Determination of Natural Logarithm of Diffusion Coefficient and Activation Energy of Thin Layer Drying Process of Ginger Rhizome Slices

This study is an extension of the previous work done with ARS-680 Environmental Chamber. Drying is a complex operation that demands much energy and time. Drying is essentially important for preservation of ginger rhizome. Drying of ginger was modeled, and then the effective diffusion coefficient and activation energy were determined. For this purpose, the experiments were done at six levels of varied temperatures: 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. The values of effective diffusion coefficients obtained in this work for the variously treated ginger rhizomes closely agreed with the average effective diffusion coefficients of other notable authors who determined the drying kinetics and convective heat transfer coefficients of ginger slices.

Exploration of the efficacy and mechanism of treating head wind disease with the combination change of ginger volatile oil and gingerol by using content-weighted network pharmacology technology

Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.

Ginger polysaccharide UGP1 suppressed human colon cancer growth via p53,Bax/Bcl-2,caspase-3 pathways and immunomodulation

In previous study,we got a purified ginger polysaccharide UGP1 and verified its significant antitumor activities on colon cancer HCT116 cells.In this article,we aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of UGP1 exerted antitumor activities on colon cancer by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models.The results demonstrated that UGP1 could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest,up-regulate the expression of Bax and p53,down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2,and activate the downstream protein caspase-9 and caspase-3,which was related to intrinsic apoptosis pathway on HCT116 cells.Moreover,UGP1 significantly stimulated RAW264.7 cell proliferation and secretion activity.Similarly,UGP1 inhibited tumor proliferation on tumor-bearing mice,increased the expression of p53 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2,enhanced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-2,IL-6 and decreased the secretion of pro-tumor cytokines TGF-βand b FGF in serum.In conclusion,it indicated that the UGP 1 could sup press human colon cancer growth by inducing apoptosis via the regulation of p53,caspase-3,and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio-dependent pathway and regulating immune system activity.Thi s investigation provided basic theoretical mechanism of ginger polysaccharideexerted antitumor activities,and contributed to develop a possible functional food or adjuvant agent for prevention or treatment of colon cancer.

Effects of fresh-cut and storage on glucosinolates profile using broccoli as a case study

Glucosinolates(GLS) contribute to the unique flavour, nutrition, and plant defence of the Cruciferous vegetables. Understanding the GLS changes through postharvest processing is essential for defined preservation. In this study, four different fresh-cut types, whole flower(W),floret(F), quarterly cut floret(QF) and shredded floret(FS) of broccoli, were stored for 0, 1, 2 and 3 day(s) to explore GLS responses to postharvest treatments. As a result, seven GLS were identified, mainly including glucoraphanin(RAA), neoglucobrassicin(NEO), and glucobrassicin(GBC)and accounting for 52.69%, 20.12% and 14.99% of the total GLS(21.92 ± 0.48) μmol · g ^(-1 )DW, respectively. FS had the sharpest decrease in GLS after three days of storage(6.55 ± 0.37) μmol · g-1DW, while QF had the least(10.16 ± 0.33) μmol · g ^(-1 )DW. All GLS components decreased over storage, except for 4-methoxyglucobrassicin(4 ME) in FS and QF, suggesting its key role in serious wound defence. The results suggested certain postharvest approaches influenced the flavour and nutrition of broccoli.

Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Cancer seriously endangers human health.Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common and major malignant tumor,and its morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing.Although there are effective treatments such as radio-therapy and chemotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors,they are often accom-panied by serious side effects.According to the traditional Chinese medicine and food homology theory,many materials are both food and medicine.Moreover,food is just as capable of preventing and treating diseases as medicine.Medicine and food homologous herbs not only have excellent pharmacological effects and activities but also have few side effects.As a typical medicinal herb with both medicinal and edible uses,some components of ginger have been shown to have good efficacy and safety against cancer.A mass of evidence has also shown that ginger has anti-tumor effects on digestive tract cancers(such as gastric cancer,colorectal cancer,liver cancer,laryngeal cancer,and pancreatic cancer)through a variety of pathways.The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of action of the main components of ginger and their potential clinical applications in treating gastrointestinal tumors.

Effect of Magnetic Field Technology on Preservation Quality of Fresh-cut Apple

[Objectives]The paper was to study the effect of magnetic field technology on physicochemical properties of fresh-cut apple during storage.[Methods]Using fresh-cut apples as materials,magnetic field assisted refrigeration and conventional refrigeration control groups were set up,and the preservation effects of magnetic field assisted refrigeration on fresh-cut apples were tested by measuring the changes of microorganisms and physicochemical indicators.In this experiment,the conditions of magnetic field assisted refrigeration group was set as follows:temperature 4℃,magnetic field intensity 5 mT,static magnetic field,and storage for 6 d.[Results]At 6 d post storage,the weight loss rate,total number of colonies and total number of fungi of fresh-cut apples increased;the L value and hardness showed a downward trend;the soluble solid content first increased and then decreased;and the total acid decreased first and then increased.The above indicators in magnetic field assisted refrigeration group changed more gently than that in conventional refrigeration group.Compared with conventional assisted refrigeration,the weight loss rate of fresh-cut apples treated by magnetic field combined with 4℃refrigeration was reduced by 68.00%;the hardness was increased by 12.23%;the total number of colonies and total number of fungi were reduced by 64.15%and 37.50%;and the L value did not change much.High content of soluble solids and total acid was maintained.[Conclusions]Magnetic field assisted refrigeration delays quality deterioration of fresh-cut apples during storage,prolongs shelf life,and further improves their edible quality and commodity value.

Growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown in heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extract

The consumption of maize and cowpea in Africa and developing countries is high,owing to the fact that they are readily available,coupled the with nutritional benefits they provide.Growth loss has been seen in crops cultivated on heavy metal polluted soils as a consequence of alterations in physiological and biochemical processes.This study was aimed at assessing the growth indices of seeds(maize and cowpea)grown on heavy metal contaminated soil treated with ginger extracts.The study adopted a Complete Randomized Design(CRD)in which growth indices of either maize or cowpea were examined from each crop type grown on soil without any pollutant or treatment and soils with metal pollutants;with or without treatment with ginger extracts in the individual experiments.Data were analyzed using ANOVA.The results showed that ginger extract induced oxidative stress on cowpea after 10 days of cultivation with root length significantly(P≤0.05)higher on the normal control-G-M and+L-G which recorded 7.60 and 7.3 cm respectively.Patterns of growth indices noticed after 30 and 40 days of cowpea cultivation were variable showing least growth in leaf development.Highest maize root(27.00 cm),shoot(8.85 cm)and leaf(25.25 cm)development were recorded in maize grown on soil without metal contamination but treated with ginger(+G-M-positive control)after days 10,40 and 40 after cultivation.It was observed that the soil contaminated with heavy metals affected the growth pattern of the crops thereby causing stunted growth,chlorosis,discoloration and wilting.It could be concluded that cowpea performed better in shoot of both treated and untreated soils even though the values were not significantly different from that of root and leaf while maize showed a decrease in shoot even though the values for root and leaf were not significantly different.

不同水平钙肥对设施生姜生长、产量和根茎品质的影响

以莱芜大姜为试材,通过温室盆栽试验,采用根际增施的方法研究2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5 g·株^(-1)5个不同水平Ca(NO_(3))_(2)对生姜生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,增施外源Ca(NO_(3))_(2)促进了生姜的生长,提高了叶片色素含量、净光合速率及根茎的产量和品质。其中Ca(NO3)2施用量≥7.5 g·株^(-1)时与不施钙(CK)相比对生姜有显著的促长增产和提质作用,在10.0 g·株^(-1)时效果最显著,采收期生姜叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率较CK显著提高21.44%和34.37%,单株产量显著增加44.22%;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸及维生素C含量分别显著提高28.13%、36.52%、19.15%和17.49%。Ca(NO_(3))_(2)施入量在12.5 g·株^(-1)时促进作用减弱。综上所述,试验范围内外源Ca(NO_(3))_(2)均促进了生姜生长和产量增加,改善了生姜根茎品质,以外源钙施用量为10.0 g·株^(-1)时,更利于提高生姜产量和品质。

不同氮磷钾配比水溶肥对生姜光合生理特性及产量的影响

以“冀姜5号”为试材,在生姜小培土至根茎膨大期施用高氮型(T_(1),N-P-K=30-10-20)、高钾型(T_(2),N-P-K=15-6-30)和高磷型(T_(3),N-P-K=10-30-20)3种水溶肥处理,研究不同水溶肥对生姜生长、光合生理特性以及产量的影响。结果表明,各处理中以T_(2)处理茎粗、分枝数和叶面积最高,株高与其他处理差异不显著。与常规施肥(CK)相比,T_(2)处理显著提高了生姜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,叶片蔗糖合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶活性明显升高,单株根茎鲜重和产量显著增加。与CK相比,T_(1)处理生姜株高显著增加,茎粗显著降低,净光合速率显著提高,叶绿素含量和碳氮代谢相关酶活性与CK无显著差异,产量显著低于T_(2)处理,与CK差异不显著。T_(3)处理各生长指标及光合生理指标均与CK无显著差异,产量显著低于T_(2)和T_(1)处理,与CK差异不显著。因此,在小培土至根茎膨大期,建议施用高钾型水溶肥(N-P-K=15-6-30),能够有效促进生姜生长,提高叶片叶绿素含量、光合效率及碳氮代谢相关酶活性,有利于生姜增产。

不同载体剂对冻干生姜粉末品质的影响

为探究麦芽糊精、海藻糖、阿拉伯胶对冻干生姜粉品质的影响,对添加载体剂后冷冻干燥的生姜粉的得率、物理特性、活性成分、粒径进行测定,用差示扫描量热法分析生姜粉在升温过程中的热流变化,并用傅里叶红外光谱法对特征基团进行分析,结果显示:与直接冻干的生姜粉相比,添加载体剂制备的样品的得率、物理特性及活性成分含量均有所提高,阿拉伯胶组得率最高;麦芽糊精组色差、吸湿性最小,生姜蛋白酶活力最高(65.84 U/g),姜辣素含量最高(24.4 mg/g);海藻糖组溶解度最高。DSC曲线显示:添加载体剂的生姜粉玻璃态转化温度均有所提高,其中阿拉伯胶组最高,性质更稳定。通过红外光谱分析,3种生姜粉的主要基团无明显变化。综合考虑,麦芽糊精是冷冻干燥生姜粉生产中保留生化活性和保持功能特性的最佳载体剂。

红枣生姜低糖饮料的研制

本试验研制了一种低糖饮料,通过单因素试验分析了红枣汁添加量、姜汁添加量、甜菊糖添加量和柠檬酸添加量对红枣生姜甜菊糖饮料品质的影响,通过正交试验对产品配方进行了优化。结果表明:最优配方为枣汁的添加量为40%、姜汁的添加量为20%、甜菊糖的添加量0.03 g、柠檬酸的添加量0.1 g,得到的产品色泽鲜艳、香气浓郁、口味独特,具有较好的市场前景。

河南省生姜产业发展现状、存在问题及建议

为了进一步促进河南生姜产业发展,从种植面积及效益、种植模式、品牌建设、产区分布等方面梳理了河南生姜产业的发展现状,其中,生姜种植面积整体呈持续增长趋势,大多种植者采用露地种植,打造出了以清化姜、张良姜、黄姜、州姜为代表的知名地方生姜品牌,形成了豫北、豫中和豫南3大主产区;并针对存在的机械化水平较低、市场竞争力缺乏、科研推广实力弱、价格变动大等问题,提出了加快良种选育和科技创新、加强品牌效应和打造全产业链等建议。

基于FA-BP神经网络的生姜干燥含水率预测

为探索生姜的干燥特性,并实现生姜干燥的含水率预测,研究了不同干燥温度(50、55、60℃)、干燥风速(1.0、2.0、3.0m/s)、切片长度(30、35、40mm)对生姜干燥时间和干燥速率的影响。结合BP神经网络自适应能力、泛化能力、学习能力强和萤火虫算法(FA)参数少、寻优能力强、收敛速度快等特点,将干燥温度、干燥风速、切片长度和干燥时间作为输入层,隐藏层个数为10,输出层为生姜的含水率,搭建一个拓扑结构为“4-10-1”的FA-BP神经网络模型。研究结果表明:干燥温度、干燥风速、切片长度都是影响生姜含水率的关键因素,增加干燥风速、提高干燥温度和减少切片长度能有效缩短生姜的干燥时间,提高干燥效率。选用萤火虫算法优化BP神经网络的权值和阈值,减少了神经网络的训练时间,提高了精准度,其含水率预测值与试验值之间的决定系数R2=0.999 02,均方根误差RMSE为0.002 99,含水率预测结果准确且迅速,能够为生姜干燥过程中的含水率在线预测提供科学依据。

饲粮中添加生姜提取物对文昌鸡生长性能和肠道微生物的影响

该试验选取健康体重接近的43日龄文昌公鸡300只,随机分为5组,每组6个重复。试验期为28 d。结果表明,添加0.8%~3.2%的生姜提取物显著提高了文昌鸡的平均日增重(P <0.05)。0.8%~3.2%添加生姜提取物显著提高了鸡屠宰率(P<0.05),并且显著降低了鸡腹脂率(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加生姜提取物显著降低了文昌鸡盲肠微生物中的总细菌数(P<0.05),添加3.2%和6.4%对大肠杆菌数有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),添加3.2%对乳酸杆菌的促进作用最显著,添加3.2%和6.4%对双歧杆菌数有促进作用。饲粮中添加生姜提取物对文昌鸡的生产性能、屠宰性能有积极作用,抑制了盲肠中总细菌数和大肠杆菌数,促进了乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的增长。建议在文昌鸡饲粮中的生姜提取物添加量为3.2%。

隔姜灸联合定向透药治疗重症卒中泄泻寒湿证临床观察

目的探究隔姜灸联合中医定向透药治疗重症卒中患者肠内营养泄泻寒湿证的临床疗效。方法选取2022年1月—2022年12月收治的重症卒中行肠内营养的泄泻寒湿证患者96例。按随机数字表法分成观察组(48例,神阙隔姜灸联合中医定向透药)和对照组(48例,常规腹泻护理联合药物治疗)。比较2组患者治疗总体疗效。结果观察组临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗7 d后,观察组大便性状积分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论隔姜灸联合中医定向透药治疗应用于重症卒中患者肠内营养泄泻寒湿证疗效确切,可在临床推广。

6种杀菌剂对生姜炭疽病的室内毒力测定及田间药效评价

为筛选出高效防治生姜炭疽病的药剂,通过室内活性测定和田间药效评价2种方法比较了6种杀菌剂对生姜炭疽病的毒力及防治效果。室内试验结果表明:苯醚甲环唑和咪鲜胺抑菌活性较高,EC50分别为4.058 7μg/mL和4.418 0μg/mL,吡唑醚菌酯抑菌活性较低,EC50>40μg/mL,嘧菌酯和甲基硫菌灵抑菌活性最差,两者均表现EC50>100μg/mL。田间试验结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂(667 m^(2)有效成分6.0 g)、45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(667 m^(2)有效成分30.0 g)和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(667 m^(2)有效成分7.5 g)处理有比较好的防治效果,分别为93.48%、87.71%和89.01%,均显著高于对照,而25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂处理的防治效果较差。因此,综合室内毒力试验和田间试验结果,推荐轮换使用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂(667 m^(2)有效成分6.0 g)、25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂(667 m^(2)有效成分7.5 g)和45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(667 m^(2)有效成分30.0 g)防治生姜炭疽病。

改良隔药脐灸联合敷贴序贯治疗小儿厌食症(脾气虚证)的临床观察

目的:探究与分析改良隔药脐灸联合敷贴序贯治疗小儿厌食症(脾气虚证)的临床疗效及对预后复发的影响。方法:选取我院2019年2月至2022年3月收治的小儿厌食症(脾气虚证)120例患儿,采取随机数字表法将其随机分为3组,每组各40例,对照组采用中药制剂厌食贴外敷治疗;治疗A组在对照组的基础上加用传统隔姜脐灸治疗;在对照组的基础上治疗B组加用改良隔药脐灸治疗,3组患儿均连续治疗4周,对比3组患儿的临床疗效、治疗前后主症积分和次症积分,同时对比3组治疗后4周、8周及12周的复发率。结果:治疗B组、治疗A组、对照组临床总有效率分别为95.00%(38/40)、80.00%(32/40)、62.5%(25/40),治疗B组临床总有效率均高于治疗A组和对照组(P<0.05)。3组患儿治疗后主症积分及次症积分均较治疗前降低,治疗B组患儿治疗后主症积分及次症积分均低于治疗A组、对照组,治疗A组患儿治疗后主症积分及次症积分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访8周时,治疗B组复发率[2.50%(1/40)]低于对照组[20.00%(8/40)],随访12周时,治疗B组复发率[2.50%(1/40)]低于治疗A组[17.50%(7/40)]和对照组[30.00%(12/40)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:改良隔药脐灸与敷贴序贯联合治疗小儿厌食症(脾气虚证)可获得显著的临床疗效,促进改善患儿的临床症状及体征,同时在短期时间内有效避免了疾病的复发,具有较高的应用价值。

隔姜铺灸联合低频子午治疗仪对老年腰椎间盘突出症腰椎功能与日本骨科学会评分的影响

目的:探讨隔姜铺灸联合低频子午治疗仪对老年腰椎间盘突出症患者腰椎功能与日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分的影响。方法:选取2018年1月-2020年12月百色市人民医院收治的60例腰椎间盘突出症患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组采用子午低频治疗仪治疗,观察组在对照组基础上隔姜铺灸,比较两组患者的临床治疗有效率、中医证候评分、简化McGill疼痛问卷(Short Form of Mcgill Pain Questionnaire,SF-MPQ)评分、JOA评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数问卷表(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)评分、日常生活能力量表(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)评分和安全性。结果:观察组治疗有效率高于对照组(P <0.05);治疗后两组患者中医证候评分、SFMPQ评分、JOA评分、ODI评分、ADL评分均较治疗前改善(P <0.05),但观察组中医证候评分、SF-MPQ评分、JOA评分、ODI评分、ADL评分优于对照组(P <0.05)。结论:隔姜铺灸结合子午流注低频治疗仪可改善腰椎间盘突出症患者腰部功能障碍及临床症状,缓解疼痛,提高日常生活能力,疗效优于单纯子午流注低频治疗仪治疗。

超临界萃取结合分子蒸馏纯化生姜精油及其挥发性成分分析

为研究超临界萃取结合分子蒸馏纯化生姜精油的最佳工艺参数,鉴定生姜精油的挥发性成分,以舒城黄姜为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了超临界CO_(2)流体萃取(supercritical CO_(2)fluid extraction,SFE)生姜油的最佳工艺条件,考察了分子蒸馏(molecular distillation,MD)温度对分离纯化生姜精油效果的影响,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用对生姜精油的挥发性成分进行了分析。结果表明,超临界CO_(2)流体萃取结合分子蒸馏(SFE-MD)纯化生姜精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力24 MPa、萃取温度45℃、萃取时间2 h、分子蒸馏温度80℃,在此条件下,生姜精油的综合得率为2.53%,显著高于水蒸气蒸馏精油得率0.96%(P<0.05)。挥发性成分分析显示,α-姜烯、β-倍半水芹烯、β-红没药烯是生姜精油的主要挥发性成分,百分含量达70%以上,其中α-姜烯百分含量为42.13%,高于水蒸气蒸馏生姜精油α-姜烯百分含量40.59%。该方法绿色环保,萃取率高,精油品质好,为生姜精油的进一步研究开发提供参考。

生姜植株提拉力学特性的试验研究

针对提拉式生姜收获过程中存在姜秆易断裂等问题,采用剪切、挤压、拉伸试验的方法测定生姜植株的提拉力学特性参数,寻找夹持位置、加载速度等因素对生姜植株力学特性的影响规律。试验发现:姜秆的剪切强度随着取样位置与加载速度的增大而减小;抗压强度随着取样位置的增加而增大,随着加载速度的增加略微增加后减小,姜秆的平均剪切强度与抗压强度分别为0.85 MPa、3.29 MPa。生姜块茎与姜秆结合部位的抗拉强度受到夹持位置的影响显著,呈二次函数关系,随着加载速度的增加而呈现先减少后增加的趋势,且平均抗拉强度为0.6 MPa。通过对姜秆最佳剪切与挤压位置、最佳提拉位置的寻优,确定剪切与挤压力较大的位置为结合点以上393.9 mm处、姜秆与姜块茎结合点受力最大的位置为结合点以上400 mm处。生姜植株最佳的剪切挤压位置与最佳提拉位置趋于一致,且姜秆的抗压强度远大于剪切强度。因此,选用适宜的夹紧方式及位置,可减小姜秆受到的剪切力,达到顺利拉拔生姜的效果,为提拉式生姜收获机的整体设计提供数据支撑。