Degradation of Pore Structure and Microstructures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-dry Cycles in Sea Water

Hardened cement paste was subjected to the flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water. The degradation of microstructures was obtained using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis was carried to analyze the local composition. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （Poremaster GT-60） was used to analyze the degradation of pore structures. The experimental results show that the synergistic action of the flexural loading, wet-dry cycles and sea water leads to significant deterioration of hardened cement paste. The degradation of microstructures in the tensile region is more serious than that in the compressive region. The flexural loading and wet-dry cycles accelerate the chemical attack of sea water.

Recrystallization of freezable bound water in aqueous solutions of medium concentrations

For aqueous solutions with freezable bound water, vitrification and recrystallization are mingled, which brings difficulty to application and misleads the interpretation of relevant experiments. Here, we report a quantification scheme for the freezable bound water based on the water-content dependence of glass transition temperature, by which also the concentration range for the solutions that may undergo recrystallization finds a clear definition. Furthermore, we find that depending on the amount of the freezable bound water, different temperature protocols should be devised to achieve a complete recrystallization. Our results may be helpful for understanding the dynamics of supercooled aqueous solutions and for improving their manipulation in various industries.

Effects of air-atomized water spray cooling device structure on the quenching process,microstructure,and properties of wear-resistant steel

With its high strength and hardness, wear-resistant steel has become an important material in the field of construction machinery manufacturing.Given that quenching technology is a crucial component of wear-resistant steel production, the selection of the cooling method to be used during this process is important.In this study, the feasibility of quenching wear-resistant steel by air-atomized water spray cooling was studied, and the cooling rate, microstructure, and hardness of wear-resistant steel under various cooling device structures were analyzed.The results reveal that the air-atomized water spray cooling method is an effective technique in quenching wear-resistant steel.Furthermore, martensite and uniform hardness were obtained by the air-atomized water spray cooling technique.As the space between the nozzles in each row in the device increased, the cooling rate was reduced during quenching.Meanwhile, the martensite content decreased, and more carbides were observed in the martensitic structure.A mixture comprising self-tempered martensite and bainite was formed at a large distance over a longer period of time.All these factors resulted in lower hardness and worse property uniformity.

Evolution of Microstructure from the Surface to the Interior of Cr-Mo Steel by Water Jet Peening

The microstructure and hardness on and below the surface of Cr-Mo steel (SCM435) treated by water jet peening (WJP) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and micro Vickers hardness measurements. The change of the surface residual stress caused by the WJP treatment influenced the surface microstructure and surface hardness of the SCM435 steel. Cementite in the pearlite phase tended to protrude as the duration of WJP was increased. Voids were formed in the area 0.5 - 1.0 mm below the surface and also at grain boundaries between ferrite and pearlite grains, whereas no voids were formed in the depth range from 2.0 to 3.0 mm below the surface.

Effect of wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber with different particle size on the texture properties, protein secondary structure, and microstructure of noodles

This study was conducted to explore how the insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)of wheat bran with different particle size affects the texture properties,water distribution,protein secondary structure and microstructure of noodles.The results suggested that IDF addition increased the cooking loss and decreased the sensory evaluation because of the damage on dough structure,while as the IDF particle size decreased,the sensory score increased from 78.8 to 82.3 and cooking loss decreased from 8.65%to 7.65%,which could be attributed to that small particle-sized IDF limited the damage on protein network structure,decreased the T22 and t-structure,and increased the β1-structure.Moreover,IDF particle size had a significant correlation with protein secondary structures,texture properties and evaluation score of noodles.In conclusion,adding appropriate particle sizewould be an effectiveway of enhancing the nutritional and textural properties of noodles.

Microstructural insight into permeability and water retention property of compacted binary silty clay

The durability of silty clay embankments is partially controlled by the moisture migration, which depends on soil hydraulic properties. This paper presents an experimental study of hydraulic properties of compacted binary silty clay. Specimens with different mixing ratios and dry densities were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to characterise the microstructure of silty clay. Thereafter, falling-head permeability tests and water retention tests were conducted to study the permeability and water retention property, respectively. The results demonstrate that clay particles are dispersed and show preferred arrangements after compaction when the clay content is 100%. As the clay content decreases, the arrangement of clay particles is gradually disturbed because of the existence of silt particles, causing the formation of large pores around silt particles. When the dry density increases, the pores around silt particles significantly decrease. Moreover, the permeability of silty clay decreases but the water retention capacity increases with increasing clay content and dry density. This is because the silty clay with larger clay content and dry density has fewer large pores, which greatly restrains the flow of water. Both the permeability and water retention property of silty clay can be predicted from pore size distribution parameters.

Effects of Graphite Additions and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of 13% Chromium White Iron

A 13% chromium white iron was produced using a stir cast process. Samples of the produced white iron were austenised at 1450°C and then quenched in water to the room temperature. The characterisation tools such as X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, Brinell hardness tester and pin on disc machine were employed in the studies of the phase orientation and morphology, hardness value measurement and investigation of wear behaviour. The results revealed that water quenching the 13% chromium white iron led to the precipitation of fine iron chromides and cementite in the matrix of martensite. Moreover, there is an about 22% to 45% increase in hardness values of the as-cast 13% chromium white iron as the %composition of graphite additions increased from 1.36 to 3.04. However, the impact energy values are sacrificed. The increase in hardness values is attributable to hard intermetallic compounds such as iron chromides and cementite phases in the iron matrix. Also, there is an about 32% - 42% increase in hardness values of the heat treated samples of 13% chromium white iron when compared with those of the as-cast. The increased hardness values are attributable to even distribution of the fine intermetallic compounds in the fine grains of martensitic matrix. The wear rate increased as the sliding moments per unit time increased due to increasing work done by the friction to oppose the rotation of the pin on disc. The water quenched 13% chromium white iron samples have greater wear resistances than the as-cast samples due to their greater hardness values than those of the as-cast samples. The effect of speed increase on decreasing wear resistances is more pronounced on the heat treated samples than on the as-cast samples. Hence, the water quenched 13% chromium white iron is an excellent material in application requiring high wear resistance and low impact energy especially in grinding mill liner plate, bottom or casing used in the concrete pipe production, roller for crushing and pulverising mills.

Influence of carbon content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels

In this paper, a comparison study was carried out to investigate the influence of carbon content on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of water-quenched Mn13Cr2 and Mn18Cr2 cast steels. The study results indicate that both steels' water-quenched microstructures are composed of austenite and a small amount of carbide. The study also found that, when the carbon contents are the same, there is less carbide in Mn18Cr2 steel than in Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the hardness of Mn18Cr2 steel is lower than that of Mn13Cr2 steel but the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel is higher than that of Mn13Cr2 steel. With increasing the carbon content, the hardness increases and the impact toughness decreases in these two kinds of steels, and the impact toughness of Mn18Cr2 steel substantially exceeds that of Mn13Cr2 steel. Therefore, the water-quenched Mn18Cr2 steel with high carbon content could be applied to relatively high impact abrasive working conditions, while the as-cast Mn18Cr2 steel could be only used under working conditions of relatively low impact abrasive load due to lower impact toughness.

Water temperature induced interannual variation in spawning of Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius in the northern Yellow Sea

Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius is a pelagic,neritic species that occurs in the Yellow Sea in high commercial value.The spawning period of this fast-growing species is controlled by water temperature.Based on microstructural analysis of otoliths from 145 young-of-the-year(YoY)S.niphonius collected by trawl in 2017,2018,and 2020,and the temporal variation in the spawning period in the northern Yellow Sea,and its relationship to water temperature were examined.We found that the spawning lasted from late April to late June but differed in year:in 2017 it occurred from April 23 to June 1 and peaked in early May,in 2018 it extended later from May 7 to June 29,and in 2020 from May 6 to June 22 and peaked later from late May to mid-June.The highest temperature in 2017 corresponds with the earliest end of the spawning period and a lower growing degree-day(GDD,℃·day)of 383℃·day.In 2018,slower warming corresponds with a longer spawning period,and a GDD spawning period of 506℃·day.Rapid warming in late 2020 corresponds with a spawning peak,and a GDD spawning temperature of 448℃·day.Despite differences in spawning period,the water temperature when spawning commenced was 10-12℃.Therefore,water temperature is the major determinant of the spawning period,affecting both the starting and the ending of spawning.This study improved our understanding of the spawning dynamics and environmental adaptation of S.niphonius,and how these might change in environments subject to increased warming.

冻融环境下再生混凝土毛细吸水特性研究

本文采用ASTM C1585-13水工混凝土毛细吸水标准试验方法,研究了冻融循环和再生混凝土粗骨料取代率(0%、20%、40%和60%)对再生混凝土(RAC)毛细吸水性能的影响,建立了冻融环境下RAC初期毛细吸水率的预测模型,并结合非饱和毛细理论,建立了RAC在不同冻融循环次数下相对含水量分布预测模型。结果表明:冻融环境相同时,RAC的累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随再生粗骨料取代率的增加而变大;再生粗骨料取代率相同时,RAC累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随冻融循环次数的增加而变大;从经济角度来看,40%掺量的RAC抗冻性能较优。经验证,通过回归分析建立的冻融损伤下RAC初期毛细吸水率预测模型,计算精度较高,可用于预测RAC的毛细吸水性能,为RAC的抗冻耐久性评价提供理论依据。

黄土-古土壤互层对土壤水分运移及土体微结构的影响

黄土地区地质灾害问题的发生大多与水在黄土中的入渗有关,而马兰黄土-古土壤互层结构对土壤水分入渗规律的影响显著。为揭示古土壤阻滞作用下黄土水分运移规律及其对黄土体微结构的影响,为黄土地区工程实践提供理论基础,该研究以陕西省泾阳县南塬的黄土为研究对象,采用土柱模型进行水分入渗试验,研究黄土-古土壤互层条件下土壤水分运移规律。在此基础上,通过微结构测试、分形维数和概率熵等指标的计算,分析黄土-古土壤互层条件下土壤水分运移对黄土微结构的影响。结果表明:古土壤层的透水性弱,湿润锋抵达黄土与古土壤界面处产生瞬态滞水,且随着入渗强度增加滞水时间增加;古土壤层影响下黄土与古土壤界面处的滞水会导致孔隙结构相互连通,孔隙空间平均增加4.13%,孔隙方向概率熵平均减少0.029,分形维数平均减小0.076,即古土壤层的阻水作用使得界面处黄土的孔隙空间增大,孔隙排列有序,孔隙形态规则。研究结果为黄土地区的工程建设和生态环境保护提供科学支撑。

8YSZ陶瓷在模拟压水堆水环境中的耐腐蚀性能

8%(摩尔分数)Y_(2)O_(3)稳定ZrO_(2)(8YSZ)陶瓷具有优异的氧离子电导率和低热导率,在燃料电池、热障涂层、隔热等领域都有重要应用。然而它作为压水堆的堆内隔热或结构材料,在事故条件下的水腐蚀机制和耐腐蚀性能目前尚不明晰。本研究在350℃/17.4 MPa,0.3μg/L溶解氧(DO)的动水循环模拟压水堆水环境中,系统考察了8YSZ陶瓷的质量、物相、显微结构、力学性能以及溶液成分随腐蚀时间的变化,并探讨了腐蚀机制。研究发现8YSZ陶瓷的质量随腐蚀时间的延长先增大后减小,并会受表面粗糙度的影响。增重归因于水分子进入陶瓷后形成了Zr–OH和Y–OH团簇,而失重是由金属阳离子析出和晶粒溶解所导致的。物相分析显示立方结构的8YSZ腐蚀后未往四方相或单斜相转变,这与四方相或部分稳定的氧化锆的相变失效不同。表面及断面形貌变化显示水分子可沿缺陷或微裂纹进入陶瓷内部,破坏晶界,使受腐蚀影响区域由穿晶断裂变为沿晶断裂。腐蚀前后8YSZ陶瓷的压缩强度和抗弯强度未明显改变,而维氏硬度略有降低,这与陶瓷表层形成的大量腐蚀坑有关。表面抛光样品腐蚀1050 h时的单位表面积的质量变化率为–0.108×10^(–3)mg·cm^(–2)·h^(–1),腐蚀坑深度仅为30.8μm。这些结果表明8YSZ陶瓷具有优良的耐水腐蚀性能,有望用于压水堆内的隔热或结构材料。

不同改良剂对冷冻面团及面条品质的影响

该文以面条冷冻面团为实验对象,研究硬酯酰乳酸钠、黄原胶、谷朊粉、维生素C这4种添加剂的不同添加量对面条冷冻面团的可冻结水含量、稳态-流变学特性、析水率以及冷冻面团面条质构特性的影响。结果表明,添加不同量的改良剂能显著降低面条冷冻面团的可冻结水含量,增强面团的抗形变能力,小麦粉析水率在一定范围内显著降低,面条的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性均随着添加量的增加有显著的变化。结果显示通过添加一定量的改良剂能够较好地改善冷冻面团的品质以及最终产品冷冻面团面条的品质。

矿渣水泥基复合材料在杂散电流作用下的抗软水溶蚀机理研究

在轨道交通工程运营期间,复杂的服役环境导致混凝土结构耐久性下降。本文主要研究了在杂散电流与软水溶蚀耦合作用下,矿渣掺量、水胶比和杂散电流电压强度对矿渣水泥基复合材料微观结构的影响。结合X射线衍射、热重、扫描电子显微镜和压汞等方法,分析了矿渣水泥基复合材料经溶蚀90 d后的物相组成、Ca(OH)_(2)含量、微观形貌以及孔结构变化。研究结果表明:矿渣掺量越大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量越少,材料的孔隙率越低,结构更均匀致密;随着杂散电流电压强度的增加,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)和AFt含量变少,且AFt和Ca(OH)_(2)等物相边界变得模糊不清;矿渣水泥基复合材料中C-(A)-S-H的含量略有增多,孔隙率略有下降;随着水胶比的增大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量变少,剩余物相含量变少,微观结构变得松散多孔,孔径结构整体粗化,孔隙率增大。

干湿循环对黏土微观结构及持水性能影响的试验研究

长期干湿循环作用会削弱路基土的工程力学性质,产生工程灾害,有必要研究干湿循环对其微观结构及持水性能的影响。针对既有线有砟轨道路基土,开展了一系列考虑干湿循环影响的压汞试验、扫描电镜试验、压力板试验与饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡试验。试验结果表明:在反复的干湿循环过程中,土体结构遭到破坏,内部胶结物质不断减少。土体微孔及小孔(<5μm)数量逐渐增多,中孔及部分大孔范围(5~30μm)内的峰值孔径逐渐减小,分布密度逐渐增大。数次干湿循环后微裂隙(>100μm)逐渐增多,导致试样开裂。干湿循环会对土体的持水性能产生影响,初始干密度较小时,经历过1次干湿循环持水性能略有增强,而经历过3次及5次干湿循环持水性能持续减弱。

火电厂锅炉20G水冷壁管失效分析

通过宏观分析、显微组织观察、室温拉伸性能试验、物相分析和成分分析,对某火电厂锅炉20G水冷壁管爆管原因进行分析。结果表明:开裂起源于水冷壁管内壁,爆口及爆口附近壁厚存在明显的腐蚀减薄现象,爆口附近内壁显微组织为铁素体和珠光体,珠光体存在球化现象,沿晶界出现裂纹和氧化物。结合锅炉运行状况,推测水冷壁管在接焊缝两侧积垢聚集区产生局部氧腐蚀和氢腐蚀,是引起爆裂的主要原因。建议控制水质,做好停炉保护工作,减少炉管积垢,加强焊缝连接处壁厚的检测,及时更换不满足厚度要求的管路。

超声预处理对荠菜微波干燥品质的影响

为提高荠菜的微波干燥品质,采用不同超声功率(4、6、8和10 W/g)对荠菜进行预处理,研究荠菜的传质特性、微观结构、水分分布、酶活性、微波干燥特性、色泽、复水性、营养成分和风味特性。结果表明:(1)相较于未超声对照组,超声预处理显著降低了荠菜中过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性(P<0.05),提高了干物质损失率;(2)超声预处理后,荠菜内部细胞间隙及直径增大,荠菜的水分自由度增大,当超声预处理功率为6 W/g时,细胞结构较为完整;(3)超声预处理促使荠菜微波干燥速率提高,超声预处理功率为6 W/g时,荠菜干燥速率较高,有效水分扩散系数为2.1531×10^(−6) m^(2)/s;(4)荠菜微波干燥动力学模型拟合结果显示,Page模型决定系数R^(2)(0.9891~0.9950)较高,均方根误差RMSE(0.0242~0.0351)及卡方值χ^(2)(0.0006~0.0012)较低,拟合效果最佳;(5)超声预处理功率为6 w/g时,微波干制荠菜的复水比较高,叶绿素、总黄酮和总酚含量分别为39.29、24.66、7.70 mg/g,这3种营养成分含量均显著高于未超声对照组(P<0.05);(6)相较于新鲜荠菜,超声预处理提高了微波荠菜干制品中的氮氧化合物、含硫化合物和芳香成分响应值及丰富度、咸味和酸味强度。综合分析,以6 W/g超声功率对荠菜进行预处理,荠菜微波干制品品质最佳。该研究可为荠菜精深加工提供一定的理论依据和技术参考。

枸杞粉对白鲢鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

该研究以冷冻白鲢鱼糜为实验原料,向其中添加枸杞粉(wolfberry powder,WP),分析不同添加量[0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%、1.5%(质量分数)]的WP对白鲢鱼糜凝胶持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度值、水分分布、凝胶特性、微观结构、感官评价及气味特征的影响。结果表明,随着WP含量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的持水性、硬度、咀嚼性和凝胶强度都表现出先增大后减小的趋势,当WP的添加量为0.5%时达到最大,分别为78.55%、(2716.77±75.76)g、(2185.15±32.46)g和1087 g·cm;而蒸煮损失率则表现出先减小后增大的趋势,在0.5%的添加量时,蒸煮损失率最小,为7.49%。在鱼糜中加入WP后,可以减少鱼糜凝胶中自由水的比例,增加不易流动水的比例,使鱼糜凝胶保留更多水分,且当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,鱼糜凝胶中只检测到结合水和不易流动水,未检测到自由水。适量WP的添加会增强鱼糜凝胶的网络结构,使其变得更加致密均匀。WP的添加会减小鱼糜凝胶的白度值和色泽评分,但在最适添加量0.5%时,其颜色总体可接受。此外,感官评价和电子鼻分析结果表明,当WP在最适添加量0.5%时,可以显著改善鱼糜凝胶的风味品质。研究结果可为生产高品质的鱼糜产品提供理论依据。

基于超细材料的全风化花岗岩防渗注浆研究

针对全风化花岗岩地层注浆过程中存在“吃水不吃浆”、可灌性差以及浆液的稳定性问题,提出了一种新的复合注浆材料,以提高完全风化花岗岩的防渗和力学性能。通过一系列室内试验研究了不同水固比、超细膨润土含量和超细硅酸盐水泥含量对注浆材料工程性能和浆液形成机制的影响,确定了水泥浆的最佳配方,采用微观形貌试验揭示了2种超细材料对浆液流动性、稳定性和结石体强度的作用机理,最后通过现场试验验证了注浆材料的可注性和有效性。结果表明,水固比为1.2、超细膨润土和超细硅酸盐水泥掺量分别为10%、普通硅酸盐水泥掺量80%配方的复合浆液具有很好的流动性、稳定性和抗压强度,漏斗黏度为35.5 s,析水率为2.4%,7 d和28 d的抗压强度均大于5 MPa;复合材料中的超细膨润土的掺量对浆液性能起主导作用,超细膨润土含量及其水化胶体的形态与分布决定浆液稳定性,而适量的超细硅酸盐水泥增加了细颗粒含量,使得胶结体更易填充颗粒间隙,改善了浆液可注性和结石体强度;该复合注浆材料在现场试验中表现优异,具有良好的注浆性能,注浆后形成的墙体在防渗效果和加固性能上均满足设计要求。

原状黄土土-水特征曲线与湿陷性的相关性

为了研究原状黄土土-水特征曲线与黄土湿陷性之间的联系,在陕西西安长安区取地表以下30 m范围内的原状黄土土样,进行基本物理指标试验和湿陷性试验。对不同典型地层的黄土-古土壤试样进行土水特征曲线试验,通过电镜扫描从微观角度分析。研究结果表明:大孔隙的数量与饱和体积含水率呈正相关;中孔隙的数目与过渡区斜率的大小呈正相关,孔隙数目越多土体失水速度越快;微小孔隙的数目和土的塑性指数影响残余含水率的大小。对于不同深度土层,饱和体积含水率和过渡区斜率与土层的湿陷系数呈正相关;塑性指数接近土层的湿陷系数对残余体积含水率的影响不明显;古土壤层的SWCC与湿陷系数之间存在与黄土层相同的正相关性。文章从非饱和土力学的方向去研究黄土的湿陷性,为湿陷性的研究提供一种新的研究角度。