Submerged flexible vegetation impact on open channel flow velocity distribution: An analytical modelling study on drag and friction

In this paper,an analytical model that represents the streamwise velocity distribution for open channel flow with submerged flexible vegetation is studied.In the present vegetated flow modelling,the whole flow field has been separated into two layers vertically: a vegetated layer and a non-vegetated free-water layer.Within the vegetated layer,an analysis of the mechanisms affecting water flow through flexible vegetation has been conducted.In the non-vegetated layer,a modified log-law equation that represents the velocity profile varying with vegetation height has been investigated.Based on the studied analytical model,a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to assess the influences of the drag (CD) and friction (Cf ) coefficients on the flow velocity.The investigated ranges of CD and Cf have also been compared to published values.The findings suggest that the CD and Cf values are non-constant at different depths and vegetation densities,unlike the constant values commonly suggested in literature.This phenomenon is particularly clear for flows with flexible vegetation,which is characterised by large deflection.

Influences of friction drag on spontaneous condensation in water vapor supersonic flows

A mathematical model was developed to investigate the water vapor spontaneous condensation under supersonic flow conditions. A numerical simulation was performed for the water vapor condensable supersonic flows through Laval nozzles under different flow friction conditions. The comparison between numerical and experimental results shows that the model is accurate enough to investigate the supersonic spontaneous condensation flow of water vapor inside Laval nozzles. The influences of flow friction drag on supersonic spontaneous condensation flow of water vapor inside Laval nozzles were investigated. It was found that the flow friction has a direct effect on the spontaneous condensation process and therefore it is important for an accurate friction prediction in designing this kind of Laval nozzles.

Turbulent drag reduction by spanwise slot blowing pulsed plasma actuation

This work studies the turbulent drag reduction(TDR)effect of a flat plate model using a spanwise slot blowing pulsed plasma actuator(SBP-PA).Wind tunnel experiments are carried out under a Reynolds number of 1.445×10^(4).Using a hot-wire anemometer and an electrical data acquisition system,the influences of millisecond pulsed plasma actuation with different burst frequencies and duty cycles on the microscale coherent structures near the wall of the turbulent boundary layer(TBL)are studied.The experimental results show that the SBP-PA can effectively reduce the frictional drag of the TBL.When the duty cycle exceeds 30%,the TDR rate is greater than 11%,and the optimal drag reduction rate of 13.69%is obtained at a duty cycle of 50%.Furthermore,optimizing the electrical parameters reveals that increasing the burst frequency significantly reduces the velocity distribution in the logarithmic region of the TBL.When the normalized burst frequency reaches f+=2πf_(p)d/U_(∞)=7.196,the optimal TDR effectiveness is 16.97%,indicating a resonance phenomenon between the pulsed plasma actuation and the microscale coherent structures near the wall.Therefore,reasonably selecting the electrical parameters of the plasma actuator is expected to significantly improve the TDR effect.

Wind speed scaling and the drag coefficient

Wind speed scaling in similarity law in wind-generated waves and the drag coefficient are studied. In analyzing the data in the wind wave channel, it is found that the u＊ scaling greatly reduces the scatter in the U10 scaling. The u＊ scaling has much less scatter than the scaling using other wind speeds. The friction velocity seems to play a distinctive role in wave growth. The result is important in the applications of the similarity law and in wave modeling. In theory it gives an insight into the mechanism of wind wave interaction. It is found that wave steepness is important in influencing the drag coefficient. The variability of the coefficients in the currently widely used drag form can be explained by the differences in wave steepness in the observations. A drag coefficient model with wind speed and wave steepness as parameters is proposed. An explanation for Kahma＇s result that the u, scaling does not reduce the scatter in the U10 scaling is given.

Effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows

As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.

一种具有超长侧链的疏水缔合型聚合物的合成及减阻性能评价

采用曲拉通和丙烯酰氯醇解合成一种水溶性可聚合单体,仅使用水作为溶剂合成一种具有超长侧链的疏水缔合型聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)作为减阻剂,通过分子动力学模拟方法对比了聚丙烯酰胺、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和合成的具有超长侧链的HAPAM与水的相互作用,并分别以去离子水和盐水配液改变HAPAM含量,测量不同HAPAM含量的滑溜水在不同流速下的摩阻,并计算相应的减阻率。实验结果表明,具有超长侧链的HAPAM与水的相互作用最强;减阻率随流速的增加而增大,HAPAM含量越高,减阻率达到70%所需的流速越高,减阻率最高可达80%以上;盐对滑溜水的减阻率和黏度有显著负面影响,需提高HAPAM含量才能获得理想的减阻率;SEM表征结果显示,HAPAM在清水和盐水中的分布形态均为网状结构。

椭球体绕流阻力数值模拟研究

颗粒在无界均匀流场中的阻力是颗粒多相流领域最基本的问题之一。在相关的工程应用与科学研究中,颗粒基本都是非球形。早期基本以相同体积的圆球阻力来近似非球颗粒的实际阻力,近来则提出了多种基于实验数值拟合的非球颗粒阻力经验公式。本文通过高精度的计算方法,系统模拟了从扁平到细长的回转椭球颗粒,在常见的颗粒雷诺数范围内(0.1~1000),对于各种来流攻角条件下的阻力,数值模拟结果得到了已知理论解的充分验证。在不存在理论解的大多数条件下,将数值结果与多种流行的经验公式结果进行了系统比较。一般而言,当颗粒以最大迎风面积置于来流中时,其所受阻力最大。但是数值模拟发现了特例,在流动进入牛顿阻力区时(雷诺数1000),扁平的椭球在回转轴与流向一致时(此时具有最大迎风面积),其阻力反而小于倾斜置于流场中的结果。对流动结构的分析表明,这是因为在非轴对称条件(颗粒倾斜)下,流动更容易失稳,造成紊乱的尾流,使得压差阻力上升。综合分析表明,对于给定的颗粒形状,数值模拟相对于通过各种实验数据拟合得到的适用于一般非球颗粒的经验公式具有更高的精度。累积更大量的高精度数值模拟结果,有望给出具有更高精度、更具适应性的阻力公式。

疏浚管道粗砂输送特性及最佳流态研究

在疏浚管道输送粗砂砾石等粗大颗粒时,由于粒径构成复杂、浓度和局部阻力波动较大等因素,容易造成输送效率低、淤积堵塞和施工操作困难等问题。为实现粗大颗粒物料的安全高效输送,以中值粒径0.82 mm的粗砂为研究对象,在不同浓度和流速下进行管道输送试验,对粗砂的流态、沿程阻力损失、临界流速和滑移比(输送效率)等特性进行研究,根据疏浚施工要求确定输送时的最佳流态及对应的流速区间,该流态具有不易堵塞、输送稳定性高、输送效率高和磨损较小等优点。泥沙输送特性研究成果及最佳流态确定方法对粗大颗粒的安全、稳定、高效输送具有一定的理论参考和实际应用价值。

超浅层大位移水平井“三低”钻井液技术

针对东部超浅层水平井水平段钻井中降摩阻扭矩大、托压严重等问题,分析了该区块的储层特征,构建了“低摩阻、强携砂、防水锁”的思路,优选了低成本的关键处理剂,形成了低摩阻、低成本和低伤害的水基钻井液体系,评价了其主要性能,并进行了现场试验。研究结果及试验表明,羧甲基纤维素(CMC)增黏提切效果好,最优加量为0.3%~0.5%,聚丙烯酸钾(KPAM)降失水明显,最优加量为1.0%~1.5%,复合润滑剂中固体润滑剂(SH-2)和液体润滑剂(RY-838)最佳复配比例为3∶7,防水剂为0.5%F-113。该钻井液体系渗透率恢复平均值为85.38%,中压失水小于5 mL,泥饼粘滞系数为0.0524~0.0612,动塑比为0.52~0.55。现场应用1口井,未出现严重托压,较邻井钻速提高13.5%,钻井液成本降低5.3%,有效解决了超浅层水平井钻井难题。

基于空化效应的带排转矩模型优化及试验测试

某重型车辆混合动力传动系统湿式制动器在非制动作业时,由于油液的黏滞作用,摩擦副产生了带排转矩,造成功率损失。为能实现含有复杂沟槽结构流场的带排转矩精准预测,针对空气提前进入流场造成预测误差的问题,提出了一种通过空化数预测空化效应体积分数来优化带排转矩模型的方法。首先,通过不同工况下的模型计算,分析了转速、流量和间隙对空化效应体积分数的影响:随着转速提升,空化效应体积分数先增大后减小;更大的流量和更小的间隙都会使空化效应体积分数的最大值增大。接着,对湿式制动器带排转矩进行了试验测试,对比分析结果显示,优化后模型的预测误差小于6%,相比未考虑空化效应的模型,平均误差减小了55%。此外,还研究了空化效应后沟槽的复杂程度对带排转矩的影响。结果表明,沟槽结构越复杂,带排转矩越小。其中,径向槽的加入对带排转矩的影响最大,可使带排转矩减小约25.9%。研究可为湿式制动器的带排转矩精准预测和摩擦片结构优化提供支持和工程实践指导。

仿生表面织构在农林机械中的研究现状

近年来,仿生学研究发现,生物在漫长的生存进化过程中,体表进化出许多具有优异摩擦学性能的表面织构,为机械材料摩擦学行为研究提供了大量的参考蓝本,仿生表面织构也成为了减摩减阻及摩擦学性能的重要手段。为此,基于国内外对仿生表面织构的研究,笔者概述了仿生表面织构的类型、发展、减摩减阻机理及应用,介绍了仿生表面技术在农林机械中的发展运用,总结了当前研究的不足并提出展望。

双水相聚合物乳液的制备及减阻性能

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,采用水分散聚合法,制备双水相聚合物(NPAM)。相对分子量为380万,粒子分布集中,且粒径小,平均粒径为182.7 nm。室内评价聚合物的减阻效果,其在清水中减阻率达到80%,在10%的盐水中减阻率达到77%。黏弹性能分析,NPAM的抗应变能力较强。双水相聚合物可用作减阻剂,为油气田压裂作业提供优秀的减阻性能。

低速船舶微气泡减阻数值研究

为了研究船舶微气泡减阻规律,本文基于OpenFOAM中两相欧拉数值模型,对低速散货船进行微气泡减阻数值研究。对气液两相分别建立控制方程,考虑五种相间作用力及气泡聚合和破碎,采用考虑气泡影响的改进k-ε湍流模型,忽略自由面影响,采用叠模模型研究喷气量、气泡直径、航速及吃水等因素对船舶微气泡减阻的影响,分析气体体积分数、湍流粘度和气泡直径分布等。结果表明:微气泡可以同时减少船舶摩擦阻力、粘压阻力和总阻力;喷气量直接影响减阻率,喷气量越大,减阻率越高;较小气泡的平均气体体积分数较大且气体分布更均匀,同时湍流运动粘度较小,可以更有效减阻;气泡沿着流向会聚并,气泡越小聚并越剧烈;较高航速和小吃水更有利于减阻。

塔里木盆地超深小井眼定向钻井提速提效关键技术

针对塔里木盆地台盆区超深小井眼定向钻井机械钻速低、钻头使用寿命短、常规螺杆钻具脱胶脱扣、钻井液稳定性差和产层喷漏同存等难题,研究形成了塔里木盆地超深小井眼定向钻井提速提效关键技术。以标准行程钻速和钻头进尺为指标,采用统计分析法优选了适用于目的层的ϕ149.2 mm/ϕ165.1 mm KS1352DGRX型钻头和ϕ120.7 mm KDM1062TR型钻头;对比国内外抗高温螺杆现状,确定了井底温度低于180℃时推荐使用国产抗高温螺杆,高于180℃时推荐使用全金属螺杆或进口耐高温螺杆;采用理论分析结合数值模拟的方法,优化设计了小尺寸降摩减阻工具,并优化了其安放位置;优选抗盐高温高压降滤失剂和抑制剂,研选除氧剂等,制定合理pH值调控和钙离子补充措施,形成了抗温200℃钻井液;分析了顺北油气田产层钻进喷漏同层的特点,确定了“降密度+井口控压+优化排量”的井控基本原则。塔里木盆地5口井应用了超深小井眼定向钻井提速提效关键技术,小井眼段平均机械钻速提高了113.24%,平均井径扩大率5.57%,平均钻井周期缩短了35.03%,均未发生井下故障和复杂情况。超深小井眼定向钻井提速提效技术为塔里木盆地勘探开发提供了技术支撑。

高效润滑剂FELUBE-W的研究与应用

随着海上油气资源勘探与开发的不断深入,未来海域作业井中大位移井、深井、超深井等高难度复杂井也越来越多。由于深井、超深井和大位移井的井深结构复杂,井眼轨迹控制难度较大,钻井液的抗摩减阻性能不足会导致作业井在钻进过程中摩阻扭矩过高,严重影响作业井钻井时效。利用大豆油、乙醇、油酸三乙醇胺、工业磷脂油、纳米硼酸钙等原料,合成了具有良好抗摩减阻性能的高效润滑剂FELUBE-W。室内实验评价和现场应用表明,0.5%高效润滑剂FELUBE-W能将海水润滑系数降低90%以上,泥饼的黏附系数降低50%以上;高效润滑剂FELUBE-W加量为1.0%时可将PF-PLUS/KCl钻井液的润滑系数降低50%以上,泥饼的黏附系数降低50%以上,抗磨承压能力提高4倍以上;FELUBE-W对PF-PLUS/KCl钻井液的流变性能和滤失性能基本无影响,能够增强钻井液的抗摩减阻性能,明显改善钻进期间的扭矩,保障高难度作业井的快速安全钻进。

低温高雷诺数下摩擦阻力测量及多孔介质减阻研究

为研究低温高雷诺数条件下多孔介质湍流减阻规律及雷诺数效应,在0.3 m低温连续式风洞开展了壁面摩擦阻力测量及多孔介质减阻试验。分别在光滑平板和多孔介质区域下游布置低温脉动压力传感器和油流,对脉动压力功率谱及下游全局摩擦阻力进行测量。结果表明:摩擦阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小;多孔介质减阻率随雷诺数的增大(增大马赫数或降低来流总温),呈无固定规律下降趋势,且多孔介质的引入,使下游脉动压力的低频信号强度增加,高频信号强度减弱;在马赫数Ma=0.300、雷诺数Re=7.51×10^(6)、来流总温T_(0)=140 K这一典型工况下,多孔介质仍具有11.4%的减阻率,初步验证了在低温高雷诺数条件下使用多孔介质减阻控制策略的可行性。

高分子在盐溶液条件下湍流减阻特性研究

一直以来,我国对石油能源的需求量不断增长。减阻剂是成品油输送中节能减排的重要工具;为进一步提高油气资源的利用效率,以微管道作为研究对象,通过实验研究在流量、盐含量以及高分子减阻剂的浓度等多因素综合条件下,建立流量与压差、雷诺数与摩擦因子的模型,并通过拟合获得摩擦因子与多个因素的关系式,可以更好地应用于工业生产中。

粘弹性清洁压裂液的作用机理和现场应用

常规水基压裂液破胶后具有较高的残渣量,对支撑裂缝伤害较大,在一定程度上影响了油气田的产量。研究开发出了新型的VES清洁压裂液体系,它是由VES粘弹性表面活性剂和水或盐水组成。该压裂液集粘弹性、抗剪切性、自动破胶性于一体。通过分析VES清洁压裂液的粘弹性形成机理、抗剪切机理、携砂机理、破胶机理、滤失机理、伤害机理,表明粘弹性清洁压裂液具有独特的分子结构和独特的流变性能,它具有配制简便,使用添加剂种类少,不存在残渣,对储层伤害小等特点。现场实验表明,清洁压裂液具有破胶性能,施工摩阻低,携砂能力强,可有效地控制缝高。与使用水基压裂液的邻井相比,粘弹性清洁压裂液压裂施工后增产效果明显。

基于ANSYS的水平井下套管摩阻分析计算

随着水平井和大位移井的日益普遍,由于套管柱自重和井眼弯曲等多种因素的影响,水平井和大位移井中的套管柱存在较高的摩阻力,摩阻过大将会影响到套管柱的顺利下入,水平井中套管柱轴向力的准确预测也为套管强度设计提供了重要的基础数据。用CAE大型有限元软件ANSYS,对江沙8-H水平井的Φ139.7mm套管的受力和变形进行了数值模拟,计算了刚性扶正器处的接触力和刚性扶正器间套管的横向位移,并得到了套管柱在水平井中的摩阻力。计算模型考虑了套管的刚度和刚性扶正器对摩阻力影响,计算结果与现场实测数据比较吻合。计算结果表明,水平井中套管摩阻对轴向力的影响较大,且刚性扶正器间套管较长时,扶正器间大部分套管仍会与井壁接触,导致扶正效果降低。该计算方法为钻井工程设计提供了理论支持。

水平井套管扶正器合理安放位置计算

使用套管扶正器,可减少套管磨损,使套管居中,提高固井质量。在水平井及大位移井中,在大斜度井段由于套管变形大,按照API套管扶正器安放标准会要求使用较多的扶正器,这样会增加套管串的刚度致使套管下入困难。采用有限元方法研究水平井中带扶正器套管串的变形,通过改变扶正器的安放位置,确保两扶正器之间的套管不与井壁接触,从而确定出水平井中大斜度井段和弯曲井段套管扶正器合理的安放位置。模拟计算中考虑了下套管摩阻对扶正器安放位置影响。计算结果表明,水平井套管扶正器的安放位置主要受井斜角、套管质量、井眼曲率、套管与井壁之间间隙的影响,在215.9mm井眼中下139.7mm套管时,在小井斜角井段,每间隔2～3根套管装一只扶正器;在大斜度井段,每隔1～2根套管装一只扶正器,在水平井段,需要每根套管装一只扶正器。