The Conflict and Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Public Freedom of Information in the“Anti-circumvention Clause”

There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.

Fuzzy VIKOR Approach to Evaluate the Information Security Policies and Analyze the Content of Press Agencies in Gulf Countries

A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organization, such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire, or news service. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the security policies and analyze the content of five press agencies in gulf countries which are (Kuwait News Agency (KUNA), Emirates News Agency (WAM), Saudi Press Agency (SPA), Bahrain News Agency (BNA), and Oman News Agency (OMA)) by using a fuzzy VIKOR approach where linguistic variables are applied to solve the uncertainties and subjectivities in expert decision making. Fuzzy VIKOR approach is one of the best Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques working in fuzzy environment. This study benefits security and content analysis experts know which press agency has the mandate and the competence to educate the public on news agencies. Besides, this paper contributes to Gulf agencies in helping them in their resolve to ensure the quality of content information and information security policies over the internet.

新闻自由还是出版自由,这是个问题——兼论Freedom of the Press的翻译问题

在新闻学上,Freedom of the press是个非常重要的术语,其基本内涵是新闻自由,然而对它的翻译却存在很大的差异。原因主要有二,一是Freedom of the press的内涵随媒介形态的变化而变化,二是Press本身具有多重的词义。本文从社会变迁和语言学角度进行分析,认为把Freedom of the press译为新闻自由是适宜的。

Construction of an evaluation system for information openness of local governments

Evaluating government openness is important in monitoring government performance and promoting government transparency. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an evaluation system for information openness of local governments. In order to select evaluation indicators, we conducted a content analysis on current evaluation systems constructed by researchers and local governments and the materials of a case study on a local government. This evaluation system is composed of 5 first-tier indicators, 30 secondtier indicators and 69 third-tier indicators. Then Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) Method are adopted to determine the weight of each indicator. At last, the practicability of the system is tested by an evaluation of the local government of Tianjin Binhai New Area, which has been undergoing administrative reform and attempting to reinvent itself in the past 5 years.

American Press Freedom: An Improbable Story

In the United States, the public's right to know is one of the central principles of the society and it is believed that the media can report everything in an actual way. Many American journalists are proud of their press freedom and regard the press as the Fourth Estate of the United States. In the United States, media and the government are symbiotic. They rely on each other to reinforce themselves. The government depends on the media to propagandize its political ideology while media need the government to supply news sources to them.

考虑点云骨架特征的未知物体六自由度抓取

针对机械臂在非结构化环境下对未知物体生成稳定抓取位姿困难的问题,文章提出一种基于点云骨架特征的未知物体六自由度抓取方法。首先,通过深度相机获取包含物体的场景单视角点云,并在物体表面随机采样得到初始采样点,设计考虑L1中值骨架提取的迭代移动采样算法,保证抓取点最终均匀排布在物体的骨架上;然后,利用骨架点的分布信息和骨架点周围点云的几何信息生成候选抓取位姿,根据抓取器与物体之间的位置关系,使用启发式评价函数评估抓取位姿,从而保证位姿的最优化采样;最后,对不同形状的物体进行仿真实验和实际抓取试验。测试结果表明,文章所提方法可以对常见物体生成稳定的抓取位姿,并能有效拓展到更多形状复杂的未知物体。

意义的再生产:信息稳定视角下新闻发布会的四要素分析

信息稳定包含信息传播的时间、内容、结构和流量,四个维度的合理把控与社会秩序稳定存在较大的关联度。作为信息传播的重要渠道之一,新闻发布会与信息稳定的关系是值得探讨的议题。具体而言,距离事发时间越近,越有利于舆论引导;距离舆论沸腾时间越近,越有利于事件平息。信息内容与事件、角色、时态和发言人相关联,并与民众间的信任关系成正比。越以政府为中心,信息结构越趋于正面信息,越以民众为中心,则趋于正负信息结合。信息发布量是影响社会稳定的重要因素,由宏观层面的新闻发布制度和微观层面的会话规则共同把控。新闻发布会四要素的合理安排,是在社会范围内实现意义再生产,推动政治秩序从无序到有序的重要环节。

个人信息处理中禁止捆绑规则的相对化构造

我国个人信息保护法第16条确立了个人信息处理中的禁止捆绑规则,该条文义倾向于绝对禁止的立场,但应对该条及相关规定予以相对化构造,从而推进数字经济健康、有序发展。其评价基础为信息自决与营业自由的互动,主要适用范围是合同场景下对个人信息的商业化利用,但处理行为构成履行合同义务的必然技术要求除外。相对禁止捆绑规则应采取具体要件而非概括考量的规范模式,其构成要件包含两部分内容:一是存在将同意与产品或者服务相捆绑的事实,二是不属于不应被禁止的例外。而例外性构成要件又包括两种具体下位情形:信息主体无需同意即可从同一个或者不同经营者处以可期待方式获得具有同等功能之替代性给付,或者能够以支付合理价款作为替代方式从特定经营者处获取同一种给付。基于依民法典第153条第1款确立的解释框架,即可在现行法上构造完整的相对禁止捆绑规则,其要义为“无例外不捆绑,同意违反即无效”,而信息处理者的市场力量、产品或者服务的性质等考量因素则居于辅助地位或者发挥具体化功能。据此,“某读书App案”的裁判结论得以证立,其裁判理由也得以完善。

The Rehabilitated Image in the Written Press in Cameroon and Its Mediation Challenges: The Example of <i>Cameroon Tribune</i>

The Cameroonian daily press is now taking a new look at the use of photography in its columns. Photography is therefore at the heart of the new information system: the application of a new formula, a photographic formula, therefore visual, which is a novelty. The aim of our article is to highlight how the Cameroonian daily press constructs the discursive staging of this visual content. It proposes to examine the ways in which the news image in Cameroon Tribune is constituted in journalistic writing. In this article, we will analyse the photographic content of the daily newspaper Cameroon Tribune. The corpus consists of 1245 photographs from 25 issues published between 21 October and 22 November 2019. The technique used is media content analysis, which allows us to produce exhaustive descriptive statements that meet the criteria of scientific validity and reproducibility. Emancipated from its strict illustrative function, photography in the daily newspaper Cameroon Tribune then becomes fully a means of information and communication, in the same way as text. This translates into the construction of informative sets such as the importance of the surface area of the visual content which gives pride of place to the visual, giving an impression of abundance that is perceptible from the Front Page. One of the important features of the newspaper’s iconography is the great positivity of its images, which reinforces the closeness between the reader and the news. In total, the newspaper highlights photographs of limited informative interest: these are portraits that show the faces of the protagonists of the articles, to the detriment of current events.

Infinite Freedom of Space-Time for Zero-Energy-Entity in Quantum Mechanics

Zero-energy state is investigated by taking infinitesimal energy and observing its uncertainty in space-time, adopting quantum mechanics. In this paper, the uncertainty in conventional quantum mechanics is found to be interpreted as freedom in space-time, which results in possibility of time travel and space transition of the zero-energy state, which could be information or mind. The wave function of a physical system composed of multiple particles or wave-packets is examined and found that it can be arbitrarily changed by grouping by observers. It leads to an idea that even infinitesimal energy or wave-packets in a heavy physical system may separately exist and it has the infinite freedom of space-time.

Freedom Belongs to All!

Yesterday I was going to have lunch when my dad came in, with apaper box in his hands. No sooner had he stepped into the sitting roomthan he said excitedly, “Dog, dog. I’ve bought a baby dog.”Hearingthis, both my brother and I rushed to the box,

商事登记制度对经营自由的保障及完善

商事登记制度跨商法和行政法两个部门法,难以界定为私法或者公法,其本质功能是确认商事主体资格和公示经营信息。我国商事登记制度改革就是弱化传统的行政管制功能、回归本质功能的过程,旨在释放市场主体的经营自由,激发市场活力。现行立法中,因豁免登记的范围过窄和强制登记事项的范围过于宽泛,以及实践适用中基层登记机关的登记效率和服务质量均存在不足之处,束缚了经营自由的充分发挥,应当借鉴域外及我国地方试点经验,通过扩大豁免登记范围、增加任意登记事项的方式完善现行立法,并提高基层登记机关的服务效率,在保障市场秩序的前提下,给予市场主体更大的经营自由空间。

融会贯通,蔚成大典——评《英汉信息管理大词典》

2022年4月,王知津教授主编的《英汉信息管理大词典》由商务印书馆出版发行,它是我国信息管理辞书出版史上具有里程碑意义的辞书文献。文章在调查同领域辞书文献出版情况的基础上,介绍了该词典的编纂历程与内容体例,总结了编写理念、选词收词、释义编排等方面的学术特色,并从学术价值与精神价值两个层面进行了剖析。

基于PSR和信息敏感性的城市韧性度评价:以北京市为例

为有效判断城市韧性的发展趋势,构建科学合理的城市韧性度评价指标体系至关重要。首先,基于“压力-状态-响应”(PSR)模型,建立涵盖68个初选指标的城市韧性度评价指标体系;其次,采用信息敏感性和相关性分析优化指标体系;然后,采用CRITIC赋权法和综合指数法确定各指标权重并建立评价模型;最后,以北京市为例,结合区域特点及2010—2021年实际数据,确立包括31个指标的指标体系,分析该城市韧性度的发展趋势。结果表明:2010—2021年,北京市的城市韧性整体呈现上升趋势,城市韧性指数由2010年0.4367上升至2021年的0.5586。利用构建的评价指标体系和评价模型分析城市韧性时序演化趋势,可找出城市在应对突发事件过程中存在的薄弱环节,便于相关部门采取有针对性的措施。

反垄断法保护个人信息权益的理据与路径

反垄断法能否用以保护个人信息权益,是数字经济时代的重要议题。数字平台垄断会在宏观层面限制消费者的选择空间,进而减损其个人信息权益。对此,仅关注微观选择自由的《个人信息保护法》力有不逮。这为着眼于维护宏观竞争的反垄断法提供了介入空间。反垄断法的立法目的、保护对象与实践基础也表明其具有保障消费者选择空间的目标追求与功能定位,可弥补《个人信息保护法》在解决前述问题上的不足。依循前述保护逻辑,反垄断法应以间接保护为原则来提供个人信息保护,以数字平台垄断是否可能显著减少消费者在个人信息保护方面的选择空间作为介入标准,并赋予消费者集体诉权,从而确保消费者享有实质选择自由,充分实现个人信息权益。

Public access to information and open governance in Kenya

This paper investigates the role of public access to information in open governance in Kenya;identifies the factors affecting access to public information in Kenya;establishes the extent to which access to public information has influenced open governance in Kenya;and recommends strategies to enhance open governance through access of public information in Kenya.The paper is based on a qualitative study designed as an exploratory survey.Qualitative data was collected through key informant interviews with staff of the Commission on Administrative Justice(Office of the Ombudsman),which is tasked with implementing the Act,and documentary analysis.Content analysis of reports generated by implementing or oversight agencies was also conducted.The findings of the study show that the implementation of the Access to Information Act(2016)has had major contributions to the attainment of Kenya's commitments to open governance.Access to information underlies initiatives relating to open data sharing,beneficial ownership and access to justice.However,the implementation of the Act in Kenya faces challenges such as lack of funding,corruption,low levels of citizen awareness,and a culture of secrecy.The study recommends that the government should set up monitoring mechanisms to evaluate milestones of open governance initiatives such as the Act so as to be able to better evaluate the contributions of each commitment internally rather than relying on external evaluators.

身联网时代人身自由理论的数字法革新

身联网智能设备的社会化应用,改变了“人身自由”理论的传统认知,也推动了个人信息保护路径的规范性反思。而对宪法“人身自由”条款的规范性分析业已证明,以技术手段控制身份信息,既符合“搜查人身”的特征,也能够在一定程度上造成减损人身自由的效果。即便身联网企业可以凭借“知情同意”规则来规避“减损人身自由”的合法性难题,但在个人信息保护路径下依然难以区分“减损人身自由”的法律对象和适用范围。因此,身联网时代“人身自由”理论的革新,应当明晰“人身安全先于信息自由”的权利位阶理念,实现个人信息由“渠道治理”向“源头保护”的路径转向;明确国家、企业与个人的安全互惠关系,增设“责任减免条件”,补充“强制人身保险”与“信息保障基金”等侵权救济机制;围绕“强制许可”设定人身自由的“法律底线”,围绕“知情同意”明确减损人身自由的“上线”。

平台企业用工信息披露义务的理论证成与制度构建

平台用工“去劳动关系化”下,平台劳务提供者的劳动法保护陷入困境,应当立足于平台用工主体间的合同权利义务关系,探索平台劳务提供者保护的其他路径。民事交易视角下,平台用工关系主体信息不对称是平台劳务提供者权益受损的根源。要求平台企业履行用工信息披露义务,具有现实必要和法理基础。应当借鉴特殊合同信息披露制度,明确平台企业履行用工信息披露义务的基本原则、具体内容、义务豁免及保障机制,保障平台企业用工信息披露义务的履行。