Investigation of the Interaction Between the Free Surface and A Semi/Shallowly Submerged Underwater Vehicle

The present study aims to investigate the interaction between the free surface and a semi/shallowly submerged underwater vehicle,especially when the submergence depth h is smaller than 0.75D(D:submarine maximum diameter).In this respect,the straight-ahead simulations of the generic SUBOFF underwater vehicle geometry are conducted with constant forward velocities using the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS)equations with a Shear-Stress Transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model in commercial code Fluent,at submergence depths and Froude numbers ranging from h=0 to h=3.3D and from Fn=0.205 to Fn=0.512,respectively.The numerical models are verified against the existing experimental data.The analysis of the obtained results indicates that in the case of the semi and shallowly submerged underwater vehicle(UV),both the submergence depth and forward velocity have a great effect on the behaviors of hydrodynamic forces acting on the UV.The magnitude of maximum total resistance may reach almost five times the value of resistance exerted on the totally submerged hull.Both the forces acting on the UV and the generated waves when the submergence depth h is smaller than 0.75D are significantly different from those whenr h is larger than 0.75D.The conclusions can be used as reference for future research on near free surface motions of underwater vehicles and the design of small water-plane area twin hull.

Numerical investigation on free surface effect on the supercavitating flow over a low aspect ratio wedge-shaped hydrofoil

In this study,the effect of the free surface on the supercavitating flow that surrounds a low aspect ratio wedge-shaped hydrofoil is studied based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD),with Cartesian cut-cell mesh method.The volume of fraction(VOF)method and the k-ε turbulence model with the Schnerr Sauer cavitation model are used for simulating the supercavitation in turbulent flow.Both quasi-3-D and full-3-D cases are considered.The quasi-3-D simulation results are compared with the previous water tunnel experimental data and analytical data,and the results agree well with each other.The results are presented for a wide range of submerged distance in terms of the free surface effect on the cavity shape,wave elevation and force coefficients.The range of the free surface effect is found.The simulation results show that the cavitating flow around the hydrofoil become shorter and thicker as the submerge depth decreases.As the aspect ratio of the hydrofoil studied in the full-3-D cases is low,the 3-D effect on the supercavitating flow is strong.The relationship between the flow patterns and vortex structures is also revealed from the numerical results.

Effects of specimen size on flow stress of micro rod specimen

With the miniaturization of parts,size effects occur in the micro-forming processes.To investigate the effects of the specimen size on the flow stress,a series of upsetting deformation experiments were carried out at room temperature for specimens with different diameters.And the grain size of billets was changed by anneal processes to analyze the grain size effects on the size dependence of flow stress.The deviation of stress was observed.The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing billet dimensions.As the dislocation accumulation in free surface layer is slight,the reduction degree of flow stress becomes larger when the plastic deformation goes on.The flow stress is enlarged by grain size,which can be analyzed by the grain boundary length per area.The deviation increases with decreasing specimen size.This can be explained by the effects of grain orientation stochastic distribution according to the Schmid law.As a result,the micro-forming process must be considered from the viewpoint of polycrystalline structure,and the single grains of micro-billet dominate the deformation.

Effect of thickness and grain size on material behavior in micro-bending

Micro-bending tests were performed to investigate effects of thickness and grain size on material behavior in sheet metal forming.The rolling brass C2680 foil was selected as the experimental material,and it was annealed to eliminate the work-hardening and get different grain sizes.A device was specially designed for three-point bending with two load sensors.The results show that the bending force increases with increasing the punch displacement.With the foil of same thickness,a smaller punch radius leads to a larger bending force.When the grain size increases,the bending force becomes smaller.Size effects are observed obviously.These results have been analyzed by work-hardening,Hall-Petch equation and free surface effect.

Nonlinear buckling and postbuckling behavior of cylindrical shear deformable nanoshells subjected to radial compression including surface free energy effects

The objective of the present investigation is to predict the nonlinear buckling and postbuckling characteristics of cylindrical shear deformable nanoshells with and without initial imperfection under hydrostatic pressure load in the presence of surface free energy effects.To this end, Gurtin-Murdoch elasticity theory is implemented into the irst-order shear deformation shell theory to develop a size-dependent shell model which has an excellent capability to take surface free energy effects into account. A linear variation through the shell thickness is assumed for the normal stress component of the bulk to satisfy the equilibrium conditions on the surfaces of nanoshell. On the basis of variational approach and using von Karman-Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity, the non-classical governing differential equations are derived. Then a boundary layer theory of shell buckling is employed incorporating the effects of surface free energy in conjunction with nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large delections in the postbuckling domain and initial geometric imperfection. Finally, an eficient solution methodology based on a two-stepped singular perturbation technique is put into use in order to obtain the critical buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths corresponding to various geometric parameters. It is demonstrated that the surface free energy effects cause increases in both the critical buckling pressure and critical end-shortening of a nanoshell made of silicon.

The application of three-dimensional hydroelastic analysis of ship structures in Pekeris hydro-acoustic waveguide environment

The hydroelastic analysis and sonoelastic analysis methods are incorporated with the Green＇s function of the Pekeris ocean hydro-acoustic waveguide model to produce a three-dimensional sonoelastic analysis method for ships in the ocean hydro-acoustic environment. The seabed condition is represented by a penetrable boundary of prescribed density and sound speed. This method is employed in this paper to predict the vibration and acoustic radiation of a 1 500 t Small Water Area Twin Hull （SWATH） ship in shallow sea acoustic environment. The wet resonant frequencies and radiation sound source levels are predicted and compared with the measured results of the ship in trial.

Numerical study of high-lift hydrofoil near free surface at moderate Froude number

Shallow hydrofoils are known to produce lower lift in normal operating conditions in comparison with deep hydrofoils.However,the maximum lift capability of shallow hydrofoils at moderate speeds,which is important for transitional regimes of hydrofoil boats,is studied insufficiently.In this work,two-dimensional flow around a high-lift hydrofoil at a moderate Froude number is numerically simulated in a broad range attack angles up to the stall occurrence in both single-phase fluid and in the vicinity of free surface.It is found that nearly the same maximum lift coefficient can be produced by the shallow foil in the modeled condition as by the deep foil,but much higher attack angle is required near the free surface,which also results in larger drag.Additionally,it is shown that higher Reynolds numbers lead to higher lift coefficients,especially at large attack angles.