An innovative joint interface design for reducing intermetallic compounds and improving joint strength of thick plate friction stir welded Al/Mg joints

Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al/Mg thick plates still faces severe challenges, such as poor formability, formation of thick intermetallic compounds, and low joint strength. In this work, two joint configurations, namely inclined butt(conventional butt) and serrated interlocking(innovative butt), are proposed for improving weld formation and joint quality. The results show that a continuous and straight intermetallic compound layer appears at the Mg side interface in conventional butt joint, and the maximum average thickness reaches about 60.1 μm.Additionally, the Mg side interface also partially melts, forming a eutectic structure composed of Mg solid solution and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phase.For the innovative butt joint, the Mg side interface presents the curved interlocking feature, and intermetallic compounds can be reduced to less than 10 μm. The joint strength of innovative butt joint is more than three times that of conventional butt joint. This is due to the interlocking effect and thin intermetallic compounds in the innovative joint.

Comprehensive study of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 5182-O/HC260YD+Z lap joint

The welding of aluminum(Al)and steel has attracted more and more interest due to the weight reduction trend in vehicle and aerospace manufacturing industries.5182-O/HC260YD+Z lap joint was produced by friction stir welding(FSW),and the microstructure and mechanical property of the joint were systemically characterized.The microstructure in horizontal direction of the Al and steel near interface was similar to their corresponding conventional friction stir welded joint.The joint was divided into stir zone of Al(ST-Al),stir zone of interface(ST-I),thermal-mechanically affected zone of steel(TMAZ-Fe)and base material of steel(BM-Fe)according to their distinct microstructure vertically.Three kinds of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)of FeAl_(3),FeAl and Fe_(3)Al were formed at the interface.The horizontal micro hardness distribution exhibited a hat shape and“M”shape in Al and steel,respectively.The hardest region of the joint was located at the ST-I,with a hardness of 175 HV−210 HV.The joint was fractured along the hook structure,with an average shear strength of 73.9 MPa.Fractural morphology of Al and steel indicted a cleavage fracture mode.

Effect of intermetallic compounds on the fracture behavior of dissimilar friction stir welding joints of Mg and Al alloys

Joining Mg to Al is challenging because of the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds(IMCs) at the Mg/Al interface. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of welded samples by preventing the fracture location at the Mg/Al interface. Friction stir welding was performed to join Mg to Al at different rotational and travel speeds. The microstructure of the welded samples showed the IMCs layers containing Al12Mg17(γ) and Al3Mg2(β) at the welding zone with a thickness(< 3.5 μm). Mechanical properties were mainly affected by the thickness of the IMCs, which was governed by welding parameters. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 600 r/min and 40 mm/min with a welding efficiency of 80%. The specimens could fracture along the boundary at the thermo-mechanically affected zone in the Mg side of the welded joint.

Influence of tool pin profile on the interface migration of friction stir lap joints＊

Friction stir lap joints of LY12 aluminum alloy plates with a thickness of 3 mm were fabricated using several tools with different pin profiles. The effects of tool pin profile on the interface migration of friction stir lap joints were investigated with the comparison of weld morphologies. The results show that the screw thread of the pin plays an important role in the migration of weld interface in the thickness direction. The interface between the sheets will move upwards to the top of the plate when the pin with left hand thread was used. Conversely, the interface will move downwards to the tip of the pin when the pin with right hand thread was used： As for a stir pin with smooth surface was used, the upward or downward migration of the weld interface was largely reduced, but the extension of weld interface to the weld center line from the retreating side becomes more serious. By analyzing the force on the pin according to the sucking-extruding theory for the weld formation, the obtained results have been well explained.

Corrosion behavior of the friction-stir-welded joints of 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy

The corrosion behavior of friction-stir-welded 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy was investigated by immersion testing in immersion exfoliation corrosion（EXCO） solution. Electrochemical measurements（open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy）, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed for analyzing the corrosion mechanism. The results show that, compared to the base material, the corrosion resistance of the friction-stir welds is greatly improved, and the weld nugget has the highest corrosion resistance. The pitting susceptibility originates from the edge of Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si phase particles as the cathode compared to the matrix due to their high self-corrosion potential. No corrosion activity is observed around the θ phase（Al2Cu） after 2 h of immersion in EXCO solution.

Effect of tool pin profile on microstructure and tensile properties of friction stir welded dissimilar AA 6061e AA 5086 aluminium alloy joints

Joints between two different grades of aluminium alloys are need of the hour in many light weight military structures.In this investigation,an attempt has been made to join the heat treatable(AA 6061) and non-heat treatable(AA 5086) aluminium alloys by friction stir welding(FSW)process using three different tool pin profiles like straight cylindrical,taper cylindrical and threaded cylindrical.The microstructures of various regions were observed and analyzed by means of optical and scanning electron microscope.The tensile properties and microhardness were evaluated for the welded joint.From this investigation it is founded that the use of threaded pin profile of tool contributes to better flow of materials between two alloys and the generation of defect free stir zone.It also resulted in higher hardness values of 83 HV in the stir zone and higher tensile strength of 169 MPa compared to other two profiles.The increase in hardness is attributed to the formation of fine grains and intermetallics in the stir zone,and in addition,the reduced size of weaker regions,such as TMAZ and HAZ regions,results in higher tensile properties.

Fatigue properties of friction stir welded butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy

The fatigue properties of friction stir welded （FSW） butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy were investigated. The comparative fatigue tests were carried out using EHF-EM2OOK2-070-IA fatigue testing machine for both FSW butt joint and base metal specimens. The fatigue fractures were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope of JSM-6063LA type. The experimental results show that the fatigue performance of the FSW butt joint of MB8 magnesium alloy is sharply decreased. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106） of base metal and welded butt joint is about 77.44 MPa and 49. 91 MPa, respectively. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106 ） of the welded butt joint is 64.45% of that of base metal. The main reasons are that the welding can lead to stress concentration in the flash area, tensile welding residual stress in the welded joint（ The residual stress value was 30. 5 MPa）, as well as the grain size is not uniform in the heat-affected zone. The cleavage steps or quasi-cleavage patterns present on the fatigue fracture surface, the fracture type of the FSW butt joint belongs to a brittle fracture.

Defects of friction stir welded 1060 aluminum alloy and their effects on joint tensile property

9. 6 mm thick 1060-H24 aluminum alloy plates were friction stir welded and the influencing factors on groove and tunnel defects were examined. Results show that the welding speed range for achieving a groove-free joint is enlarged with increasing the rotating speed. The tunnel size decreases with decreasing the welding speed under the same rotating speed. Excessive or insufficient shoulder plunge depth will cause defective joints. At a relatively low rotating speed and high welding speed, the tool having a larger shoulder diameter has a larger range of processing parameters to obtain a groove-free joint. Moreover, the tensile fracture behaviors of the defective and defect-free samples are different.

Applicability of unique scarf joint configuration in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6:Analysis of torque,force,microstructure and mechanical properties

The present research introduces a unique concept of scarf joint technique in friction stir welding(FSW) of aluminum alloy AA 6061-T6 plates and an investigation on weld quality.A new joint configuration with two distinct scarf angles(75°and 60°) was considered in this study.The various aspects of welding were compared with contemporary simple square butt(SSB) joint configuration.Welding was carried out at a constant tool rotation speed(TRS),tool traverse speed(TTS) and tool tilt angle of 1100 rpm,2 mm/s and2°,respectively.The results are analyzed in terms of force and torque distribution,microstructure,macrostructure,and mechanical property perspective for different joint configurations.The study reveals the minimum amount of force and torque at 60°scarf angle joint configuration compared to that of square butt joint configuration.Macro study shows that all the joints were defect-free,and a prominent onion ring was present in the lower portion of the weld nugget(WN).Fine equiaxed grains with a minimum average grain size diameter of 6.82 μm were obtained in the WN of scarf joint configuration(SJC).The maximum ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and maximum average NZ hardness of 267 MPa and83.82 HV0.1were obtained in SJC3 at a scarf angle of 60°.It has been observed from the investigation that the joint efficiency increases from 72.5%(SSB) to 86%(SJC3) at a 60° scarf angle.This unique characteristic may lay an impetus on probable joint strength enhancement technique without increasing the production cost.

Joining of AZ91 Mg alloy and Al6063 alloy sheets by friction stir welding

In the present work,the effect of process parameters on joining of AZ91 Mg alloy and Al6063 aluminum alloy sheets during friction stir welding(FSP)was studied.A successful joint was achieved at 1100 r.p.m.tool rotational speed and 25 mm/min tool travel speed.Combination of tool rotational speed and tool travel speed has observed a profound effect on the material flow mechanisms at the nugget zone.From the microstructural studies,the joint formation was observed as mainly due to mechanical mixing of the materials.The level of metallurgical continuity at the nugget zone was observed as poor and a sharp interface at the joint was noticed.The microhardness measurements across the weld joint also revealed the lack of establishment of a perfect metallurgical bonding.X-ray diffraction analysis of weld zone showed presence of both magnesium and aluminum.Hence from the preliminary observations,it can be understood that the joining of AZ91 Mg alloy and Al6063 alloy can be achieved by FSP;however,complex issues in material mixing still need further investigations.

Forces and Stresses During Friction Stir Joining of 2024 Aluminum Alloy

An attempt is made to measure three direction forces using octagonal ring dynamometer in the 2024 aluminum alloy friction stir joining(FSJ)process.A test is made to measure the specific area stress and stress distributions in the specific area of the workpiece are obtained.The workpiece stresses in the FSJ process are analyzed by numerical simulation method.It is found that,in the downward stage of the process,feed force and lateral force in the tool are small,almost zero,and the maximum axial force can reach 12.5kN.In the stable joining stage,the forces acting on the tool become stabilized.Compared with the low speed,high feed speed results in small feed force and small lateral force,but large feed force in the stable joining stage.The stresses in three directions of feed direction,direction that perpendicular to butt face and direction perpendicular to the surface are obtained.The simulation stress value of measure point is obtained.Test and numerical simulation can authenticate each other.Both experimental stress values and numerical simulation stress values are credible.

HIGH TEMPERATURE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF FSJ JOINTED REGION FOR 7022ALUMINUM ALLOY

The Hopkinson pressure bar tests for base metal and friction stir jointing ( FSJ ) jointed region of 7022aluminum alloy are carried out at different temperatures and strain rates.The temperature is 30 - 400°C and the strain rate is 1 200 - 5 000s -1 .High strain rate for base metal and FSJ jointed region of 7022aluminum alloy are studied.The corresponding stress-strain curves are obtained.The results show that the flow stresses of base metal and FSJ jointed region of 7022aluminum alloy decline with the increase of temperature and increase with the increase of strain rate.Furthermore , the constitutive equation for base metal and FSJ jointed region of 7022aluminum alloy at high temperature and high strain rate is obtained based on Johnson-Cook model.

Optimization of Welding Parameters for Friction Stir Lap Welding of AA6061-T6 Alloy

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is currently used in many aircraft and aerospace sheet metal structures involving lap joints and there has been growing interest in recent years in utilizing this process for joining aluminum alloys. In this paper, Friction Stir Lap Welding (FSLW) of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was carried out to obtain the optimum welding condition for maximum shear strength where the rotational speed, axial load, and welding speed were taken as process parameters. An L-9 orthogonal array, a Taguchi Method with consideration of three levels and three factors was designed and executed for conducting trials. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Signal to Noise (S/N) ratio were employed to investigate the influence of different welding parameters on the shear strength and obtain the optimum parameters. The Fisher-Test was also implemented to find the design parameter which had the most important effect on the characteristic of quality. The results indicated that the tool rotational speed had the maximum percentage contribution (51%) on the response (shear strength) followed by the welding speed (38%) and the axial load (8%) while the percentage of error was 3%. However, to confirm the main effects for the means and S/N ratios of the experiment, theoretical shear strength values were computed to predict the tensile strength. The maximum shear strength of 60 MPa was achieved and the effectiveness of the method was confirmed. The optimum parameter combinations that provided higher shear strength were: rotational speed of 1200 rpm, welding speed of 45 mm/min and the axial load of 11.5 kN.

SS304和Q235异种钢搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀有限元模拟

针对异种金属焊接接头易于发生电偶腐蚀,基于腐蚀电化学原理,将动电位极化曲线参数和金相组织面积比例等作为边界条件,采用有限元分析软件COMSOL对Q235低碳钢和304不锈钢(SS304)异种钢FSW接头不同区域腐蚀行为进行了预测,研究了焊接接头不同区域宏观和微观电偶腐蚀电位分布和电流密度的变化规律。结果表明,在宏观电偶腐蚀中,腐蚀深度的最大值位于SS304后退侧(RS_(304))与搅拌区(SZ)的交界处,约为Q235低碳钢母材(BM_(Q235))的5倍,各区电流密度随腐蚀时间的增长而增大,在微观电偶腐蚀中,腐蚀深度的最大值位于SS304侧搅拌区(SZ_(304))与Q235侧搅拌区(SZ_(Q235))的交界处,约为BM_(Q235)的1.2倍,并且珠光体组织面积比例越大,耐蚀性越差。采用该有限元模型可以预测异种钢搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的腐蚀行为。

6082–T6/7075–T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头应力腐蚀行为

为提高航空、航天运载工具异种高强度铝合金零部件搅拌摩擦焊接接头在腐蚀环境下的服役可靠性,采用金相分析、电子显微分析和四点弯曲应力腐蚀法,对经过T6处理的6 mm厚6082–T6/7075–T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头应力腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,搅拌头转速1200 r/min、焊接速度80 mm/min条件下,6082–T6/7075–T6母材获得了具有“洋葱环”结构的致密、成形良好的搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织。6082–T6和7075–T6母材搅拌摩擦焊接接头四点弯曲应力腐蚀主要发生在后退侧的7075–T6铝合金一侧,而前进侧6082–T6铝合金一侧表现出较好的耐蚀性。这主要是由于异种铝合金母材电极电位差异导致焊接接头发生应力作用下的电偶腐蚀所致。此外,α–Al基体与第二相形成微区电偶对,以及焊接接头热机械影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)和母材区(BM)存在的大角度晶界也是造成应力腐蚀的重要原因。

超声振动对2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能的影响

采用新型超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊对第三代2195-T6铝锂合金进行焊接,研究超声振动对接头显微组织与力学性能的影响。研究表明,超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊能够增强塑性材料流动,进而抑制焊接缺陷,提高无缺陷接头的临界焊接速度。在保证接头抗拉强度达到母材75%的条件下,超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的焊接速度和效率均高于常规搅拌摩擦焊。施加超声振动能够大幅提升较高焊接速度条件下的接头力学性能。超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊接头的极限抗拉强度为449.5 MPa,达到母材的83.1%。超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊接能够在保证接头质量的前提下提升临界焊接速度和焊接效率。

7022铝合金FSJ拼连板材铣削变形分析

利用有限元方法对搅拌摩擦连接(Friction stir jointing,FSJ)连接铝合金板材铣削加工过程进行模拟,分别获得连接板材铣削后的残余应力分布和变形规律,并通过实验验证模拟结果的正确性。通过模拟得出铣削残余应力主要集中在连接区,横向残余应力大于纵向残余应力。纵向残余拉应力主要集中在连接区中心部位及两端,其他部位均为残余压应力;横向残余拉应力主要集中在连接区中间位置。连接板材铣削后在中心位置出现下凹,板材两端向下弯曲形成"M"形状。

430/304不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的组织和力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术,以1200 r/min的搅拌转速对1 mm厚的430和304不锈钢板进行焊接,研究焊接速度对搭接接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着焊接速度增加,接头界面两侧Hook钩尺寸减小,过渡层厚度减小,界面由锯齿状逐步转变为平直状。所有试样均断裂于焊缝附近的430不锈钢母材上,焊接速度为50 mm/min焊接接头的剪切强度最大,搭接接头界面区的冶金反应起主导作用,机械连接起促进作用。

ZK60镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展分析

利用龙门式FSW设备完成ZK60板材的对焊,通过实验测试研究接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能。研究结果表明:试样表面形成了许多微小的裂纹结构。处于初期疲劳断裂阶段时,在疲劳断口区域形成了裂纹扩展小刻面。裂纹到达稳定扩展阶段后形成扇形扩断口形貌特征,并且在稳定扩展区中形成了河流状花样,生成了众多解理面与解理台阶。疲劳焊接接头出现晶粒位向变化而发生协调变形的情况。当焊核区发生疲劳断裂后,将引起再结晶晶粒数量的显著减小。该研究有助于分析焊接头的力学性能,为设计优异的焊接头期待理论支撑意义。

Achieving High‑Quality Aluminum to Copper Dissimilar Metals Joint via Friction Stir Double‑Riveting Welding

In order to achieve a high-quality joining of aluminum(Al)and copper(Cu)dissimilar metals,a new friction stir doubleriveting welding(FSDRW)with a Cu rod as the rivet was proposed,and the rotating tool with a large concave angle shoulder was specially designed.The results showed that under the thermal–mechanical effect of rotating tool,the Cu rod was deformed to be a double riveting heads structure with a Cu anchor at the upper surface of Al plate and an Al anchor above the lap interface of joint,and these two anchors greatly enhanced the mechanical interlocking of Al/Cu joint.The effective bonding interfaces were formed among the double riveting heads structure,the upper Al plate and the lower Cu plate,which contained the Cu/Cu interface and the Al/Cu interface.The Cu/Cu interface without the kissing bond and the Al/Cu interface with the rationally thin AlCu and Al_(2)Cu intermetallic compounds(IMCs)layers were beneficial to heightening the joint tensile shear strength.The maximum tensile shear load of the FSDRW joint achieved 5.52 kN,and the joint under different plunging depths of rotating tool presented a mixed mode of ductile fracture and brittle fracture.This novel FSDRW technique owns the advantages of strong mechanical interlocking and superb metallurgical bonding,and provides a new approach to acquiring a high-quality Al/Cu dissimilar metals joint.