Friction and Wear Performance of Boron Doped, Undoped Microcrystalline and Fine Grained Composite Diamond Films

Chemical vapor deposition （CVD） diamond films have attracted more attentions due to their excellent mechanical properties. Whereas as-fabricated traditional diamond films in the previous studies don＇t have enough adhesion or surface smoothness, which seriously impact their friction and wear performance, and thus limit their applications under extremely harsh conditions. A boron doped, undoped microcrystalline and fine grained composite diamond （BD-UM-FGCD） film is fabricated by a three-step method adopting hot filament CVD （HFCVD） method in the present study, presenting outstanding comprehensive performance, including the good adhesion between the substrate and the underlying boron doped diamond （BDD） layer, the extremely high hardness of the middle undoped microcrystalline diamond （UMCD） layer, as well as the low surface roughness and favorable polished convenience of the surface fine grained diamond （FGD） layer. The friction and wear behavior of this composite film sliding against low-carbon steel and silicon nitride balls are studied on a ball-on-plate rotational friction tester. Besides, its wear rate is further evaluated under a severer condition using an inner-hole polishing apparatus, with low-carbon steel wire as the counterpart. The test results show that the BD-UM-FGCD film performs very small friction coefficient and great friction behavior owing to its high surface smoothness, and meanwhile it also has excellent wear resistance because of the relatively high hardness of the surface FGD film and the extremely high hardness of the middle UMCD film. Moreover, under the industrial conditions for producing low-carbon steel wires, this composite film can sufficiently prolong the working lifetime of the drawing dies and improve their application effects. This research develops a novel composite diamond films owning great comprehensive properties, which have great potentials as protecting coatings on working surfaces of the wear-resistant and anti-frictional components.

Friction Behaviors of the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond Film under Ambient Air and Water Lubricating Conditions

The friction behavior of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition（HFCVD） diamond film plays a critical role on its applications in mechanical fields and largely depends on the environment. Studies on the tribological properties of HFCVD diamond films coated on Co-cemented tungsten carbide （WC-Co） substrates are rarely reported in available literatures, especially in the water lubricating conditions. In this paper, conventional microcrystalline diamond（MCD） and fine-grained diamond（FGD） films are deposited on WC-Co substrates and their friction properties are evaluated on a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer, where they are brought to slide against ball-bearing steel and copper balls in dry and water lubricating conditions. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, atomic force microscopy（AFM）, surface profilometer and Raman spectroscopy are adopted to characterize as-deposited diamond films; SEM and energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） are used to investigate the worn region on the surfaces of both counterface balls and diamond films. The research results show that the friction coefficient of HFCVD diamond films always starts with a high initial value, and then gradually transits to a relative stable state. For a given counterface and a sliding condition, the FGD film presents lower stable friction coefficients by 0.02-0.03 than MCD film. The transferred materials adhered on sliding interface are supposed to have predominate effect on the friction behaviors of HFCVD diamond films. Furthermore, the effect of water lubricating on reducing friction coefficient is significant. For a given counterpart, the stable friction coefficients of MCD or FGD films reduce by about 0.07-0.08 while sliding in the water lubricating condition, relative to in dry sliding condition. This study is beneficial for widespread applications of HFCVD diamond coated mechanical components and adopting water lubricating system, replacing ofoil lubricating, in a variety of mechanical processing fields to implement the green production process.

Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate VII on Boundary Film Formation,Friction,Wear and Efficiency of Lubricants

Polyalkylmethacrylates(PAMAs) are well-known as viscosity index improvers and dispersant boosters.This paper shows that PAMAs are able to adsorb from oil solution on to metal surfaces,to produce thick,viscous boundary films.These films enhance lubricant film formation in slow speed and high temperature conditions and thus produce a significant reduction of friction.A systematic study of this phenomenon has made use of the highly flexible nature of PAMA chemistry.A range of dispersant and non-dispersant polymethacrylates has been synthesized.The influence of different functionalities,molecular weights and architectures on both boundary film formation and friction has been explored using optical interferometry and friction-speed charting.From the results, guidelines have been developed for designing PAMAs having optimal boundary lubricating properties.Through their ability to form boundary films PAMAs can significantly contribute to reduce wear in engine,gear and hydraulic lubrication.As a consequence of their viscometric and tribological performance PAMAs can furthermore improve fuel and energy efficiency in different,namely engine and hydraulic applications.Extensive work is currently conducted in the lubricant industry to develop engine oils with lower sulfur,phosphorus and metal content(low SAPS) and to optimize their frictional properties through the use of friction modifiers or synthetic base stocks.We have investigated the contribution of PAMA viscosity index improvers and boosters to improve fuel economy and to reduce wear levels.This paper reports our efforts to develop a new range of PAMAs that have been optimized in terms of composition,architecture,molecular weight and functionality and which can be used in low viscosity,low SAPS formulations to help meet the stringent requirements of modern engine oils.

Effects of fragments on W-DLC films properties under boundary lubrication condition in the friction system

Abstract Effects of film fragments in the friction system on friction and wear properties of tungsten doped diamond-like carbon films （W-DLC） were studied in the condition of boundary lubrication. It could be observed that the average friction coefficient was increased after introducing film fragments into the friction system, where these film fragments can accelerate the breaking of the extreme thin oil film which could separate two friction surfaces when the system is under boundary lubrication conditions. The increasing friction load can accelerate the friction ehenfieal reaction on the friction interface and lead to the crushing effect on film fragments, which decreased the friction coefficient of friction system. It was also found that the wear width, depth, and volume of the film increased by introducing film fragments and applying great load.

SYNTHESIS OF PERFLUORO-1-OCTANESULFONATED FULLERENE AND THE FRICTION PROPERTIES OF ITS THIN FILM

A star-shaped compound of perfluoro-1-octanesulfonated fullerene was synthesized. The measurement of the friction for its spin-coating film by friction force microscopy (FFM) reveals that the films possess lower friction force compared to that of the star-shaped C-60-polystyrene films.

FRICTION PROPERTIES OF OIL-INFILTRATED POROUS AAO FILM ON AN ALUMINUM SUBSTRATE

The porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film on a pure aluminum substrate was pre pared by a two-step anodization in a 0.3M oxalic acid solution and pore-enlargem ent treatment in the phosphoric acid aqueous solution at 50℃. The diameter of h ighly ordered pore on the AAO film was about 90nm, and the thickness of the AAO film was 3μm. The mineral oil was infiltrated in the ordered nanometer sized po res of AAO film on an aluminum substrate due to the capillarity effect. The fric tion coefficient was measured using a ball-on-disk tribotester. The tests were c onducted at loads range from 490 to 2450mN and at sliding velocities between 0.1 and 0.5m·s-1. Oil infiltration in porous AAO film modified friction and consid erably improved the wear resistance. As compared to the porous AAO film, the oil -infiltrated specimen had low friction coefficient. With increasing the applied load and sliding velocity, the friction coefficient of the oil-infiltrated film decreased. It indicates that the oil-infiltrated AAO film produced a new way to modify the friction and wear of aluminum alloy.

浸渍石墨材料在不同法向载荷下的磨损性能研究

研究不同摩擦体系下法向载荷对浸渍石墨的摩擦磨损特性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜分别表征摩擦表面磨痕形貌、磨痕轮廓,对浸渍石墨与对偶球(GCr15钢球和Si_(3)N_(4)陶瓷球)的摩擦磨损情况与机制进行评估分析。结果表明:磨损痕迹随着施加载荷的增加而加深加宽,磨损率与法向载荷呈负相关,而摩擦因数、磨损体积则与法向载荷呈正相关;小载荷作用下石墨的磨损机制为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损,大载荷下则主要表现为黏着磨损、氧化磨损以及疲劳磨损;GCr15/石墨摩擦副相比于Si_(3)N_(4)/石墨摩擦副磨损率较低,在摩擦过程中形成完整、连续性更好的“第三体”转移膜减轻了磨损,对石墨基体起到保护作用。

Measurement of Shear Stress Acting on Flat Plate Using Oil Film Interferometry

Measurements of frictional resistance play an important role in engineering practice. There are several types of air resistance acting on an aircraft, for example. One of them, frictional resistance, accounts for half of the air resistance. Oil film interferometry is one of methods for measuring the frictional resistance. Oil dropped on an object is thinly stretched by the frictional resistance. The bright and dark fringe pattern is generated when monochromatic light is applied to the oil film. The gradient of the oil thickness decreases with the lapse of time, and thus the spacing between neighboring the dark lines increases. The rate at which the spacing increases is proportional to the frictional resistance. In this study, the frictional resistance acting on a small area on a plate was measured and compared with the theoretical value. As a result, these results qualitatively agree well with each other.

主动磁悬浮轴承系统保护轴承热特性研究及减摩设计

针对主动磁悬浮轴承系统(AMBs)转子跌落过程中转子与保护轴承碰摩产生巨大冲击、振动和大量摩擦热,易使保护轴承失效的问题,对立式转子跌落到保护轴承过程中的热特性进行了研究,分析了转子跌落对保护轴承造成破坏的主要影响因素,进而提出了一种采用磁控溅射技术在保护轴承关键表面沉积固体润滑薄膜(类石墨碳基薄膜,GLC)的减摩方法,并对镀膜、未镀膜的保护轴承进行了转子跌落试验。研究结果表明:跌落转速为20000 r/min时,保护轴承的最高温度为210.60℃,出现在转子与轴承内圈端面高速碰摩阶段,该温度超过了轴承钢160℃的回火温度,导致轴承烧伤而失效。在跌落试验中,镀有GLC薄膜的自润滑保护轴承试验后的沟道和端面外观明显优于未镀膜保护轴承,由碰摩发热导致的内圈端面硬度下降也较轻,质心轨迹和轴向位移更加平稳,温升更低,GLC薄膜起到了关键的自润滑和减摩功能,提高了保护轴承的使用寿命和服役可靠性,为解决主动磁悬浮轴承系统中保护轴承易失效而发生重大事故的问题提供了一种思路和方法。

井底压力下牙轮钻头浮动套轴承性能分析

为了探究井底压力下215.9 mm牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的平衡转速比、摩擦学性能、油膜压力分布随内外间隙比的变化规律,修正了考虑浮动套轴承实际井下环境压力和牙轮钻头密封压差的Reynolds边界条件,利用MATLAB中的PDE Toolbox对浮动套轴承Reynolds方程进行数值求解,分析内外间隙比对浮动套轴承平衡转速比、油膜压力及摩擦因数的影响规律,结果表明:当环境压力为60 MPa、密封压差为20 MPa时,随内外间隙比增加,浮动套平衡转速比呈现先增大后减小的趋势;以轴承的摩擦因数和油膜压力作为综合评价指标,钻头浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,轴承的摩擦因数较小,油膜压力较高,其轴承综合性能较优;而当浮动套轴承内外间隙比为2.0时,随着环境压力的升高,浮动套轴承的摩擦扭矩和摩擦因数增加,从而加剧轴承的磨损。该研究为牙轮钻头浮动套轴承的结构参数优化及性能提升提供了基础理论支撑。

浸渍石墨在陶瓷摩擦副下的摩擦腐蚀行为研究

研究不同介质环境中浸渍石墨的摩擦腐蚀特性,采用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜分别表征了表面磨痕形貌、磨痕轮廓和磨损体积,通过分析在纯水与海水中的开路电位、极化曲线与电化学阻抗图及其相关参数,对浸渍石墨与2种陶瓷对偶球的摩擦磨损情况与机理进行评估分析.结果表明:浸渍石墨与陶瓷球Si_(3)N_(4)相对摩擦时自腐蚀电流密度更低,容抗弧度与相位角较大,极化电阻值更高,具有更好的耐腐蚀性能和耐磨性.随着载荷的增大,开路电位负移耐腐蚀性增强.纯水中石墨磨损表面存在明显的犁沟现象,以摩擦磨损为主.海水中腐蚀产物与磨屑混合在接触表面形成转移膜,表现较为光滑.摩擦过程中磨损体积、摩擦耗散能与载荷呈正相关性,而磨损率与载荷呈负相关性.海水中黏着现象较为明显,伴有磨粒磨损和轻微的氧化磨损.纯水中接触区以磨粒磨损为主,伴有轻微的黏着磨损和疲劳磨损.

核主泵用机械密封摩擦学性能研究进展

核主泵是核电厂的核心元件,核主泵机械密封在其中起到防止介质泄漏的作用。当前,我国核主泵密封装置相关技术和产品受到国外垄断限制,核主泵摩擦副在运行状态下泄漏严重破坏核电系统的稳定运行和长周期服役,其摩擦学性能直接影响核主泵的运行性能。对于动压式核主泵机械密封,若没有处于完全液膜润滑状态,密封装置会出现异常磨损和泄漏率增大导致核主泵故障。针对核主泵摩擦副的液膜特性,从数学模型计算和软件仿真两方面分析。对温度场、速度场和应力场等进行分析,总结了密封环及副密封材料、端面热变形对摩擦学性能的影响,概述了端面形状的动压润滑机理及波度面、槽型结构和加工方法等因素对摩擦磨损的影响,为核主泵密封性能的提高和可靠运行提供理论基础。

氮含量对Ti-B-C-N薄膜微观结构和性能的影响

采用反应磁控溅射法在高速钢基体上制备氮原子分数分别为10.8%,15.6%,28.1%,36.4%的Ti-B-C-N薄膜,研究了氮含量对薄膜微观结构、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:Ti-B-C-N薄膜均由α-Fe和Ti(C,N)纳米晶组成,具有Ti(C,N)纳米晶镶嵌在非晶基体相中的纳米复合结构;随着氮含量增加,非晶相含量增加,Ti(C,N)纳米晶的含量和晶粒尺寸减小;随着氮含量增加,Ti-B-C-N薄膜的显微硬度增大,摩擦因数和磨损率均减小,表面磨痕变浅,磨损机制由剥落和微观犁削转变为微观抛光。

纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜制备及在钢领上的应用研究

为了减小纺织机械及器材专件的摩擦磨损,对比分析普通MoS_(2)油和脂与纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜的润滑机理和特性,提出一种在钢领上采用真空化学气相沉积法合成纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜的制备工艺;通过X射线衍射谱图和原子力显微镜,分析纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜的组织结构及表面形貌,并对纳米MoS_(2)钢领进行镀铬镀氟渗杂复合膜处理。通过对比纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜钢领与普通钢领纺纱质量,指出:纳米MoS_(2)固体薄膜具有优异的润滑性能,可以代替普通润滑油,达到纺织设备及器材专件少用油、不用油及无油自润滑的目的;纳米MoS_(2)的制备方法是制约其应用和发展的瓶颈;镀铬镀氟渗杂复合膜纳米MoS_(2)钢领在潮湿环境中不易生锈,较普通钢领的成纱质量好,值车工劳动强度小,钢领使用寿命延长。

抗磨添加剂ZDDP在聚α-烯烃基础油中摩擦学性能的研究

为了研究二烷基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)在润滑剂中的抗磨机理以及润滑成膜能力,利用四球摩擦磨损试验机分析了ZDDP对聚α-烯烃(PAO10)基础油摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对摩擦副磨斑表面形貌以及化学元素进行表征;利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对ZDDP热反应膜进行三维形貌扫描并测量其粗糙度,分析了热膜厚度与表面粗糙度之间的关系;采用球-盘点接触光干涉油膜厚度试验台,研究了ZDDP对PAO10润滑成膜性能的影响.结果显示,ZDDP在摩擦副表面形成的摩擦反应膜具有较好的抗磨性;摩擦膜的存在改变了接触区的形貌和磨斑表面粗糙度,对润滑剂卷吸到接触区产生了影响,表现出高摩擦特性;根据稳态下ZDDP热反应膜厚度与其表面粗糙度的关系,分析了摩擦膜中的摩擦化学作用机制.充分供油条件下,ZDDP形成的吸附膜对油膜厚度的影响不大,限量供油条件下,吸附膜的存在增加了接触区的油膜厚度,有效缓解了乏油状况.

载荷对非晶碳基薄膜腐蚀磨损性能的影响

腐蚀环境条件下的动力件经受腐蚀和磨损的双重损伤,载荷的往复作用使得金属表面的钝化层失去作用而加速损伤,非晶碳基薄膜在腐蚀和摩擦领域展现出优异的防护性能。为了研究载荷对非晶碳基薄膜腐蚀磨损性能的影响,明确各个损失分量随载荷的变化关系,采用磁控溅射在304不锈钢表面制备了a-C薄膜、a-C:Cr薄膜和a-C:Si薄膜,通过动电位极化测试3种薄膜在5.0 mol/L HNO_(3)条件下的静态腐蚀行为,同时结合3种薄膜在去离子水和5.0 mol/L HNO_(3)环境下的不同载荷作用的磨损量,分析研究了载荷对腐蚀摩擦过程中各个分量的影响。结果表明:Si掺杂使a-C薄膜的腐蚀电流密度从1.11×10^(-6 )A/cm^(2)降低至3.96×10^(-7 )A/cm^(2),Cr掺杂后腐蚀电流密度略微降低;随着载荷的增加3种薄膜的腐蚀损伤分量降低,机械磨损分量相应增加,对应的腐蚀-磨损交互作用对薄膜的损伤作用减弱。

基于磁控溅射的氮化物薄膜摩擦与腐蚀性能研究

通过磁控溅射法在Ti45Nb合金表面溅射了TiN、ZrN和ZrTiN无毒陶瓷薄膜。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对样品的微观以及相结构进行了表征。样品的摩擦磨损性能通过往复式摩擦试验机进行评价,而其腐蚀性能通过Tafel极化和电化学阻抗谱测量来评价。结果表明:薄膜的结构都为面心立方结构,且都沿(200)方向择优生长。相比于TiN和ZrN薄膜,ZrTiN薄膜为合金化复合薄膜,改变了TiN、ZrN薄膜柱状晶生长模式,由柱状晶生长转变为小单晶聚合生长为多晶,形成更加致密的薄膜。此外,与Ti45Nb合金相比,不同氮化物薄膜改性的Ti45Nb合金的磨损率降低了两个数量级,其中ZrTiN薄膜具有最低的磨损率。在模拟体液中,ZrTiN薄膜改性的Ti45Nb合金的耐腐蚀性得到了一定的提高。

高速钢表面类金刚石薄膜的掺氮改性研究

高速钢表面类金刚石(diamond-like carbon,DLC)薄膜的沉积效率和膜-基结合力影响其在切削刀具领域的应用。基于空心阴极原理,利用等离子体增强化学气相沉积(plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition,PECVD)的方法,在体积比为1∶3的CH_(4)和C_(2)H_(2)的混合气体中加入N_(2)在高速钢表面制备类金刚石薄膜,研究了N_(2)体积分数对DLC薄膜结合力和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:掺氮可提高DLC薄膜的沉积效率,改善膜结构。随着N_(2)体积分数的增加,DLC薄膜中sp^(3)键含量和摩擦因数均先增大后减小。掺10%体积分数N_(2)的DLC薄膜厚度达1543 nm,膜-基结合力等级从HF4提高到HF2,摩擦因数降至0.139,耐磨性提高。

不同故障下水轮发电机组轴系的振动特性研究

水轮发电机组的振动往往由水-机-电耦合因素引起,分析单一故障及多因素耦合故障下的轴系振动对机组稳定运行和厂房结构安全至关重要。采用四阶龙格-库塔法分别求解了不平衡磁拉力、碰摩力、非线性油膜力单独作用或耦合作用下的发电机和水轮机振动特性。结果表明,仅考虑不平衡磁拉力或仅考虑碰摩力时,轴系的运动特性主要表现为周期运动状态和拟周期运动状态;在多因素耦合作用下,轴系的运动特性将会变得更为复杂,表现为以拟周期运动和混沌运动为主,间歇性出现周期运动。研究结果可为水电站的安全、稳定、优化运行提供更多的理论依据。

基体表面粗糙度对非晶碳薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了探究不同基体表面粗糙度对非晶碳薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响,改善2Cr13试样表面在601EF润滑脂润滑下的摩擦学性能,使用机加工、抛光等方式在2Cr13试样表面制备不同的表面粗糙度,然后采用磁控溅射法在不同粗糙度样件表面制备非晶碳薄膜,采用球-盘接触的摩擦磨损试验研究了在601EF润滑脂润滑条件下非晶碳薄膜及氮化硅球的摩擦磨损性能,通过光学显微镜对磨损处进行分析。结果表明:与基体表面对摩的Si_(3)N_(4)球均磨出了明显的平台,而基体表面并未出现明显的磨痕,Ra范围在0.20~0.75μm样品对偶球的磨损量要小,磨斑面积范围为0.152~0.165 mm^(2),磨损形式为黏着磨损,Ra范围在0.95~3.19μm样品对偶球的磨损量要大,磨斑面积范围为0.228~0.275 mm^(2),出现了犁沟状磨痕,磨损较为严重;在相同的工况条件下,随着基体表面粗糙度的增大,两摩擦副间的启动、平均摩擦系数以及Si_3N_4球的磨损量均呈先减小后增大再减小的趋势,当Ra为0.56μm时,非晶碳薄膜的摩擦学性能最好,摩擦系数曲线较为稳定,平均摩擦系数为0.162,其对偶球磨损量最小,为0.152 mm^(2)。基体表面粗糙度影响非晶碳薄膜的摩擦学性能,通过机加工、抛光等手段在基体表面制备合适的粗糙度可以得到具有良好减摩性能的表面。