This paper investigates the tongue gesture difference of the two-way coronal fricative contrast in Yanbian Korean through ultrasound imaging and electropalatography(EPG).Ultrasound imaging was applied to compare the m...This paper investigates the tongue gesture difference of the two-way coronal fricative contrast in Yanbian Korean through ultrasound imaging and electropalatography(EPG).Ultrasound imaging was applied to compare the mid-sagittal tongue contours of the fortis and non-fortis coronal fricatives.Results show that the two-way fricative contrast is distinguished by the positioning of tongue blade,anterior tongue body,and tongue root.The fortis fricative is characterized with higher tongue blade and anterior tongue body,and more fronted tongue root than the non-fortis fricative.However,this pattern is slightly blurred in the palatalized fricative contrast due to the interspeaker variability.Part of the variability may be attributed to the supra-glottal cavity enlargement when the nonfortis fricative is realized as voiced.The acoustic examination shows that the frication duration and the spectral center of gravity are two defining acoustic properties that contrast the two fricatives.Whether the non-fortis fricative is realized as voiced fricative tends to be affected by vocalic context and gender.The EPG results show that the defining articulatory property for the contrast is the medial constriction degree at the alveolar region.The inter-speaker variability is solely found in the posterior region,which corresponds to the variability in the positioning of the anterior tongue body in the ultrasound investigation.The emergence of the inter-speaker variability in the production of the fortis/non-fortis fricative contrast calls for a more comprehensive model for the production of the Korean coronal fricatives which should entail aerodynamic and sociolinguistic factors.展开更多
/h/ is described differently by different researchers. While some argue that /h/ is a glottal fricative, others argue that it is the voiceless counterpart of the following vowel, yet others argue that /h/ is a glide o.../h/ is described differently by different researchers. While some argue that /h/ is a glottal fricative, others argue that it is the voiceless counterpart of the following vowel, yet others argue that /h/ is a glide or an approximant. However, de- tailed acoustic studies focusing on /h/ are very limited. This study aims to describe the spectrographic characteristics of /h/ in Turkish. Test words consisted of 48 monosyllabic and disyllabic words containing /h/ which was followed by eight Turkish vowels. Totally 1440 tokens were analyzed. After segmentation, /h/ was classified based on its spectrographic characteristics: 1) segment exhibiting formants, 2) segment exhibiting frication (but no formants) with energy in lower frequencies and 3) segment exhibiting almost no energy. In order to find out if there is a significant difference among these three categories, Chi-square test was applied. The spectrographic characteristics of /h/ in Turkish suggest that it is more like the voiceless version of the surrounding vowels, significantly when it is in syllable initial position and the preceding vowel when in syllable final position.展开更多
Open Air Interface(OAI)alliance recently introduced a new disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks(O-RAN)framework for next generation telecommunications and networks.This disaggregated architecture is open,automated,...Open Air Interface(OAI)alliance recently introduced a new disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks(O-RAN)framework for next generation telecommunications and networks.This disaggregated architecture is open,automated,software defined,virtual,and supports the latest advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence(AI)Machine Learning(AI/ML).This novel intelligent architecture enables programmers to design and customize automated applications according to the business needs and to improve quality of service in fifth generation(5G)and Beyond 5G(B5G).Its disaggregated and multivendor nature gives the opportunity to new startups and small vendors to participate and provide cheap hardware software solutions to keep the market competitive.This paper presents the disaggregated and programmable O-RAN architecture focused on automation,AI/ML services,and applications with Flexible Radio access network Intelligent Controller(FRIC).We schematically demonstrate the reinforcement learning,external applications(xApps),and automation steps to implement this disaggregated O-RAN architecture.The idea of this research paper is to implement an AI/ML enabled automation system for software defined disaggregated O-RAN,which monitors,manages,and performs AI/ML-related services,including the model deployment,optimization,inference,and training.展开更多
基金supported by Korean Studies Grant(AKS-2019-R-74)
文摘This paper investigates the tongue gesture difference of the two-way coronal fricative contrast in Yanbian Korean through ultrasound imaging and electropalatography(EPG).Ultrasound imaging was applied to compare the mid-sagittal tongue contours of the fortis and non-fortis coronal fricatives.Results show that the two-way fricative contrast is distinguished by the positioning of tongue blade,anterior tongue body,and tongue root.The fortis fricative is characterized with higher tongue blade and anterior tongue body,and more fronted tongue root than the non-fortis fricative.However,this pattern is slightly blurred in the palatalized fricative contrast due to the interspeaker variability.Part of the variability may be attributed to the supra-glottal cavity enlargement when the nonfortis fricative is realized as voiced.The acoustic examination shows that the frication duration and the spectral center of gravity are two defining acoustic properties that contrast the two fricatives.Whether the non-fortis fricative is realized as voiced fricative tends to be affected by vocalic context and gender.The EPG results show that the defining articulatory property for the contrast is the medial constriction degree at the alveolar region.The inter-speaker variability is solely found in the posterior region,which corresponds to the variability in the positioning of the anterior tongue body in the ultrasound investigation.The emergence of the inter-speaker variability in the production of the fortis/non-fortis fricative contrast calls for a more comprehensive model for the production of the Korean coronal fricatives which should entail aerodynamic and sociolinguistic factors.
文摘/h/ is described differently by different researchers. While some argue that /h/ is a glottal fricative, others argue that it is the voiceless counterpart of the following vowel, yet others argue that /h/ is a glide or an approximant. However, de- tailed acoustic studies focusing on /h/ are very limited. This study aims to describe the spectrographic characteristics of /h/ in Turkish. Test words consisted of 48 monosyllabic and disyllabic words containing /h/ which was followed by eight Turkish vowels. Totally 1440 tokens were analyzed. After segmentation, /h/ was classified based on its spectrographic characteristics: 1) segment exhibiting formants, 2) segment exhibiting frication (but no formants) with energy in lower frequencies and 3) segment exhibiting almost no energy. In order to find out if there is a significant difference among these three categories, Chi-square test was applied. The spectrographic characteristics of /h/ in Turkish suggest that it is more like the voiceless version of the surrounding vowels, significantly when it is in syllable initial position and the preceding vowel when in syllable final position.
文摘Open Air Interface(OAI)alliance recently introduced a new disaggregated Open Radio Access Networks(O-RAN)framework for next generation telecommunications and networks.This disaggregated architecture is open,automated,software defined,virtual,and supports the latest advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence(AI)Machine Learning(AI/ML).This novel intelligent architecture enables programmers to design and customize automated applications according to the business needs and to improve quality of service in fifth generation(5G)and Beyond 5G(B5G).Its disaggregated and multivendor nature gives the opportunity to new startups and small vendors to participate and provide cheap hardware software solutions to keep the market competitive.This paper presents the disaggregated and programmable O-RAN architecture focused on automation,AI/ML services,and applications with Flexible Radio access network Intelligent Controller(FRIC).We schematically demonstrate the reinforcement learning,external applications(xApps),and automation steps to implement this disaggregated O-RAN architecture.The idea of this research paper is to implement an AI/ML enabled automation system for software defined disaggregated O-RAN,which monitors,manages,and performs AI/ML-related services,including the model deployment,optimization,inference,and training.
