Both encoding information into OAM states of single light beam and encoding information into spatial structure of the mixed optical vortex with OAM are discussed, and feasibility to improve the FSO＇s performance of security and obstruction of line of sight is examined.

基于AMASPGD算法的FSOC系统波前畸变校正及性能分析

为了抑制相干自由空间光通信系统中大气湍流引起光信号波前失真的不利影响,提出了一种基于聚合动量(AM)和自适应矩边界(AdaMod)优化器的增强型随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)算法。仿真结果表明,该优化算法可以显著提高收敛速度和鲁棒性,并有效降低波前畸变的峰谷值和均方根,从而更有效地抑制大气湍流对相干自由空间光通信(FSOC)系统混频效率和误码率的负面影响。

A survey of free space optical networks

Free Space Optical （FSO） networks, also known as optical wireless networks, have emerged as viable candidates for broadband wireless communications in the near future. The range of the potential application of FSO networks is extensive, from home to satellite. However, FSO networks have not been popularized because of insufficient availability and reliability. Researchers have focused on the problems in the physical layer in order to exploit the properties of wireless optical channels. However, recent technological developments with successful results make it practical to explore the advantages of the high bandwidth. Some researchers have begun to focus on the problems of network and upper layers in FSO networks. In this survey, we classify prospective global FSO networks into three subnetworks and give an account of them. We also present state-of- the-art research and discuss what kinds of challenges exist.

Multi-Hop Free Space Optical Communications Using Serial Decode-and-Forward Relay Transmissions

This paper investigates the performance of multi-hop Free Space Optical(FSO) communications using serial Decode-and-Forward(DF) relay transmissions.A statistical model for the optical intensity fluctuation at the receiver due to the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading,mis alignment fading and pass-loss is presented.Under given weather and mis alignment conditions,a closed-form analytical expression for the end-to-end outage probability of serial Decode-and-Forward(DF) multi-hop FSO communications is derived.Numerical results show that the serial DF multi-hop transmission is a promising technology to enhance the performance of FSO communications.Moreover,the derived analytical expression can provide close approximations to the simulation results.

FSO链路中基于平均信噪比的自适应功率传输技术

文章提出了1种基于平均信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)的自适应功率传输技术,旨在补偿大气湍流引起的闪烁效应,以提升自由空间光(Free-Space Optical,FSO)通信系统的性能。在无需大气湍流状态信息估计的情况下,根据接收信号的平均SNR来调整发射信号的发射功率,实现基于自适应功率传输技术的大气湍流效应补偿。建立了不同湍流强度下具有不同噪声水平的信道模型,并将所提出的技术与固定阈值判决(Fixed Threshold Decision,FTD)和自适应阈值判决(Adaptive Threshold Decision,ATD)技术进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明,在不同的湍流强度下,该技术的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能相较于FTD有了显著的提高,并且接近于ATD。因此,该技术可以有效提高FSO链路的通信能力。

OpenFIow-Based Control Architecture for the Mobile FreeSpace Optical Networks

Mobile free space optical networks have aroused much attention due to the ability of providing high speed connectivity over long distance using the wireless laser links,while requiring relatively high available bandwidth resource and less energy consumption.However,maintaining the network with laserlinks is quite challenging due to a number of issues,such as the link fragility,the difficulty in pointingand tracking of the link,which also raises the great difficulty in the control of the network.In this paper,we present the methodology for the deployment of the mobile freespace optical networks based on our proposed OpenFlow-based control architecture.In addition,a new routing scheme is proposed and demonstrated on the testbed based on this control architecture.Delivery ratio,average delivery delay and time complexity are given to verify the performance of the OpenFlow-based control architecture.

The Effects of Power Control on Free-Space Optical Communications during Snowfall and Rainfall

Free-space optical (FSO) communication requires a line-of-sight connection between a transmitter and a receiver in which the information signal is modulated by an optical carrier that propagates in free space. The FSO channel is greatly affected by weather conditions such as fog, rain, and snow. In the literature, several adaptive techniques, such as power control (PC), have been suggested to mitigate channel link degradations. In this paper, we investigate the effects of snow and rain attenuation on the bit error rate (BER) of the FSO system using two types of modulations, the on-off keying (OOK) modulation and the pulse-position modulation (16-PPM). The effect of PC on the performance of FSO communications is also examined in this study. We evaluated the system’s performance with two types of snow, wet snow and dry snow, as well as with different rain regions. Results show that PC improves the BER of the FSO system;a high rate of improvement is found for wet snow and rain. PC has almost no effect with dry snow because of the high attenuation and the limitations on transmitted power. The BER for 16-PPM is better than that for OOK modulation.

A Novel Outage Capacity Objective Function for Optimal Performance Monitoring and Predictive Fault Detection in Hybrid Free-Space Optical and RF Wireless Networks

This study develops an optimal performance monitoring metric for a hybrid free space optical and radio wireless network, the Outage Capacity Objective Function. The objective function—the dependence of hybrid channel outage capacity upon the error rate, jointly quantifies the effects of atmospheric optical impairments on the performance of the free space optical segment as well as the effect of RF channel impairments on the radio frequency segment. The objective function is developed from the basic information-theoretic capacity of the optical and radio channels using the gamma-gamma model for optical fading and Ricean statistics for the radio channel fading. A simulation is performed by using the hybrid network. The objective function is shown to provide significantly improved sensitivity to degrading performance trends and supports of proactive link failure prediction and mitigation when compared to current thresholding techniques for signal quality metrics.

DP-DQPSK Optical Access System Integrated with Fiber and Free-Space Downlink for High Spectral Efficiency Application

In this letter, we present the generation, the balanced detection, and the transmission performance evaluation of dual polarization differential quadrature phase shift keying (DP-DQPSK) signals in optical access system integrated with fiber and free-space downlink. Polarization-multip- lexed (POLMUX) technique is introduced in the system for high spectral efficiency access utilization. 10 Gb/s DP-DQPSK downlink signals are successfully transmitted over 50 km SMF-28 and a 800 m wireless optical channel under the bad weather condition, such as fog and haze. The results show that the potentiality of DP-DQPSK optical access system is integrated with fiber and free- space downlink for providing flexible user access with high bandwidth efficiency.

Performance Analysis of Curved Track G2T-FSO(Ground-to-Train Free Space Optical)Model under Various Weather Conditions

The demand for broadband data services on high-speed trains is rapidly growing as more people commute between their homes and workplaces.However,current radio frequency(RF)technology cannot adequately meet this demand.In order to address the bandwidth constraint,a technique known as free space optics(FSO)has been proposed.This paper presents a mathematical derivation and formulation of curve track G2T-FSO(Ground-to-train Free Space Optical)model,where the track radius characteristics is 2667 m,divergence angle track is 1.5°for train velocity at V=250 km/h.Multiple transmitter configurations are proposed to maximize coverage range and enhance curve track G2T-FSO link performance under varying weather conditions.The curved track G2T-FSO model was evaluated in terms of received power,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),bit error rate(BER),and eye diagrams.The results showed maximum coverage lengths of 618,505,365,and 240 m for 4Tx/1Rx,3Tx/1Rx,2Tx/1Rx,and 1Tx/1Rx configurations,respectively.The analyzed results demonstrate that the G2T-FSO link can be effectively implemented under various weather conditions.

基于速率匹配的FSO与RF间链路的动态切换算法

位于平流层的高空平台向上连接卫星、向下连接低空无人机,能够有效支撑空天地一体化信息网络,提供灵活的应急通信。然而,针对高空平台至无人机的下行链路,传统算法采用固定速率,降低链路的平均传输速率,增加了链路的中断概率。为此,提出基于速率匹配的自由空间光通信(free space optical,FSO)和射频(radio frequency,RF)链路的动态切换算法(rate adaptation-based free space optical and RF dynamic switching,RADS)。RADS算法优先使用FSO链路,若FSO链路的瞬时信噪比低于阈值,就切入RF链路。同时,根据所接收信号的信噪比,采用满足最低误码率要求的传输模式,进而满足速率要求。仿真结果表明,相比于传统的固定速率算法,提出的RADS算法降低了链路中断概率,提升了速率。

智能反射面辅助的混合FSO/RF系统建模和分析

针对自由空间光(FSO)链路视距受限问题,提出了一种光智能反射面(OIRS)辅助的混合FSO/射频(RF)系统,介绍了系统模型。OIRS用于解决障碍物遮挡问题,其辅助的FSO链路服从几何和抖动误差下的Malaga分布,RF链路服从任意相关的Nakagami-m分布,并在目的节点采用等增益合并接收技术。推导了混合FSO/RF系统的中断概率、平均误码率的闭合表达式,并对中断概率进行渐近分析。仿真结果表明:OIRS辅助的混合FSO/RF系统中断和误码性能取决于质量更差的一条信道,二进制相移键控调制误码性能优于二进制频移键控调制。

Interaction of two edge dislocations in free-space propagation

This paper studies in detail the interaction of two edge dislocations nested in a Gaussian beam propagating in free space. It shows that in free-space propagation the edge dislocations are unstable and vanish, and two noncanonical vortices with opposite topological charge take place when off-axis distances cl and c2 of two edge dislocations are nonzero, and the condition k2w08＋ 32c1c2（w02- 2C1C2）Z2 〉 0 is fulfilled （k-wave number, w0-waist width）. A noncanonical vortex appears when one off-axis distance is zero. However, one edge dislocation is stable when two edge dislocations are perpendicular and one off-axis distance is zero. Two perpendicular edge dislocations both with zero off-axis distance are also stable. The analytical results are illustrated by numerical examples.

无人机FSO/RF混合中继链路传输速率优化方法

针对FSO(free space optica)链路和RF(ratio frequency)链路之间通信速率不匹配以及由地面多用户移动所带来的通信服务状态变化问题,提出了无人机自由空间光通信/射频(FSO/RF)混合中继链路传输速率优化方法。以用户公平性、最低服务质量以及无人机总功率为约束,建立了无人机中继协作的FSO/RF混合通信下行链路模型,提出了一种基于无人机动态轨迹和发射功率联合优化算法。利用连续凸逼近及拉格朗日对偶函数法,将原非凸模型转化为凸优化问题进行求解。对不同能见度下链路传输速率进行分析,结果表明,能见度为1.7 km时,FSO链路和RF链路均达到全速传输。所提算法相较固定式中继平均通信速率有了447.5%的提升,相较非功率优化算法链路平均通信速率提升32.5%。

基于改进生成式对抗网络的OAM-FSO通信系统自适应解调

目前实际情况下空间光通信系统中往往只能得到有限数量的带标签样本,导致大气湍流的影响下传统CNN对OAM模式识别率低,系统误码率较高。针对该情况,设计一个基于GAN的神经网络模型作为OAM模式分类器,将GAN与CNN相结合,引入条件信息监督生成过程并用最小二乘损失代替交叉熵损失。实验结果表明,该模型在湍流强、距离长的环境下识别性能明显优于BP-ANN、KNN以及CNN,2000 m强湍流条件下识别率比CNN提高8.6%。以训练好的网络作为解调器仿真验证系统的误码率,在经过Turbo码和映射方案的改进后仅为6.89×10^(-4),证明获得了更好的通信质量。

光子神经网络研究进展

在数据海量化、信息化的时代,电子计算机处理系统所面临的算力和能耗等性能要求愈发严苛,传统冯·诺依曼架构存在“内存墙”和“功耗墙”瓶颈,加之摩尔定律放缓甚至失效,使得电子芯片在计算速度和功耗方面遇到极大挑战,利用光计算替代传统电子计算将是解决当前算力与功耗问题的极具潜力的途径之一。本文系统地梳理了片上集成和自由空间的光子神经网络架构与算法方面的研究进展,详细介绍了典型的研究工作,然后讨论并对比了这两种光子神经网络的优劣势,以及光子神经网络的训练策略等。最后探讨了光子神经网络面临的挑战,并对其未来发展进行了前瞻性的展望。

FSO中分层空时编码的误码性能

分层空时编码(BLAST)虽然具有极高的频谱效率,能成倍提高光通信系统的信息传输速率,但BLAST系统的误码率较大,严重影响了光通信系统的可靠性。在描述了湍流信道中多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的信道模型后,针对多进制脉冲位置调制(Q-PPM)技术,推导出了采用线性译码算法时分层空时码的极大似然判决准则及其误码率公式,并比较了最大似然译码算法、线性译码算法、串行干扰消除译码算法的误码性能。最后,利用仿真实验进行了验证。结果表明:在自由空间光通信(FSO)中,串行干扰消除译码算法的误码性能更接近最大似然译码算法的性能,明显优于线性译码算法。在4×4系统中,当误比特率为2×10-2时,相对于最小均方误差(MMSE)译码算法,最大似然译码算法和MMSE-SIC译码算法的信噪比分别改善了约14.5 dB和7 dB。理论分析与实验结果相一致。

FSO MIMO垂直空时分层码研究及硬件仿真

在自由空间光通信(FSO)中,多输入多输出(MIMO)可以大大提高频谱利用率。在对FSOMIMO进行分析研究的基础上,提出了垂直分层空时(V-BLAST)结构,建立了该结构的系统模型。分别取不同的MIMO组数,仿真比较了PPM和OOK两种调制方式的系统误码率。运用VHDL语言设计了垂直分层空时结构的编译码,并进行了硬件功能和时序仿真。研究结果表明:在信噪比一定的情况下,PPM调制方式下系统的误码率要低于OOK调制方式下系统的误码率;运用VHDL语言设计的V-BLAST编译码,从硬件功能和时序上验证了FSOMIMO系统的可行性。