Non-Local and Memory Character of Frictional Energy Dissipation on Atomic Scale

The traditional description of atomic-scale friction, as investigated in Friction force microscopy, in terms of mechanical stick-slip instabilities appears so successful that it obscures the actual mechanisms of frictional energy dissipation. More sophisticated theoretical approach, which takes into account damping explicitly, reveals the existence of some hidden, unexplained problems, like the universal nearly-critical damping and unexpectedly high value of the dissipation rate. In this paper, we combine analysis in the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics with simple atomistic modeling to show that the hidden problems of atomic scale friction find their origin in the nontrivial character of energy dissipation that is non-local and dominated by memory effects, which have not been addressed before in the context of dry, atomic-scale friction.

Experimental study of friction dissipators for seismic protection of building structures

This paper presents the results from unidirectional shaking table tests of two reduced scale steel models of a building frame, with one and two floors, respectively. These frames incorporate friction dissipators at every floor. The inputs are sine-dwells and artificial and registered earthquakes. This study is part of a larger research project aiming to assess the seismic efficiency of friction dissipators by means of an integrated numerical and experimental approach. Inside this framework, the main objectives of these experiments are to： （i） collect a wide range of results to calibrate a numerical model derived within the project, （ii） clarify some of the most controversial issues about friction dissipators （including behavior for inputs containing pulses, capacity to reduce resonance peaks, introduction of high frequencies in the response, and self- generated eccentricities）, （iii） better understand their dynamic behavior, （iv） provide insight on the feasibility and reliability of using simple friction dissipators for seismic protection of building structures and （v） characterize the hysteretic behavior of these devices. Most of these objectives are satisfactorily reached and relevant conclusions are stated.

MHD Free Convection Flow past an Inclined Stretching Sheet with Considering Viscous Dissipation and Radiation

The present study concentrates on the analysis of MHD free convection flow past an inclined stretching sheet. The viscous dissipation and radiation effects are assumed in the heat equation. Approximation solutions have been derived for velocity, temperature, concentration, Nusselt number, skin friction and Sherwood number using Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique along with the six-order Runge-Kutta iteration scheme. Graphs are plotted to find out the characteristics of different physical parameters. The variations of physical parameters on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are displayed via table.

Research of a Response Precise Algorithm on a System with a Pseudo-viscous Frictional Energy Dissipator

The pseudo-viscous frictional energy dissipator（PVFED） is a new energy dissipator. This dissipator can be widely used in engineering for not only the friction is in direct ratio to velocity, but also the problem of viscous energy dissipator mucilage easily leaked has been overcome. The problem of how to get response of the PVFED sys- tem need to be solved before this dissipator can be used widely in engineering. The response calculation methods of the PVFED system on sina load was researched. Wilson-θ,Newmark-β and a precise integration algorithm was used separately to solve the system response and the calculation result in a different time step was compared. It was found from comparison that three calculation results were almost equivalent in a small time step. Calculation precision of Newmark-β and Wilson-θ was reduced and high calculation precision of a precise integration algorithm was kept in a large time step. The results show that it is an effective way to solve the response of a PVFED system by a precise integration method.

Influence of contact curvature on frictional energy dissipation under varying tangential loads

This study investigates the effect of contact surface curvatures on the friction response under varying tangential loadings using a finite element(FE)model.The results showed that the geometry of the surface influences the contact force at the interface and reduces the friction effect through an unsteady distribution of the contact force.The relationship between the friction effect,excitation,and contact surface shape was also examined,revealing a linear inverse relationship between the friction and curvature.The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the frictional interactions between elastic bodies and highlight the role of curvature as a design parameter for regulating the friction effect.

Damping characteristics of friction damped braced frame and its effectiveness in the mega-sub controlled structure system

Based on energy dissipation and structural control principle, a new structural configuration, called the megasub controlled structure （MSCS） with friction damped braces （FDBs）, is first presented. Meanwhile, to calculate the damping coefficient in the slipping state a new analytical method is proposed. The damping characteristics of one-storey friction damped braced frame （FDBF） are investigated, and the influence of the structural parameters on the energy dissipation and the practical engineering design are discussed. The nonlinear dynamic equations and the analytical model of the MSCS with FDBs are established. Three building structures with different structural configurations, which were designed with reference to the conventional mega-sub structures such as used in Tokyo City Hall, are comparatively investigated. The results illustrate that the structure presented in the paper has excellent dynamic properties and satisfactory control effectiveness.

A new type of damper with friction-variable characteristics

Professor T. T. Soong is one of the early pioneers in field of earthquake responsc control of structures. A new type of smart damper, which is based on an Energy Dissipating Restraint （EDR）, is presented in this paper. The EDR by Nims and Kelly, which has a triangle hysteretic loop, behaves like an active variable stiffness system （AVS） and possesses the basic characteristics of a linear viscous damper but has difficulty in capturing the output and large stroke simultaneously needed for practical applicataions in engineering structures. In order to overcome this limitation, the friction surface in the original Sumitomo EDR is divided into two parts with low and high friction coefficients in this paper. The results of finite element analysis studies show that the new type of smart friction damper enables large friction force in proportion to relative displacement between two ends of the damper and has a large allowable displacement to fit the demands of engineering applications. However, unlike the EDR by Nims and Kelly, this type of friction variable damper cannot self re-center. However, the lateral stiffness can be used to restore the structure. The nonlinear time history analysis of earthquake response for a structure equipped with the proposed friction variable dampers was carried out using the IDARC computer program. The results indicate that the proposed damper can successfully reduce the earthquake response of a structure.

Water Wave Refraction and Diffraction over Frictional Topography

This paper considers the effect of wave energy dissipation induced by sea-bottom friction on the computational results of water wave refraction and diffraction with the parabolic equation method. The presented results show that the friction factor formula adopted in this paper is of higher numerical accuracy than that introduced by Dalrymphe (1984), and it can be used to compute wave propagation over large open areas.

Energy corrugation in atomic-scale friction on graphite revisited by molecular dynamics simulations

Although atomic stick–slip friction has been extensively studied since its first demonstration on graphite,the physical understanding of this dissipation-dominated phenomenon is still very limited. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics（MD） simulations to study the frictional behavior of a diamond tip sliding over a graphite surface. In contrast to the common wisdom, our MD results suggest that the energy barrier associated lateral sliding（known as energy corrugation） comes not only from interaction between the tip and the top layer of graphite but also from interactions among the deformed atomic layers of graphite. Due to the competition of these two subentries, friction on graphite can be tuned by controlling the relative adhesion of different interfaces.For relatively low tip-graphite adhesion, friction behaves normally and increases with increasing normal load. However,for relatively high tip-graphite adhesion, friction increases unusually with decreasing normal load leading to an effectively negative coefficient of friction, which is consistent with the recent experimental observations on chemically modified graphite. Our results provide a new insight into the physical origins of energy corrugation in atomic scale friction.

ON A SECOND ORDER DISSIPATIVE ODE IN HILBERT SPACE WITH AN INTEGRABLE SOURCE TERM

Asymptotic behaviour of solutions is studied for some second order equations including the model casex（t） ＋γx（t） ＋ ↓△φb（x（t）） = h（t） with γ 〉 0 and h ∈ L1（O, ＋∞; H）, φ being continuouly differentiable with locally Lipschitz continuous gradient and bounded from below. In particular when φ is convex, all solutions tend to minimize the potential φ as time tends to infinity and the existence of one bounded trajectory implies the weak convergence of all solutions to equilibrium points.

Clamping force of a multilayered cylindrical clamper with internalfriction

Holding an object by clamping force is a fundamental phenomena.Layered or laminated architectures with internal sliding features are essential mechanism in natural and man-made structural system.In this paper,we combine the layered architecture and clamping mechanism to form a multilayered clamper and study the clamping force with internal friction.Our investigations show that the clamping force and energy dissipation are very much depend on the number of layers,its geometry and elasticity,as well as internal friction.The central goal of studying the multilayered clamp is not only to predict the clamping force,but also as a representative case to help finding some clue on the universal behaviours of multilayered architectures with internal friction.

干湿循环下节理砂岩细观能量演化规律研究

为探究干湿循环作用下的节理砂岩的细观损伤劣化规律,采用颗粒流软件开展了节理砂岩细观数值模拟,研究了不同干湿循环下节理砂岩的细观力学特性和能量演化机制。研究表明:随着干湿循环次数的增大,颗粒间的接触力和平行黏结力最大值呈线性递减规律;干湿循环下节理砂岩裂纹演化主要经历缓慢增加、均匀增加、阶梯增加及突变增加4个阶段,且裂纹数目(总裂纹、拉伸裂纹及剪切裂纹)与干湿循环次数呈正相关;细观边界能、平行黏结应变能及线性黏结应变能随干湿循环次数的增加呈逐渐减小趋势,节理砂岩中耗散能与微裂纹数大致呈正相关;干湿循环作用导致颗粒间抗断裂能力弱化,使岩样能量储存能力降低,这是造成节理砂岩干湿损伤劣化的能量机制。

超弹性形状记忆合金自恢复与耗能平衡设计理念

超弹性形状记忆合金具有优越的自恢复性能,在工程抗震应用中能够赋予结构完美的自复位性能,但由于其超弹性旗帜形本构关系,自身耗能能力十分有限,致使其难以满足结构地震下的抗震需求。探求在保留形状记忆合金自恢复性能的前提下,尝试将超弹性形状记忆合金与摩擦阻尼器组合应用,以使形状记忆合金系统的耗能能力最大化。首先,对超弹性形状记忆合金自恢复耗能平衡设计理念进行深入研究,引入系统平衡参数的概念,提出相应的配比设计公式;随后,通过开展形状记忆合金超弹性性能试验、简易摩擦阻尼器试验以及组合张拉试验,证明上述平衡设计理念的实用性以及平衡设计公式的可行性。平衡设计理念的提出以及其验证能够推进并指导形状记忆合金在工程抗震中的应用。

复合(组合)消能器研究与应用

阐述复合(组合)消能器的定义,给出复合(组合)消能器实现途径与设计原则,介绍几种典型复合(组合)消能器的构造、原理、特点及应用情况,分析当前复合(组合)消能器研究与应用中存在的问题,指出复合(组合)消能器在未来创新研究与应用中应加强的研究方向。

柱端盖板型滑移摩擦节点分层装配钢框架滞回性能研究

分层装配式钢框架是一种能充分体现快速装配性的新型结构形式。基于低损伤抗震概念,针对柱端盖板型滑移摩擦节点(CPSFJ)分层装配式钢框架的滞回性能进行了试验研究和数值分析。研究发现,通过在柱端设置CPSFJ,可以有效实现在大震作用下以滑移摩擦耗能代替结构构件的塑性损伤耗能,进而保护结构主体构件免受损伤。试验结果表明,该结构体系在低周往复加载下,滞回曲线呈现出饱满的弓形,且骨架曲线表现为三段式平顶型,显示出良好的能量耗散能力和稳定的滞回性能。为解决梁端局部刚度不足的问题,提出了梁端加劲肋布置改进方案,能显著改善梁端应力集中现象,降低塑性损伤的可能性。本研究为分层装配式钢框架结构设计提供了新的抗震耗能方案,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座摩擦滑移性能试验研究

为了解自然老化服役后板式橡胶支座的摩擦滑移性能,取实际桥梁中服役10年的7个板式橡胶支座进行摩擦滑移试验,分析不同竖向压应力下支座摩擦滑移规律,研究自然老化板式橡胶支座的水平弹性刚度、摩擦系数及耗能能力等,并对比人工热老化支座的相关性能。结果表明:相同服役年限的自然老化板式橡胶支座老化程度并不相同;自然老化板式橡胶支座摩擦系数随着竖向压应力的增大而减小,水平弹性刚度随着竖向压应力的增大而增大;压剪作用对老化板式橡胶支座的耗能能力影响较小,但需要注意累积的摩擦滑移会使支座耗能能力降低。自然老化板式橡胶支座(试验值)相较于未老化支座(理论值)的表面摩擦系数有所降低,但水平弹性刚度明显增大;自然老化板式橡胶支座水平弹性刚度增大幅度远高于人工热老化的板式橡胶支座,人工热老化研究严重低估了自然老化对板式橡胶支座的危害。

自复位支撑钢框架摩擦装配式节点性能研究

自复位支撑在激活后具有较大的刚度和承载力,支撑连接节点及梁柱受力复杂,损伤风险高。提出了一种基于摩擦连接的自复位支撑钢框架装配式节点,利用摩擦滑移连接实现自复位支撑极限轴力可控,并为整体结构提供附加耗能。阐述了该摩擦装配式节点的构造、组装和工作原理,通过数值模拟对其抗震性能进行研究,并分析了该节点设计参数对其性能的影响。结果表明:采用该节点的自复位支撑钢框架滞回响应更为饱满,整体结构耗能能力提升了20.81%,节点对总水平剪力的实际限制作用达17.56%,有效减缓了节点区塑性发展。通过改变支撑连接节点的摩擦片摩擦系数和高强螺栓预紧力,能够实现起滑位移与起滑力可调。

装配式刻槽道面宏观构造特征参数研究

本文以A320主起落架轮胎与装配式道面板为研究对象,首先,基于能量损耗理论及摩擦学基本原理,建立轮胎与道面之间的能量耗散方程,从而得出道面宏观构造特征参数与摩擦耗散之间的量化关系。其次,利用ABAQUS建立飞机轮胎-道面板相互作用动力仿真模型。最后,通过仿真实验得到最优的装配式刻槽道面的构造特征参数(刻槽深度、刻槽宽度、刻槽倒角),结果表明:当刻槽宽度为30 mm、刻槽深度为2 mm、刻槽倒角为45°时,装配式道面板可以显著增强道面抗滑性能,具有良好的摩擦耗散性能,与轮胎接触面更大,抓地性能更好,可以提高装配式道面板的耐久性。

速度400 km/h高速列车轴箱轴承技术研究

高速列车轴箱轴承的可靠性和高速性能是保障高速列车运行安全和运行效率的关键因素。依据高速列车轴箱轴承的实际应用工况特征,并结合现有高速列车轴箱轴承的检修统计数据,对比分析了双列圆锥和双列圆柱设计的轴箱轴承技术特点。针对现有某高速列车车型,以满足运营速度400 km/h的技术要求为目标,对双列圆锥轴箱轴承低摩擦优化设计和轴箱系统散热设计优化这两个方面进行研究。其中为了准确评估摩擦功耗,建立了轴承—车辆刚柔耦合动力学模型,并以京津轨道谱和实测车轮不平顺作为输入,计算了轴承的动态载荷。轴承摩擦计算结果表明,在车速400 km/h,X-life设计的双列圆锥轴箱轴承的摩擦发热功耗比原有双列圆锥轴箱轴承大约降低24%;轴箱轴承台架测试显示,在更高的车速下,X-life设计的双列圆锥轴箱轴承运转温度比原有双列圆锥轴箱轴承降低了大概15°C。轴箱系统热仿真计算显示,在相同的热源输入和环境温度和散热条件下,铝合金轴箱体的最高温度相比铸铁轴箱的最高温度降低了约20°C。相关研究结果,可以为运营速度400 km/h高速列车的轴箱系统总体设计提供参考。

自复位摩擦耗能支撑钢框架结构抗震性能的数值分析

自复位摩擦耗能(SCFED)支撑可以经历较大的变形,耗散地震动能,并且具有自复位功能,减少结构残余变形,因而得到广泛应用。为了研究SCFED支撑框架的抗震性能,用SAP2000多段线性连接单元和Wen塑性单元分别模拟复位系统和耗能系统的力学性能,二者并联模拟SCFED支撑力学性能,比对实验结果验证模型后,对6层FEDB和SCFEDB两种钢框架进行了地震作用下的动力响应分析,通过调整地震波的峰值,考虑了小震FOE、中震DBE和大震MCE下的结构抗震性能,分析结果表明文中的数值模拟模型分析结果和试验基本吻合,可以研究SCFED支撑框架抗震性能。与FEDB框架相比,SCFEDB框架可以减小结构的最大层间位移和残余位移,减少了与结构构件刚性连接的非结构构件的损伤,提高了结构的韧性。