Preparation and performance evaluation of the slickwater using novel polymeric drag reducing agent with high temperature and shear resistance ability

Slickwater fracturing fluids are widely used in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources due to the advantages of low cost,low formation damage and high drag reduction performance.However,their performance is severely affected at high temperatures.Drag reducing agent is the key to determine the drag reducing performance of slickwater.In this work,in order to further improve the temperature resistance of slickwater,a temperature-resistant polymeric drag reducing agent(PDRA)was synthesized and used as the basis for preparing the temperature-resistant slickwater.The slickwater system was prepared with the compositions of 0.2 wt%PDRA,0.05 wt%drainage aid nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate(NPEP)and 0.5 wt%anti-expansion agent polyepichlorohydrindimethylamine(PDM).The drag reduction ability,rheology properties,temperature and shear resistance ability,and core damage property of slickwater were systematically studied and evaluated.In contrast to on-site drag reducing agent(DRA)and HPAM,the temperature-resistant slickwater demonstrates enhanced drag reduction efficacy at 90℃,exhibiting superior temperature and shear resistance ability.Notably,the drag reduction retention rate for the slickwater achieved an impressive 90.52%after a 30-min shearing period.Additionally,the core damage is only 5.53%.We expect that this study can broaden the application of slickwater in high-temperature reservoirs and provide a theoretical basis for field applications.

Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Agent and Steel Fiber on the Fluidity and Cracking Performance of Ultra-High Performance Concrete

Due to the low water-cement ratio of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),fluidity and shrinkage cracking are key aspects determining the performance and durability of this type of concrete.In this study,the effects of different types of cementitious materials,chemical shrinkage-reducing agents(SRA)and steel fiber(SF)were assessed.Compared with M2-UHPC and M3-UHPC,M1-UHPC was found to have better fluidity and shrinkage cracking performance.Moreover,different SRA incorporation methods,dosage and different SF types and aspect ratios were implemented.The incorporation of SRA and SF led to a decrease in the fluidity of UHPC.SRA internal content of 1%(NSRA-1%),SRA external content of 1%(WSRA-1%),STS-0.22 and STE-0.7 decreased the fluidity of UHPC by 3.3%,8.3%,9.2%and 25%,respectively.However,SRA and SF improved the UHPC shrinkage cracking performance.NSRA-1%and STE-0.7 reduced the shrinkage value of UHPC by 40%and 60%,respectively,and increased the crack resistance by 338%and 175%,respectively.In addition,the addition of SF was observed to make the microstructure of UHPC more compact,and the compressive strength and flexural strength of 28 d were increased by 26.9%and 19.9%,respectively.

Capping effect of reducing agents and surfactants in synthesizing silver nanoplates

The effect of reducing agents and surfactants on controlling the silver nanoplates was studied. Two reducing agents, trisodium citrate dehydrate (TSC) and potassium tartrate, were used to reduce the AgNO3 solution. In this redox system, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and arabic gum were served as surfactants. The results showed that reducing agents and surfactants both act as the capping agent adhering to the certain facets of silver seeds to block this surface to grow. The relative intensity of reducing agents also takes an active part in influencing the growth rate and direction of silver seeds. It was also found that halides can accelerate the speed of Ostwald ripening by adding Cl?, Br? and I?into the aqueous and have some effects on the morphology of the nanoplates.

Effect of reducing agents on reducing atmosphere in coal-based direct reduction of beach titanomagnetite

Beach titanomagnetite(TTM)provides a cheap alternative source of Fe and Ti,but this ore is difficult to process to make suitable concentrates for the blast furnace.Recently studies showed that it is feasible to separate Fe and Ti by coal-based direct reduction.In this study,beach TTM was selected as the research object,the effects of reducing agents on reducing atmosphere in coal-based direct reduction of beach TTM were analyzed,and the role of volatiles was also studied.The results showed that when bitumite and coke were used as reducing agents of TTM,the CO produced from volatiles was involved in the reduction reaction,and the generated CO_(2) provided the raw material for the reaction of TTM.The reduction effect of bitumite was better than that of coke.The reason is that bitumite+TTM had a higher gas generation rate and produced a higher CO partial pressure,while coke+TTM had a lower gas generation rate and produced a lower CO partial pressure.When graphite was used as a reducing agent,there was a solid-solid reaction in the early stage in the reaction.With the continuous accumulation of CO_(2),the Boudouad reaction started and accelerated.Graphite+TTM also produced a higher CO partial pressure.

Use of reducing agents for the aerobic growth of Campylobacter jejuni

Objective:To produce a technique for the growth of Campylobacter jejuni in aerobic condition Methods:Different combinations of reducing agents were tested in brucella broth and the growth turbidity was compared with tubes containing normal broth only.Microaerophilic environment was also provided in a petri plate seeded with Campylobacter culture by pouring 3 different concentrations（10%,5%and 2.5%） of five reducing agents along with bacto-agar in the lid which was used to cover and seal the culture plate.Six reducing agents were also added in broth in concentration of 0.25 mg/mL of each with different combinations.Results:In lid agar technique,Campylobacter jejuni growth appeared in all three concentrations of reducing agents, that is 10%,5%and 2.5%after 24 hours of incubation but the best results were observed in 10% concentration.The colonial and morphological characters were not affected when the organisms were grown by this technique.Conclusions:It was found that reducing agents enhance the growth of C.jejuni/coli.In combination of FeSO4,Na2CO3 with H3BO3 worked as ideal mixture for the aerobic growth of Campylobacter.This technique is more economical as compared to commercially available media in the market and can be used for the oral facultative and microaerophilic bacterial growth in laboratory.

Utilization of waste polyethylene terephthalate as a reducing agent in the reduction of iron ore composite pellets

The increasing consumption of plastics inevitably results in increasing amounts of waste plastics. Because of their long degradation periods, these wastes negatively affect the natural environment. Numerous studies have been conducted to recycle and eliminate waste plastics. The potential for recycling waste plastics in the iron and steel industry has been underestimated; the high C and H contents of plastics may make them suitable as alternative reductants in the reduction process of iron ore. This study aims to substitute plastic wastes for coal in reduction melting process and to investigate their performance during reduction at high temperature. We used a common type of waste plastic, polyethylene terephthalate （PET）, because of its high carbon and hydrogen contents. Composite pellets containing PET wastes, coke, and magnetite iron ore were reduced at selected temperatures of 1400 and 1450℃ for reduction time from 2 to 10 min to investigate the reduction melting behavior of these pellets. The results showed that an increased temperature and reduction time increased the reduction ratio of the pellets. The optimum experimental conditions for obtaining metallic iron （iron nuggets） were reduction at 1450℃ for 10 min using composite pellets containing 60% PET and 40% coke.

Chitosan-supported Borohydride Reducing Agent

A new chitosan-supported borohydride reducing reagent (CBER) was prepared by treatment of KBH4 with the resin of chitosan derivative, which was first synthesized from: the reaction of cross-linked chitosan microsphere with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride. CBER could reduce aromatic carbonyl compound to corresponding alcohol.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Albumin as a Reducing Agent

The preparation of stable, uniformed silver nanoparticles by the reduction of silver ions using albumin is reported in the present paper. It is a simple process for obtaining silver nanoparticles. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which reveal the nature of the nanoparticles. These studies conclude that the particles are mostly spherical in shape and have an average size of 26 nm. The UV-vis spectra show that an absorption band, occurred because of the Surface Plasmon Resonance, existing at 443 nm;the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) shows that only 2% of the weight is organic matter. The average particle size was measured with a Nanosizer DLS.

Review on the applications and developments of drag reducing polymer in turbulent pipe flow

Drag reduction phenomenon in pipelines has received lots of attention during the past decades due to its potential engineering applications, especially in fluid transporting industries. Various methods to enhance drag reduction have been developed throughout the years and divided into two categories;non-additives method and additives method. Both categories have different types of methods, with different formulations and applications which will generally be discussed in this review. Among all the methods discussed, drag reduction using polymer additive is as one of the most enticing and desirable methods. It has been the subject of research in this field and has been studied extensively for quite some time. It is due to its ability to reduce drag up to 80% when added in minute concentrations. Reducing drag in the pipe will require less pumping power thus offering economic relieves to the industries. So, this paper will be focusing more on the use of polymer additives as drag reducing agent, the general formulations of the additives, major issues involving the use of drag reducing polymers, and the potential applications of it. However, despite the extensive works of drag reduction polymer, there are still no models that accurately explain the mechanism of drag reduction. More studies needed to be done to have a better understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, future research areas and potential approaches are proposed for future work.

Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Constraint-Reduced DCOP

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning（ MARL） is an important topic in the field of artificial intelligence,in which distributed constraint optimization（ DCOP） algorithms have been widely used to coordinate the actions of multiple agents. However,dense communication among agents affects the practicability of DCOP algorithms. In this paper,we propose a novel DCOP algorithm dealing with the previous DCOP algorithms＇ communication problem by reducing constraints.The contributions of this paper are primarily threefold：（1） It is proved that removing constraints can effectively reduce the communication burden of DCOP algorithms.（2） An criterion is provided to identify insignificant constraints whose elimination doesn＇t have a great impact on the performance of the whole system.（3） A constraint-reduced DCOP algorithm is proposed by adopting a variant of spectral clustering algorithm to detect and eliminate the insignificant constraints. Our algorithm reduces the communication burdern of the benchmark DCOP algorithm while keeping its overall performance unaffected. The performance of constraint-reduced DCOP algorithm is evaluated on four configurations of cooperative sensor networks. The effectiveness of communication reduction is also verified by comparisons between the constraint-reduced DCOP and the benchmark DCOP.

智能电网下节能发电调度多Agent系统的研究

改革现有的发电调度执行模式和体系,建立协调安全、节能、环保及经济等众多因素的智能调度系统,满足智能电网的要求,是建设和实现坚强智能电网的核心内容之一。基于此,在分析智能电网和节能发电调度原则的基础上,利用多Agent的分散协调控制等优势,建立实现节能发电智能调度分布式系统。该系统能依据不同的运行方式协调系统运行经济性、安全性和环保性,给出不同状态下的目标函数及约束条件的限制,实现能自适应于不同运行状态及条件下的智能调度系统。最后,通过示例验证了该调度系统的适应性、智能性和快速性,为智能电网环境下节能发电调度系统的实现开辟一条新的、有效的实施途径。

节能发电调度计划多Agent制定系统

节能发电调度要求制定安全、节能、环保及经济的调度方式,为此利用多Agent系统理论构建了节能发电调度计划多Agent制定系统,确定了系统结构、硬件配置方式及通信机制,该系统中各Agent之间交互协作,共同制定优质调度指令。该系统已应用于广西电力调度通信中心,次日调度计划制定实例验证了该系统的可行性,其制定计划在煤耗及耗时方面均比传统方式具有较大优势,可为实施节能发电调度提供参考。

基于多Agent的减肥锻炼指导系统的设计

针对肥胖症患者的减肥运动缺乏指导的问题,提出了一种多Agent环境下减肥锻炼指导系统设计方案.在该设计中,每个Agent均配备基于案例的推理能力和基于贝叶斯网络的分类能力.Agent之间通过减肥锻炼咨询语言进行协商,寻找最为相似的案例.实例验证表明,该系统具有可行性,为医疗保健领域的肥胖运动处方设计提供一种参考模型和解决算法.

FKAOS需求分析方法中Agent优化问题的研究

Agent优化问题是FKAOS需求分析方法中的一个重要问题。从Agent的责任入手,首先定义几种关联,然后通过Agent责任得到责任概念集,利用这几种关联和所得的概念集来建立领域的责任本体和抽象层次结构图。最后通过对层次结构图的分析,提出了优化Agent的方法和一系列规则,引入了责任本体等概念。

THE TRANSITION METAL COMPOUNDS CATALYZED BOROHYDRIDE EXCHANGE RESIN TO REDUCE THE AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS

Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to correspouding amiues in ethanol by borohydride exchauge resin(BER)in the presence of transition metal Pd,Co,Ni,Cu)compounds as catalysts.

Research on Emulsion Stability and Solubility of Polymer Drag Reducer

In oilfield fracturing construction, to solve the technical problems such as poor dissolution effect and long dissolution time of polymer drag reducer powder, the rheological regulator, phase transfer agent, organic solvent, and drag reducer powder were compounded to prepare a drag reducer emulsion that was soluble in water. The stability of the drag reducer emulsion was observed at room temperature for 90 days. The effects of the rheological regulator, phase transfer agent, and organic solvent on the stability and solubility of the drag reducer emulsion were studied. The dissolution time, dissolution effect, viscosity of the aqueous solution, and drag reduction performance of the drag reducer emulsion were evaluated. The results show the stability rate of the drag reducer emulsion prepared by MOST-1 rheological regulator, BHJ-8 and BHJ-6 compound phase inversion agent, ethylene glycol ether and 120 - 140 mesh powder can reach 97% at room temperature for 90 days. Compared with the drag reducer powder, when the aqueous solution concentration is 0.1%, the dissolution time is only 28 s, the viscosity can be increased by 30%, and the drag reduction rate can be increased by up to 8%.

铜渣贫化回收铜的研究现状及展望

铜是现代工业不可或缺的原材料,然而我国铜资源对外依存度高,是典型的“卡脖子”资源。铜主要通过火法冶炼铜精矿制得,冶炼过程渣量大、渣含铜量高达0.5%~5%,远高于我国铜矿的可采品位(0.2%)。因此,研究铜渣贫化回收铜的工艺对提升我国资源保障能力具有重要意义。基于铜/铜锍在渣中的赋存状态、铜损的主要形式,重点综述了现阶段铜渣贫化回收铜的工艺技术,包括火法贫化法、浮选法、湿法处理等,并对未来的研究重点进行了展望。目前,电炉贫化处理量大,技术成熟,但其通常使用煤炭等作为还原剂,由于其密度小于铜渣,反应时大多漂浮渣层表面并燃烧,反应不充分,也不利于大气环保。另外,工业上常使用金属铁棒还原炉底结瘤的磁铁矿,但其密度大于铜/铜锍,在渣液中沉降速度快,对渣层的还原不彻底。因此,开发环保、高效的还原剂逐渐成为火法电炉贫化研究的重点。浮选法是处理天然铜矿的常用手段,但铜渣存在硬度高、伴生关系复杂、粒度分布不均、微细粒多等浮选难点,同时铜渣高温浮选导致捕收剂失活的问题也亟待解决。在处理低品位铜渣时,湿法浸出是常用手段,但化学试剂和废液环保问题难以解决;生物浸出具有性质稳定、对环境无污染,且浸出后金属含量较低等优点,但其浸出周期长、效率低。根据目前贫化工艺的难点,对未来贫化工艺开发与优化进行了展望,如增加外场聚集四氧化三铁以改善铜/铜锍沉降环境、开发环保高效的火法贫化还原剂、探究还原剂对不同铜渣渣型的作用机制以及开发耐高温的铜渣浮选新药剂等。

Influence of Single Use and Combination of Reductants on the Size, Morphology and Growth Steps of Gold Nanoparticles in Colloidal Mixture

A comprehensive investigation on the formation mechanism of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in colloidal mixture obtained from the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution using a single reducing agent (sodium citrate;process-I), (tannic acid;process-II), and a combination of two reducing agents (sodium citrate plus tannic acid;process-III) is reported. The growth steps at different time intervals during synthesis of colloidal AuNPs were monitored in situ and ex situ using various methods for all the three processes. The measurement of changes in the surface plasmon band position of colloidal AuNPs, along with dynamic light scattering results gave important information for the first assessing of particle size, shape and distribution. Besides, the size and morphological changes at different stages during different processes were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The final Au particles of processes-I & II exhibited different shapes (spherical and nanowires) with particle size and nano wire diameter of 12 nm and 17 nm, respectively. Nevertheless, combination of two reductants (process-III) surprisingly leads to drastically reduced size (ca. 3 nm) with spherical morphology compared to their parent solutions with either of single reducing agent. This result clearly indicates that the combination of reductants has a significant influence on the particle size, morphology and formation mechanism.

纤维素基共聚型聚羧酸减水剂的合成及其性能

以天然纤维为原料,采用接枝醚化-烯丙基氯双键改性-水溶液自由聚合路线制备纤维素基共聚型聚羧酸减水剂(HEPCEs),通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱对产品HEPCEs进行分子结构分析,通过净浆流动度、经时变化流动度测试对HEPCEs减水性能进行评价,并同时进行了分子粒径、zeta电位以及吸附层厚度的测试,探究HEPCEs对水泥净浆的作用机理。结果表明,纤维素基共聚型聚羧酸减水剂中改性纤维素聚醚(DBHECs)适宜替代量为5%~10%,过多替代会出现支链缠绕并阻碍羧酸基团锚固,适量替代的纤维素结构引入可以在保持较好吸附性能的同时进一步提升减水剂的性能,超过商用高效减水剂标准,并表现出一定的缓释作用。

利用制浆黑液研制混凝土减水剂及其在建筑工程上的应用研究

在制浆造纸过程中产生的大量制浆黑液对环境有很大危害,处理制浆黑液时要把环境和水源的保护考虑在内。目前制浆黑液混凝土减水剂的研发及应用于建筑工程,是安全绿色处理制浆黑液的有效途径,不仅使废料重新利用,还节约了减水剂制造成本,达到双赢效果。制浆黑液研制的减水剂对混凝土制品抗压性能和抗渗性能的提升及其在建筑工程上的应用是建筑行业及制浆造纸行业的巨大突破。废料的二次利用不仅节约了制造成本,还降低了混凝土的生产成本,更好地保护了环境,从而实现了可持续发展,为以后的制浆黑液废液处理提供了新的思考方向和借鉴价值。