Fatigue crack growth rate test using a frequency sweep method

Fatigue crack propagation characteristics of a diesel engine crankshaft are studied by measuring the fatigue crack growth rate using a frequency sweep method on a resonant fatigue test rig. Based on the phenomenon that the system frequency will change when the crack becomes large, this method can be directly applied to a complex component or structure. Finite element analyses （FEAs） are performed to calibrate the relation between the frequency change and the crack size, and to obtain the natural frequency of the test rig and the stress intensity factor （SIF） of growing cracks. The crack growth rate i.e. da/dN-AK of each crack size is obtained by combining the testing-time monitored data and FEA results. The results show that the crack growth rate of engine crankshaft, which is a component with complex geometry and special surface treatment, is quite different from that of a pure material. There is an apparent turning point in the Paris＇s crack partition. The cause of the fatigue crack growth is also discussed.

Frequency Sweep Linearization for Semiconductor Laser Using a Feedback Loop Based on Amplitude-Frequency Response

A scheme of frequency sweep linearization of semiconductor lasers using a feed-back loop based on amplitude-frequency response is demonstrated in this paper. The beat frequency signal is obtained by self-heterodyne detection. The frequency changes are converted to the envelope of beat frequency signal after amplitude-frequency response. The active frequency sweep linearization is realized by feeding envelope deviations back to the drive currents of the lasers by a feedback loop. A simulation model is built to verify this scheme by Simulink. This scheme does not need high-performance, expensive lasers, complex linearization or tedious post-processing processes, which are of great significance for related applications.

Second-order phase correction of NMR spectra acquired using linear frequency-sweeps

NMR spectra acquired with experiments using frequency-sweeps such as the wide-band uniform-rate smooth truncation(WURST)spin-echo and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)sequences cannot be absorptively phased by using only conventional zerothand first-order phase correction.Implementation of phase correction up to the secondorder is described for obtaining absorptive spectra,which have more desirable line shapes and noise properties than magnitude spectra.The relationship of the second-order phase to the parameters of frequency sweeps is derived.The second-order phasing in the frequency-domain is equivalent to a point spread in the time-domain signal.The application of second-order phase correction is demonstrated with a wideline 35Cl CPMG spikelet spectrum.

Numerical exploration of population transfer of Rydberg-atom by single frequency-chirped laser pulse

This paper has calculated that Rydberg atoms can be transferred to states of lower principal quantum number by exposing them to a frequency chirped microwave pulse. The atoms experience the consequence： 70p-69s-68p-67s-66p by a constant amplitude field in the adopted model. This study shows that the complete population transfer is related to the chirp rate and the carrier frequency.

Population transfer via adiabatic passage in the Rydberg potassium atom

Using the time-dependent multilevel approach, we have calculated the coherent population transfer between the quantum states of potassium atom by a single frequency-chirped laser pulse. The result shows that a pair of sequential ＇broadband＇ frequency-chirped laser pulses can efficiently transfer population from the initial state of the ladder system to the target state. It is also found that the population can be efficiently transferred to a target state and trapped there by using an ＇intuitive＇ or a ＇counterintuitive＇ frequency sweep laser pulse in the case of ＇narrowband＇ frequency-chirped laser pulse. Our research shows that the complete population transfer is related to the pulse duration, chirp rate, and amplitude of the laser pulse.

Electromagnetic Simulation with 3D FEM for Design Automation in 5G Era

Electromagnetic simulation and electronic design automation(EDA)play an important role in the design of 5G antennas and radio chips.The simulation challenges include electromagnetic effects and long simulation time and this paper focuses on simulation software based on finite-element method(FEM).The state-of-the-art EDA software using novel computational techniques based on FEM can not only accelerate numerical analysis,but also enable optimization,sensitivity analysis and interactive design tuning based on rigorous electromagnetic model of a device.Several new techniques that help to mitigate the most challenging issues related to FEM based simulation are highlighted.In particular,methods for fast frequency sweep,mesh morphing and surrogate models for efficient optimization and manual design tuning are briefly described,and their efficiency is illustrated on examples involving a 5G multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)antenna and filter.It is demonstrated that these new computational techniques enable significant reduction of time needed for design closure with the acceleration rates as large as tens or even over one hundred.

Methods to Improve the Long Distance Time-Varying Channel Transmission Performance of Expendable Profiler

To improve the transmission performance of XCTD channel, this paper proposes a method to measure directly and fit the channel transmission characteristics by using frequency sweeping method. Sinusoidal signals with a frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 k Hz and an interval of 100 Hz are used to measure transmission characteristics of channels with lengths of 300 m, 800 m, 1300 m, and 1800 m. The correctness of the fitted channel characteristics by transmitting square wave, composite waves of different frequencies, and ASK modulation are verified. The results show that when the frequency of the signal is below 1500 Hz, the channel has very little effect on the signal. The signal compensated for amplitude and phase at the receiver is not as good as the uncompensated signal.Alternatively, when the signal frequency is above 1500 Hz, the channel distorts the signal. The quality of signal compensated for amplitude and phase at receiver is better than that of the uncompensated signal. Thus, we can select the appropriate frequency for XCTD system and the appropriate way to process the received signals. Signals below1500 Hz can be directly used at the receiving end. Signals above 1500 Hz are used after amplitude and phase compensation at the receiving end.

Design of Robust Controller for LFC of Interconnected Power System Considering Communication Delays

The usage of open communication infrastructure for transmitting the control signals in the Load Frequency Control (LFC) scheme of power system introduces time delays. These time delays may degrade the dynamic performance of the power system. This paper proposes a robust method to design a controller for multi-area LFC schemes considering communication delays. In existing literature, the controller values of LFC are designed using time domain approach which is less accurate than the proposed method. In proposed method, the controller values are determined by moving the rightmosteigenvalues of the system to the left half plane in a quasi-continuous way for a preset upper bound of time delay. Then the robustness of the proposed controller is assessed by estimating the maximumtolerable value of time delay for maintaining system stability. Simulation studies are carried out for multi-area LFC scheme equipped with the proposed controller using Matlab/simulink. From the results, it has been concluded that the proposed controller guarantees the tolerance for all time delays smaller than the preset upper bound and provides a bigger delay margin than the existing controllers.

An improved HSFR method for natural vibration analysis of an immersed cylinder pile with a tip mass

Immersed cylinder piles are usually modelled as immersed carrying a tip mass and rotary moment of inertia. In this paper, an immersed cylinder pile along transversal modes of vibration are of water and structural damping are included in the formulation. cantilever cylinder columns the equations of motion of developed. Compressibility Natural frequencies of the immersed pile are obtained from the developed equations using harmonic sweep frequency response analyses. The proposed method is applied to numerical examples, and the results obtained are shown satisfactory when compared to other numerical solutions in the literature, or to finite element solutions and experimental data.

Influence factors on natural frequencies of composite materials

Compared with traditional materials, composite materials have lower specific gravity, larger specific strength, larger specific modulus, and better designability structure and structural performance. However, the variability of structural properties hinders the control and prediction of the performance of composite materials. In this work, the Rayleigh–Ritz and orthogonal polynomial methods were used to derive the dynamic equations of composite materials and obtain the natural frequency expressions on the basis of the constitutive model of laminated composite materials. The correctness of the analytical model was verified by modal hammering and frequency sweep tests. On the basis of the established theoretical model, the influencing factors, including layers, thickness, and fiber angles, on the natural frequencies of laminated composites were analyzed. Furthermore, the coupling effects of layers, fiber angle, and lay-up sequence on the natural frequencies of composites were studied. Research results indicated that the proposed method could accurately and effectively analyze the influence of single and multiple factors on the natural frequencies of composite materials. Hence, this work provides a theoretical basis for preparing composite materials with different natural frequencies and meeting the requirements of different working conditions.

Well-being analysis of GSU transformer insulation incorporating the impact on power generation using fuzzy logic

With the prevailing power scenario, every watt-second of electrical energy has its own merit in satisfying the consumer demand. At the state of such a stringent energy demanding era, failure of a power generation equipment compounds the energy constraints which will not only result in a huge loss of generation but also have an impact on capital revenue. The unexpected failure of generator step-up （GSU） transformer is espe- cially a major disturbance in the power system operation and leads to unscheduled outages with power delivery problems. The time lag in bringing back the equipment in service after rectification or replacement may increase the criticality as the process involves mobilization of spares and maintenance professionals. Hot atmosphere existing in the vicinity of thermal power stations running round-the- clock with more than 100% plant load factor （PLF） increases the thermal stress of the electrical insulation which leads to premature failure of windings, bushings, core laminations, etc. The healthy state of the GSU transformer has to be ensured to minimize the loss of power generation. As the predication related to failure of a GSU transformer is associated with some uncertainties, a fuzzy approach is employed in this paper along with actual field data and case studies for the well-being analysis of GSU transformer.