THE STUDY ON MEASURING TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR USING ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY METHOD WITH EXTERNAL SENSORS

Objective In order to find early latent faults and prevent catastrophic failures, diagnosis of insulation condition by measuring technique of partial discharge(PD) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is applied in this paper, which is one of the most basic ways for diagnosis of insulation condition. Methods Ultra high frequency(UHF) PD detection method by using internal sensors has been proved efficient, because it may avoid the disturbance of corona, but the sensor installation of this method will be limited by the structure and operation condition of GIS. There are some of electromagnetic (E-M) waves leak from the place of insulation spacer, therefore, the external sensors UHF measuring PD technique is applied, which isn't limited by the operation condition of GIS. Results This paper analyzes propagated electromagnetic (E-M) waves of partial discharge pulse excited by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The signal collected at the outer point is more complex than that of the inner point, and the signals' amplitude of outer is about half of the inner, because it propagates through spacer and insulation slot. Set up UHF PD measuring system. The typical PD in 252kV GIS bus bar was measured using PD detection UHF technique with external sensors. Finally, compare the results of UHF measuring technique using external sensors with the results of FDTD method simulation and the traditional IEC60270 method detection. Conclusion The results of experiment shows that the UHF technique can realize the diagnosis of insulation condition, the results of FDTD method simulation and the result UHF method detection can demonstrate each other, which gives references to further researches and application for UHF PD measuring technique.

Pulse Wave Analysis in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Based on Hilbert-Huang Transformation and Time-domain

Objective: To study the characteristics of pulse tracings in CHD, and objectively evaluate the significance of pulse signal in diagnosis and appreciation of therapeutic effect in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD), and accordingly provide with theoretic proofs for developing non-invasive technique of pulse diagnosis. Methods: By using the pulse detection system, pulse graphs in CHD patients, patients without CHD and "health" adults were collected and compared. Then characters of the pulse signal were analyzed with Hilbert-Huang transformation routine (HHT) and time-domain method respectively. Results: There existed characteristic change in pulse graph in CHD. ① h1,h3,h4,h3/h1,t,t5/t4 in time domain parameters of pulse graph increased and w1 was widened. ② 44% of C2 wave in HHT display showed chaotic and disorderly wave and irregularly wave amplitude in CHD. And 72% of C5 Wave exhibited in irregular wave with average wave amplitude over 10 gram-forces. These changes were significantly different from health adults. Conclusion: Characteristic wave of pulse graph extracted with methods of time domain or HHT routine might be considered as proofs for diagnosis and differentiation in CHD. Our researches prognosticate that pulse diagnosis can be used as an ancillary determination in occurrence of CHD for reasons of the advantage of convenient operation and non-invasion.

基于改进Frequency-Bessel变换法的主动源Love波频散分析

近年来,Love波多道分析技术在浅地表结构探测中受到越来越广泛的应用.与Rayleigh波相比,Love波相速度不受纵波速度影响,其反演参数较少,可使反演过程更加稳定、求解的横波速度模型更加可靠.高分辨率和多模式面波频散分析是面波多道分析技术中至关重要的一环.本文利用改进Frequency-Bessel变换法对主动源Love波进行频散分析.通过改进的0阶Frequency-Bessel变换,将时间-空间域多道Love波记录变换到频率-波数域,获得其频散能量谱.通过公式推导和数值模拟,验证了该方法的有效性.实例测试表明,该方法具有较高的分辨率和多模式分辨能力,为多分量面波勘探提供了一种有效的频散分析手段.

Frequency Weighting Filter Design for Automotive Ride Comfort Evaluation

Few study gives guidance to design weighting filters according to the frequency weighting factors,and the additional evaluation method of automotive ride comfort is not made good use of in some countries.Based on the regularities of the weighting factors,a method is proposed and the vertical and horizontal weighting filters are developed.The whole frequency range is divided several times into two parts with respective regularity.For each division,a parallel filter constituted by a low-and a high-pass filter with the same cutoff frequency and the quality factor is utilized to achieve section factors.The cascading of these parallel filters obtains entire factors.These filters own a high order.But,low order filters are preferred in some applications.The bilinear transformation method and the least P-norm optimal infinite impulse response（IIR） filter design method are employed to develop low order filters to approximate the weightings in the standard.In addition,with the window method,the linear phase finite impulse response（FIR） filter is designed to keep the signal from distorting and to obtain the staircase weighting.For the same case,the traditional method produces 0.330 7 m · s^–2 weighted root mean square（r.m.s.） acceleration and the filtering method gives 0.311 9 m · s^–2 r.m.s.The fourth order filter for approximation of vertical weighting obtains 0.313 9 m · s^–2 r.m.s.Crest factors of the acceleration signal weighted by the weighting filter and the fourth order filter are 3.002 7 and 3.011 1,respectively.This paper proposes several methods to design frequency weighting filters for automotive ride comfort evaluation,and these developed weighting filters are effective.

Output only modal identification and structural damage detection using time frequency & wavelet techniques

The primary objective of this paper is to develop output only modal identification and structural damage detection. Identification of multi-degree of freedom （MDOF） linear time invariant （LTI） and linear time variant （LTV--due to damage） systems based on Time-frequency （TF） techniques--such as short-time Fourier transform （STFT）, empirical mode decomposition （EMD）, and wavelets--is proposed. STFT, EMD, and wavelet methods developed to date are reviewed in detail. In addition a Hilbert transform （HT） approach to determine frequency and damping is also presented. In this paper, STFT, EMD, HT and wavelet techniques are developed for decomposition of free vibration response of MDOF systems into their modal components. Once the modal components are obtained, each one is processed using Hilbert transform to obtain the modal frequency and damping ratios. In addition, the ratio of modal components at different degrees of freedom facilitate determination of mode shape. In cases with output only modal identification using ambient/random response, the random decrement technique is used to obtain free vibration response. The advantage of TF techniques is that they arc signal based; hence, can be used for output only modal identification. A three degree of freedom 1：10 scale model test structure is used to validate the proposed output only modal identification techniques based on STFT, EMD, HT, wavelets. Both measured free vibration and forced vibration （white noise） response are considered. The secondary objective of this paper is to show the relative ease with which the TF techniques can be used for modal identification and their potential for real world applications where output only identification is essential. Recorded ambient vibration data processed using techniques such as the random decrement technique can be used to obtain the free vibration response, so that further processing using TF based modal identification can be performed.

基于CNN-Swin Transformer Network的LPI雷达信号识别

针对在低信噪比(SNR)条件下,低截获概率雷达信号调制方式识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于Transformer和卷积神经网络(CNN)的雷达信号识别方法。首先,引入Swin Transformer模型并在模型前端设计CNN特征提取层构建了CNN+Swin Transformer网络(CSTN),然后利用时频分析获取雷达信号的时频特征,对图像进行预处理后输入CSTN模型进行训练,由网络的底部到顶部不断提取图像更丰富的语义信息,最后通过Softmax分类器对六类不同调制方式信号进行分类识别。仿真实验表明:在SNR为-18 dB时,该方法对六类典型雷达信号的平均识别率达到了94.26%,证明了所提方法的可行性。

基于线性调频Z变换的电缆故障高精度定位

为了解决传统的电缆故障定位谱数据冗余度高且定位精度低的问题,本文提出一种基于线性调频Z变换(CZT)的电缆故障高精度定位方法。首先根据传输线理论,分析故障电缆的分布参数和反射系数特征,然后对反射系数实部进行CZT,最后采用迭代式滤波进行去噪,得到电缆故障定位谱。结果表明,本文所提方法的故障点识别误差为0.025%~0.275%。相较于快速傅里叶变换(FFT),本文所提方法具有定位谱细化、分辨率高、冗余度低、故障定位精度高的优点。

基于混合模型的非侵入式负荷监测数据的生成

非侵入式负荷监测(non-intrusive load monitoring,NILM)是一种无需进入每个用电器内部系统,仅在用户总线入口处安装监测设备的技术.在开展NILM技术研究时,往往需要收集大规模的用户负荷数据来证明所提出方法的普适性,此需求不可避免地带来了繁重的数据收集与整理负担.为克服该挑战,设计了一种结合周期信号频率不变变换(frequency invariant transformation for periodic signals,FIT-PS)原理与时间序列生成对抗网络(time series generative adversarial networks,TimeGAN)的混合模型,记为FIT-PSTimeGAN.针对全球家庭与工业瞬态能量数据集(worldwide household and industry transient energy dataset,WHITED)中的空调、微波炉、吸尘器、冰箱和热水壶5种电器,运用FIT-PS对负荷数据集进行切割和拼接,构建TimeGAN不同状态下的训练集和测试集.评估测试集的效果发现,生成的波形数据与真实数据表现出高度一致性.进一步采用FIT-PS对训练得到的生成数据进行截取和拼接,生成满足测试需求的完整的单负荷波形和多负荷波形.对这些生成的波形与相同状态下的真实数据进行对比,结果显示两者吻合度很高.与自回归模型和生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)模型相比,FIT-PS-TimeGAN模型在生成数据的性能方面表现更优.研究结果表明,FIT-PS-TimeGAN混合模型能够有效生成符合标准电器运行规律的波形和场景数据.

Diagnosis of Disc Space Variation Fault Degree of Transformer Winding Based on K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

Winding is one of themost important components in power transformers.Ensuring the health state of the winding is of great importance to the stable operation of the power system.To efficiently and accurately diagnose the disc space variation(DSV)fault degree of transformer winding,this paper presents a diagnostic method of winding fault based on the K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)algorithmand the frequency response analysis(FRA)method.First,a laboratory winding model is used,and DSV faults with four different degrees are achieved by changing disc space of the discs in the winding.Then,a series of FRA tests are conducted to obtain the FRA results and set up the FRA dataset.Second,ten different numerical indices are utilized to obtain features of FRA curves of faulted winding.Third,the 10-fold cross-validation method is employed to determine the optimal k-value of KNN.In addition,to improve the accuracy of the KNN model,a comparative analysis is made between the accuracy of the KNN algorithm and k-value under four distance functions.After getting the most appropriate distance metric and kvalue,the fault classificationmodel based on theKNN and FRA is constructed and it is used to classify the degrees of DSV faults.The identification accuracy rate of the proposed model is up to 98.30%.Finally,the performance of the model is presented by comparing with the support vector machine(SVM),SVM optimized by the particle swarmoptimization(PSO-SVM)method,and randomforest(RF).The results show that the diagnosis accuracy of the proposed model is the highest and the model can be used to accurately diagnose the DSV fault degrees of the winding.

Analysis and Prototyping of Multicellular DC-DC Transformer for Environmentally Friendly Data Centers

A multicellular DCX （dc-dc transformer） using unregulated cell converters has been proposed for the environmentally friendly data centers. The high speed cell converter with the switching frequency over MHz behaves as an ideal transformer, and this behavior solves the voltage imbalance issue in the multicellular converter topology. The analysis of the unregulated cell converter is conducted by using the state space averaging method, and the operation condition for the ideal transformer is specified. The behavior of the multicellular DCX using the high speed cell converters has been also analyzed, and the voltage imbalance issue among cell converters is discussed quantitatively. A prototype of a 19.2 kW 384 V-384 V multicellular DCX using sixty-four unregulated cell converters is fabricated and the validity of the analyses is verified.

基于同步压缩变换的电缆缺陷定位研究

由于采集信号为入射波与多反射波的叠加,且多分量信号之间存在耦合不服从线性叠加原理,导致以采用魏格纳分布(Wigner-Ville distribution,WVD)为核函数的传统时频域反射法(time-frequency domain reflection,TFDR)存在严重的交叉项干扰,影响对缺陷的定位和判断。针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于同步压缩变换的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法采用同步压缩变换(synchrosqueezing transform,SST)替代WVD以消除交叉项干扰,并以高分辨率定位电缆缺陷。同时分析参考信号相关参数,针对不同长度电缆测试,提出参考信号设计原则。该方法的主要步骤包括:通过采用TFDR法获取时域定位信号;然后采用SST求取压缩和重排后的时频谱图,以获取更精确的时频表达并消除交叉项干扰。最后,搭建了10kV交联聚乙烯电缆仿真模型进行研究,并选取了长度为500 m含中间接头的XLPE电力电缆和某地约32km海底电缆对算法进行实验验证。仿真及实验结果表明:SST算法对信号进行重排后能有效消交叉相的干扰,提高了时频域反射法定位精度。

基于自适应短时傅里叶变换的品质因子Q值估算方法

品质因子Q是描述地下介质对地震波吸收衰减强弱程度的参数,同时也是地层含油气性的重要标志。在地震资料Q估算中,常用的方法是短时傅里叶变换方法,当窗函数被选定以后,其时频分辨率就固定了。针对该问题,提出一种自适应窗短时傅里叶变换的方法,以获得更准确的瞬时中心频率,并利用峰值频移法来估算品质因子Q。首先,利用固定窗长的短时傅里叶变换来提取信号的瞬时中心频率作为初始频率;然后,根据初始频率自适应计算不同频率的窗长,并利用自适应窗长短时傅里叶变换来求取瞬时中心频率;最后,结合峰值频移法得到高分辨率的品质因子Q值。利用合成数据和实际数据进行了测试,结果表明,相比于固定时窗短时傅里叶变换方法,自适应短时傅里叶变换方法具有更好的时间和频率分辨率,可以获得更高分辨率的品质因子Q值。该结果可以为地下介质的研究提供更准确、可靠的工具,有助于更好地了解地下结构和油气资源分布情况。

基于智能优化算法的高频变压器电磁结构优化设计

高频变压器(HFT)作为电力电子变换器等功率变换装备的核心部件,其优化设计是实现高功率密度、高效率和高可靠性的重要环节。为有效解决高频条件下显著的涡流效应和复杂紧凑的结构使变压器损耗难以准确计算、针对绝缘设计裕量不足的问题,本文提出计及高频效应和结构效应的电磁场建模方法,构建了高频变压器多目标协同优化设计方案。首先建立了低成本与高效率兼备的磁心损耗计算模型。其次,根据面积等效原理推导了考虑绕组结构效应的近似Dowell模型,实现绕组损耗的高精度计算。然后提出了考虑绕组端部效应和频率影响的漏感计算模型,减小漏感对于结构和频率的依赖性。在此基础上,采用一种新型多重绝缘结构,提高绕组间的绝缘耐压水平。最后,基于改进的非支配排序遗传算法(INSGA-Ⅱ)和自由参数扫描法建立了高频变压器的优化设计流程,根据筛选的最优设计方案研制了一台高频变压器样机。

基于线性调频连续波的合作式通信辐射源测距

针对加速运动目标参数估计中,离散多项式变换方法无法进行非整数估计的问题,本文提出基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法和基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法2种新型离散多项式变换算法,对加速运动目标速度和加速度进行估计,并对2种算法的估计误差和计算量进行了分析比较。结果表明:2种算法在信噪比-20 dB时均方误差开始接近克拉美罗界。基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法与3次迭代基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法均可在较低信噪比下可实现任意频率的有效估计且性能接近,二者均可实现低信噪比下速度、加速度的有效估计,但基于瑞夫算法的离散多项式变换法计算量远小于3次迭代基于Chirp-Z变换的离散多项式变换法。

基于同步提取变换的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取方法

地空频率域电磁法探测信号为多频非平稳信号,为了解决应用传统傅里叶变换方法提取其幅度时分辨率较差的问题,本文提出了基于同步提取变换(SET)的地空频域电磁信号幅度提取方法。该方法对电磁数据进行SET,得到高分辨率时频图,并利用能量算子使电磁数据时频谱能量更为集中;采用贪心算法提取脊线,得到时频图的高能量带;通过自回归模型自适应地补充了脊线中的0值,解决了由窗函数引起的端点效应问题。根据脊线位置的时频图复数值,得到各频率分量幅度随时间的变化,研究了不同信噪比情况下基于SET的地空频率域电磁信号幅度提取结果的准确性。结果表明:当信噪比≥10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差均小于5%;当信噪比<10 dB时,幅度提取结果的平均相对均方根误差在10%以内。提取效果良好。将此方法应用于新疆霍拉山隧道工程地空频率域电磁法探测中,成功提取了多频电磁信号各频率分量的幅度,与采用傅里叶变换提取非平稳信号幅度的方法相比,该方法有效地提高了幅度提取结果的分辨率。

高频磁性元件的电磁场仿真实验研究与探讨

高频变压器为功率变换器的核心磁性元件,利用仿真软件对高频变压器进行电磁场仿真分析,可以节省设计时间、优化结构、提高效率。在对电磁场和温度场的控制方程、边界条件进行详细分析的基础上,建立高频变压器电磁场—温度场耦合计算流程。利用Infolytica的MagNet和ThermNet仿真软件,对一台5 k Hz/15 kW纳米晶合金磁芯三相五柱式高频变压器的漏磁场、磁芯损耗、绕组损耗和温度场进行有限元法计算,开展空载和短路实验研究,验证计算方法的准确性。

基于扫频电阻法的变压器绕组材质辨识方法及实验验证

变压器生产中“以铝代铜”现象危害电力系统运行安全,为了简单有效地辨别变压器绕组材质,提出了一种基于扫频电阻法的辨识方法和实验方案,并根据该方案搭建了一套变压器绕组材质检测系统。首先对基于扫频电阻法的辨识方法进行了相关理论推导和证明,之后对基于该方法的检测系统性能进行了测试,最后对不同类型变压器进行了实验验证。实验结果表明该方法能够快速高效地辨别变压器绕组材质,具有较高的工程实用价值。

基于改进p-有效点法的多风电场共享储能联合参与一次调频的容量优化

以大规模多风电场接入电力系统的一次调频备用容量为研究对象,首先通过引入风电出力预测误差的概率分布描述系统的不确定性因素,考虑风储一次调频备用总成本最小为目标;然后建立基于机会约束规划的多风电场联合共享储能参与一次调频的容量优化模型;最后提出基于快速傅里叶变换快速求解联合变量概率分布的改进p-有效点法通过数学解析将机会约束规划从形式上转化为确定性规划,再通过Yalmip调用Cplex实现模型的快速求解。算例结果表明,所提模型和方法可有效提高风储调频效果和收益,且具有更高的求解效率。

基于改进的多分量频率-贝塞尔变换法研究郯庐断裂带潍坊段上地壳径向各向异性结构

郯庐断裂带潍坊段位于郯庐断裂带中部,具有复杂的地质结构,总体呈现“两堑夹一垒”的构造格局.相比于郯庐断裂带其他区域,潍坊段地震活动性较弱,属于地震空区,未来发生大地震的可能性尚不明确.前人对该地区的研究目前仅局限于速度结构和方位各向异性结构,对于上地壳径向各向异性结构特征鲜有报道.因此,研究该区域上地壳速度模型和径向各向异性结构,有助于更好地认识郯庐断裂带潍坊段浅地壳(<10 km)变形特征,评估该区域发生地震的可能性.我们利用2017年在潍坊段所布设的302个短周期地震仪采集的背景噪声数据,基于改进的多分量频率-贝塞尔变换(MMFJ)法,同时提取到潍坊段东南侧四个区域子阵列的Rayleigh波和Love波的基阶及高阶频散数据,并且进一步反演这些频散数据得到了SV波和SH波速度以及径向各向异性结构.数值实验结果表明,高阶模式频散数据的加入能够降低反演的非唯一性,更好地约束浅地壳径向各向异性结构.实例中的径向各向异性结果表明,郯庐断裂带潍坊段四个区域都有近似相同的变形特征:在约2 km以浅,径向各向异性为负(V_(SH)<V_(SV)),这可能主要源于潍坊段垂向断裂结构的控制作用;5~7.5 km,径向各向异性为正(V_(SH)>V_(SV)),这可能与早期地壳伸展沉积导致的水平变形结构有关.2~5 km,四个区域径向各向异性结构各有不同,但总体处于由负到正的转折状态.这可能因为2~5 km不仅受到断裂结构的控制作用,也受到水平沉积结构的影响,导致径向各向异性结构较为复杂.

Finite Element Method for Transient Electric Field by Using Indirect Laplace Transform with High Accuracy

This paper focuses on the finite element method in the complex frequency domain(CFD-FEM)for the transient electric field.First,the initial value and boundary value problem of the transient electric field under the electroquasistatic field in the complex frequency domain is given.In addition,the finite element equation and the constrained electric field equation on the boundary are derived.Secondly,the indirect algorithm of the numerical inverse Laplace transform is introduced.Based on it,the calculation procedures of the CFD-FEM are illustrated in detail.Thirdly,the step response,zero-state response under the positive periodic square waveform(PPSW)voltage,and the zero-input response by the CFD-FEM with direct algorithm and indirect algorithm are compared.Finally,the reason for the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage is analyzed,and the method to reduce oscillations is proposed.The results show that the numerical accuracy of the indirect algorithm of the CFD-FEM is more than an order of magnitude higher than that of the direct algorithm when calculating the step response of the transient electric field.The proposed method can significantly reduce the numerical oscillations of the zero-state response under the PPSW voltage.The proposed method is helpful for the calculation of the transient electric field,especially in the case of frequency-dependent parameters.