Ploidy and fruit trait variation in oil-tea Camellia:Implications for ploidy breeding

Plant polyploidy often occurs in conjunction with higher yield and superior quality.Therefore,obtaining polyploid germplasms is a significant part of breeding.The oil-tea Camellia tree is an important native woody plant that produces high-quality edible oil and includes many species of Camellia with different ploidies.However,whether higher ploidy levels in oil-tea Camellia trees are related to better traits remains unclear.In this study,the ploidy levels of 30 different oil-tea Camellia strains in three different species in the Sect.Paracamellia were determined by flow cytometry and chromosome preparation,and the phenotypic characteristics and fatty acid compositions of the fruits were examined by field observations and laboratory analyses.The correlations between the ploidy level of oil-tea Camellia and the main traits of the fruit were investigated.Our results showed that 10 Camellia lanceoleosa strains were diploid,10 Camellia meiocarpa strains were tetraploid and 10 Camellia oleifera strains were hexaploid.Hexaploid C.oleifera had larger fruit size and weight,more seeds per fruit,greater seed weight per fruit,higher oil content and greater yield per crown width than tetraploid C.meiocarpa and diploid C.lanceoleosa,but their fruit peel thickness and fresh seed rate were significantly lower,and these traits were significantly correlated with ploidy level.In addition,in terms of fatty acid composition,hexaploid C.oleifera had a higher oleic acid content than tetraploid C.meiocarpa and diploid C.lanceoleosa,but their linoleic acid,linolenic acid and arachidonic acid contents were lower.The contents of palmitic acid,stearic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly correlated with ploidy level.In conclusion,certain correlations exist between the main characteristics of oil-tea Camellia fruit and the ploidy level,and increasing the ploidy level led to an increase in fruit yield with no effect on oil composition.The discovery of variations in the main characteristics of oil-tea Camellia fruit with different ploidies will facilitate germplasm innovation and lay a foundation for ploidy breeding and mechanistic research on fruit traits.

Genetic diversity and association analyses of fruit traits with microsatellite ISSRs in Sapindus

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.

Comparison of Fruit Traits and Yield among Different Olive Cultivars

With the local major cultivar Leccino as the control,the fruit quality,yield and early maturing property of introduced olive cultivars( Koroneiki,Arbequina,Hojiblanca) from Spain were studied. The results showed that there were differences in fruit traits such as single fruit weight,ratio of flesh content,moisture content and oil content between different cultivars. The yield of early maturing property of the introduce cultivars were better than those of Leccino. The introduced varieties can fruit after 1-2 a,showing early maturity and high yield. This can provide a theoretical reference for the cultivation of olive in Longnan.

Gaussian process regression for prediction and confidence analysis of fruit traits by near-infrared spectroscopy

Detection of fruit traits by using near-infrared(NIR)spectroscopy may encounter out-of-distribution samples that exceed the generalization ability of a constructed calibration model.Therefore,confidence analysis for a given prediction is required,but this cannot be done using common calibration models of NIR spectroscopy.To address this issue,this paper studied the Gaussian process regression(GPR)for fruit traits detection using NIR spectroscopy.The mean and variance of the GPR were used as the predicted value and confidence,respectively.To show this,a real NIR data set related to dry matter content measurements in mango was used.Compared to partial least squares regression(PLSR),GPR showed approximately 14%lower root mean squared error(RMSE)for the in-distribution test set.Compared with no confidence analysis,using the variance of GPR to remove abnormal samples made GPR and PLSR showed approximately 58%and 10%lower RMSE on the mixed distribution test set,respectively(when the type 1 error rate was set to 0.1).Compared with traditional one-class classification methods,the variance of the GPR can be used to effectively eliminate poorly predicted samples.

An assessment of the genetic diversity of pear(Pyrus L.)germplasm resources based on the fruit phenotypic traits

Germplasm resources are an important basis for genetic breeding and analysis of complex traits,and research on genetic diversity is conducive to the exploration and creation of new types of germplasm.In this study,the distribution frequency,coefficient of variation,Shannon-Wiener index,and variance and cluster analyses were used to analyze the diversity and trait differences of 39 fruit phenotypic traits from 570 pear accessions,which included 456 pear accessions from 11 species and 114 interspecific hybrid cultivars that had been stored in the National Germplasm Repository of Apple and Pear(Xingcheng,China).The comprehensive evaluation indices were screened by correlation,principal component and regression analyses.A total of 132 variant types were detected in 28 categorical traits of pear germplasm fruit,which indicate a rich diversity.The diversity indices in decreasing order were:fruit shape(1.949),attitude of calyx(1.908),flesh texture type(1.700),persistency of calyx(1.681),russet location(1.658),relief of area around eye basin(1.644),flavor(1.610)and ground color(1.592).The coefficient of variation of titratable acidity in the 11 numerical traits of pear germplasm fruit was as high as 128.43%,which could more effectively reflect the differences between pear accessions.The phenotypic differentiation coefficient V_(st)(66.4%)among the five cultivated pear species,including Pyrus bretschneideri(White Pear),P.pyrifolia(Sand Pear),P.ussuriensis(Ussurian Pear),P.sinkiangensis(Xinjiang Pear),and P.communis(European Pear),was higher than the within population phenotypic differentiation coefficient V_(st)(33.6%).The variation among populations was the main source of variation in pear fruit traits.A hierarchical cluster analysis divided the 389 accessions of six cultivated pear species,including P.pashia(Himalayan Pear),into six categories.There were certain characteristics within the populations,and the differences between populations were not completely clustered by region.For example,Sand Pear cultivars from Japan and the Korean Peninsula clustered together with those from China.Most of the White Pear cultivars clustered with the Sand Pear,and a few clustered with the Ussurian Pear cultivars.The Ussurian Pear and European Pear cultivars clustered separately.The Xinjiang Pear and Himalayan Pear did not cluster together,and neither did the cultivars.Seventeen traits,three describing fruit weight and edible rate(fruit diameter,fruit length and fruit core size),five describing outer quality and morphological characteristics(over color,amount of russeting,dot obviousness,fruit shape,and stalk length),and nine describing inner quality(flesh color,juiciness of flesh,aroma,flavor,flesh texture,flesh texture type,soluble solid contents,titratable acidity,and eating quality)were selected from the 39 traits by principal component and stepwise regression analyses.These 17 traits could reflect 99.3%of the total variation and can be used as a comprehensive evaluation index for pear germplasm resources.

Effects of Stored Pollens from Wild <i>Actinidia eriantha</i>Vines on Some Fruit Quality Traits

Our study was conducted to determine In vitro germination ability of pollens from 25 wild Actinidia eriantha genotypes after one year freeze storage, afterwards we examined fertilization ability of stored pollens of 8 genotypes selected according to In vitro test results from aforementioned 25 genotypes, and finally investigated effects of stored viable pollens from “MH67”, “MH55”, “MH48” and “MH45” genotypes on fruit quality characters of the female experimental plant “M3” as the main purpose. Non-pollinated “M3” kiwifruit plant was taken as control. We found that In vitro germination and fertilization ability of different stored pollen sources, and also fruit quality characters including dry matter, total sugar, titratable acid, vitamin C, total polyphenol, total flavonoid, chlorophyll (“a”, “b”, and total) and carotenoid contents except total soluble solid content were significantly different. MH67 and MH45 genotypes were evaluated as the most suitable pollenizers which can be recommended as new candidate cultivars because of long term storage ability and brought about desired fruit quality characters. They also will be investigated more at further breeding studies.

Assessing Morphological Traits Variation and Fruit Production of <i>Lophira lanceolata</i>(Ochnaceae) in Benin

Lophira lanceolata is an oleaginous tree species whose fruit is used for vegetable oil production in Benin. The present study highlighted the fruit production and characterization of the morphological traits of the fruits and seeds of this species. A total of 196 mature trees in production were randomly sampled in Borgou-Nord, Borgou-Sud and Atacora Chain phytodistricts. Descriptors were characterized globally at the level of phytodistricts surveyed. Pearson correlation test stands out the relationships between the different descriptors. The effect of phytodistricts on fruit production was analyzed using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and the variation of morphological traits between phytodistricts was examined through Kruskal-Wallis test. Finally, SMA regression was used to test the influence of the phytodistrict on the relationship between L. lanceolata seed and fruit weight. This study revealed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the morphological traits of fruits and those of seeds. Trees descriptors (e.g. total height, diameter at breast height, and leaf petiole length) predict fruit production of L. lanceolata, but are not significantly correlated with fruit and seed traits. In the Atacora Chain phytodistrict, breeding trees are entering production with small diameter, low height and produce little number of fruits per tree with higher weight, unlike the Borgou-Nord and Borgou-Sud phytodistricts. These results can be useful in the selection of early breeding tree in Atacora Chain phytodistrict and high-yielding trees from individuals in the Borgou-Nord and Borgou-Sud phytodistricts.

梨杂交F_(1)果实性状遗传倾向分析

以延边大香水为母本,红香酥、早酥、红茄、晋酥、晋密、鄂梨1号和云红1号为父本的7个梨杂交组合F_(1)为试材,对果实性状进行连续3年调查,总结分析果实性状遗传倾向,以期为梨遗传育种提供参考依据。结果表明:杂种F_(1)单果重、果实横径、果实纵径、果柄长度、果柄粗度、果形指数及可溶性固形物等7个性状都有趋中遗传倾向。其中,单果重产生退化,向小果遗传趋势强;可溶性固形物和果形指数变异系数较小,遗传传递力较高;果柄粗度呈趋中偏低遗传,果柄长度、果实横径、果实纵径呈趋中偏高遗传。对不同组合果实性状遗传倾向研究认为果实底色、萼片类型、萼洼深度、质地、汁液、风味等性状受母本影响较大,为母性遗传;萼洼广度有趋中遗传倾向;果实香气受父本影响较大;果实面色可隔代遗传。以上研究结果为梨果实性状遗传规律研究及杂交育种亲本的选择选配提供参考价值。

不同油茶品系果实、种子及砧木性状差异及其相关性分析

【目的】研究不同油茶品系间果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状的差异,并对果实、种子及砧木性状各指标间的相关关系进行分析,为油茶优良砧木的选育研究提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同油茶品系果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状18项指标,通过单因素方差分析研究不同油茶品系间的果实、种子及砧木性状的差异,筛选出综合表现较好的油茶品系;运用相关分析得出18项指标间的相关关系,选出与砧木性状相关性较强的指标。【结果】不同油茶品系间单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果实纵横比、果皮厚、果实籽数及籽质量均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单果质量为15.71~35.99 g,果实纵径为29.81~40.17 mm,果实横径为29.06~39.99mm,果形指数为0.85~1.28,果皮厚为1.85~4.19mm,果实籽数为2.20~9.67粒。不同油茶品系间单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径、纵横比、横侧比、纵侧比均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单种质量为1.07~4.26 g,种子纵径为16.98~27.40 mm,种子横径为13.17~23.12 mm,种侧径为9.00~16.93 mm。不同油茶品系间上胚轴长、下胚轴长、上胚轴粗、下胚轴粗均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系上胚轴长为5.38~9.08 cm,上胚轴粗为1.72~2.97 mm,下胚轴长为14.35~23.97 cm,下胚轴粗为1.80~3.14 mm。砧木性状中上胚轴长与果实横径、单种质量、种侧径及果实纵径的相关性较大,下胚轴长与种纵径、种侧径、果实纵径及果实籽数的相关性较大,上胚轴粗与单果质量、果实纵径、单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径均呈极显著正相关,下胚轴粗与果实纵横比、果实纵径呈显著正相关。【结论】综合果实、种子及砧木性状各指标筛选出适合作优良砧木的油茶品系为赣无2、赣石83-4、长林53号、GLS赣州油1号。砧木性状中4个指标均与果实纵径呈极显著、显著正相关或相关性较大,故可从以上4个适合作优良砧木的油茶品系中选择果实纵径相对较大的果实进行砧木培育。

‘陇核5号’果实发育规律及疏果施肥对坚果品质的影响

【目的】明确核桃果实发育规律及影响坚果品质的因素,为核桃果园生产管理提供参考。【方法】以‘陇核5号’为研究对象,对其果实发育过程中外观形态变化进行拍照记录,测定果实三径、果实质量、果皮厚度、坚果三径、坚果质量、核仁质量、出仁率、壳厚等指标,利用Logistic方程、二次方程、三次方程等模型对各指标变化趋势进行拟合。通过疏果和不同时期喷施叶面肥,分析不同处理对核桃坚果经济性状的影响。【结果】在发育过程中,果实(坚果)大小和质量均表现为缓慢增长、迅速增长、缓慢增长的趋势,其中果实质量分别在花后50 d时和花后100 d时出现了增长高峰,坚果质量在花后110 d时出现了增长高峰。花后30~40 d时果实缓慢增长,随后迅速膨大,果实质量快速增加,花后50 d时开始出现水状核仁,花后70 d时硬核开始出现;花后70 d后,果实大小和质量增长变慢,果壳开始形成并逐渐硬化变厚;花后90~120 d时,坚果质量、果壳厚度、核仁质量及出仁率等指标均快速增加;花后120~140 d时,坚果大小增长速度变慢,坚果质量开始下降。方差分析结果表明,除坚果三径外,其他指标在不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。其中以7月初—8月初喷施叶面肥处理下核桃坚果经济指标值最高且与对照差异极显著(P<0.01);其次是5月底—6月底喷施叶面肥,与对照差异显著(P<0.05);疏果处理下核桃坚果经济指标与对照差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】‘陇核5号’果实生长发育总体为缓慢、快速、缓慢的趋势,呈单“S”形曲线。疏果、施肥均能改善核桃坚果的经济性状。

牛肉红朱橘种质表型性状和果实内在品质多样性分析

为了解牛肉红朱橘种质性状遗传多样性,本研究以24份牛肉红朱橘特异种质为材料,选取37个表型性状和果实内在品质性状进行遗传多样性分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,牛肉红朱橘果实性状多样性较为丰富,其中果顶形状、果面颜色、种子数、种子重量和单果重等性状变异程度较高。相关性分析表明,果实表型间呈显著正相关,但与可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量等呈极显著负相关。聚类分析将24份牛肉红朱橘种质分为两大类,分别作为以果实外观品质和内在品质为目标性状的育种材料。主成分分析提取前5个主成分,其累积贡献率达82.257%。

火龙果种质资源果实性状与裂果性相关分析

为探明与火龙果裂果性相关的果实性状,以279份火龙果种质资源为供试材料,对单果重、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果脐直径、果脐深度、果脐形状指数、果皮厚度、果脐果萼长度、果萼数量、可食率、果肉中心可溶性固形物含量、果肉边缘可溶性固形物含量等13个果实性状与裂果率进行遗传变异分析、相关性分析和多元回归分析。结果表明:13个果实性状和裂果率均存在丰富的遗传变异。相关性分析发现裂果率与果脐形状指数的相关系数最大且呈极显著负相关;裂果率与果形指数和果皮厚度存在显著负相关,而与可食率和果肉边缘可溶性固形物含量呈现显著正相关。进一步多元线性回归分析表明,果脐直径和果脐深度是影响裂果率的最主要因素,共解释裂果率39.30%的变异,而其他果实性状均不能显著影响裂果率。综上可知,果脐形态结构对火龙果的裂果性较为重要,在耐裂果育种中果脐形状指数可作为一个参考指标。

山东地方梨种质资源果实性状综合评价

【目的】全面评价107份种质资源的果实特征,为培育优良新品种奠定基础。【方法】于果实成熟期对果实品质进行测定、分析;采用Q型和R型聚类分析法对107份梨种质及其果实性状进行分类。【结果】84.11%种质资源属于中、大果型,果形指数约为1;48%的梨种质果实果皮呈现黄绿色、果肉白色、风味酸甜、汁液多和微香等特点;共检测出339种挥发性香气物质,不同种质香气种类及含量差别较大,其中酯类物质是香气主要成分;Q型和R型聚类分析显示,组内聚类种质具有一定的相似特征,且多具有相关性;主成分分析显示各性状贡献率较为分散,性状变异丰富。【结论】鉴定出文登实生种、栖霞大香水、鸭广梨等可溶性固形物含量高、香气浓郁的种质资源,可作为培育优良新品种的宝贵亲本材料。

热带生态型龙眼种质资源在南宁的引种观察

为丰富南宁龙眼品种,调整当地龙眼品种结构,以7份热带生态型龙眼种质资源为试材,南亚热带生态型龙眼“石硖”做为对照,在南宁进行引种试验观察,从物候期、植物学特性和果实性状方面进行综合比较。结果表明,热带生态型龙眼花芽萌动3月下旬至5月,果实成熟期8月下旬至9月下旬;而“石硖”7月中旬成熟,热带生态型龙眼鲜果上市时间比“石峡”晚1~2个月。供试种质单果质量差异较大,变异系数51.22%,其中“同奈2号”平均单果质量27.12 g。可溶性固形物含量、可食率、纵径、横径、侧径的变异系数分别为8.26%、11.78%、11.26%、18.24%、16.70%。果实果形指数0.90~1.13,变异系数8.00%,其中“泰国温带”“石硖”果形指数均为0.90,果实圆形或近圆形;其他种质果形指数均大于1.0,长圆形。综合来看,“同奈2号”成熟期晚,果实大,果皮较光滑,果肉黄白色且香气浓,与其他龙眼种质存在显著差异,是优质晚熟龙眼种质资源。

130份薄皮甜瓜种质材料果实性状的遗传多样性分析评价

为研究薄皮甜瓜种质资源果实性状的遗传多样性,对从全国各地搜集到的130份薄皮甜瓜种质资源的17个果实相关性状进行变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。变异分析结果表明,11个质量性状的多样性指数变化范围为0.14~2.03,6个数量性状的多样性指数变化范围为1.55~2.03,17个性状的平均遗传多样性指数为1.25;相关分析结果表明,薄皮甜瓜种质果实的多个数量性状之间呈极显著相关;主成分分析结果表明,17个性状可归纳为7个主成分,累积方差贡献率达80.21%;聚类分析结果表明,当欧式距离为51.34时,可以将供试材料分为两大类群。综上所述,130份薄皮甜瓜种质的果实性状遗传差异明显,具有新品种选育和改良的利用价值。

宁夏枸杞果实性状和预处理对果实制干的影响

【目的】探究不同品种(系)宁夏枸杞果实性状和预处理对果实制干的影响,为枸杞制干工艺提供有价值的理论依据。【方法】以制干差异较大的不同品种(系)宁夏枸杞为试验材料,采用称重法、石蜡切片和扫描电镜等方法,对果实加工性状、果皮及角质层结构、果皮蜡质微形态和不同预处理枸杞果实制干时间进行探究,明确不同品种(系)宁夏枸杞果实性状和预处理对果实制干的影响。【结果】1)不同品种(系)枸杞果实纵径、百粒质量、单果体积存在显著差异,‘16-23-7-8’横径、纵径、百粒质量、单果体积均最高,‘宁杞1号’最低。2)随着果实发育,果皮和角质层厚度逐渐增加且存在显著差异。‘宁杞5号’果皮厚度最大,达768.273μm;‘宁杞1号’果皮厚度最小,为445.100μm。‘14-402’角质层最厚,达9.420μm;‘16-23-7-8’最低,为7.528μm。3)成熟期枸杞果实表皮被束状蜡质层覆盖,蜡质晶体呈无规则片状,片状蜡质层较厚,排列较紧密。4)不同品种(系)枸杞果实制干时间存在显著差异,由易到难依次为‘宁杞1号’、‘Z44’、‘16-23-7-8’、‘14-402’、‘宁杞5号’。与对照相比,碱处理后,平均制干时间缩短4.10 h;氯仿处理后,平均制干时间缩短16.94 h。【结论】枸杞果皮结构通过影响水分运输进而影响枸杞果实制干过程;预处理可破坏枸杞表皮蜡质层缩短制干时间。本研究5个枸杞品种(系)中,‘宁杞5号’不易制干,‘宁杞1号’最易制干,在枸杞制干时,应用的预处理方式必须考虑品种间存在的组织和形态解剖学特征的差异。

不同类型果袋对“中梨1号”梨果点性状的影响

为探究6种不同类型果袋套袋对“中梨1号”果点的影响,以不套袋为对照,对成熟期各处理果实单果质量、可溶性固形物、糖酸及果形指标等进行测定,并观察、测定不同处理的果点大小、果点密度、果点凹凸、果点显隐性状。结果表明,套袋后,“中梨1号”梨果面果点变小,果点凸值明显降低,果点颜色变浅;不同果袋处理的梨果实平均单果质量略降低,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量无显著差异,可滴定酸含量降低;不同类型果袋相比,无纺布袋、外黄内白蜡纸袋果实仍保持绿色,果实品质下降程度最小,果点大小显著降低,果点凸值降低程度小;外黄内黑和外黄内红果袋处理的果实浅黄色,果实外观品质降低程度大。

出菇温度对不同菌龄香菇群体主要农艺性状的影响

以香菇L135与931的F1代群体为试验材料,研究不同出菇温度(12℃、17℃、22℃、27℃)对不同菌龄香菇群体农艺性状的影响。结果表明:在不同出菇温度下,香菇菌龄与原基数量、子实体个数、单包产量均呈极显著负相关,与单菇重呈极显著正相关,且随着出菇温度的升高,菌龄与现蕾天数的相关系数逐渐减小;出菇温度与菌龄可共同影响群体的现蕾天数、采菇周期、单包产量、单菇重4个农艺性状,提高出菇温度会降低菌龄的影响;原基数量与子实体个数更易受到菌龄的影响;长菌龄群体比短菌龄群体更易受出菇温度的影响。香菇高温品种选育工作可将单菇重、单菇重环境方差和子实体个数作为代表性状筛选指标。以环境方差作为表型进一步验证了单菇重受出菇温度影响较大。

雌雄同株黄连木嫁接技术和嫁接树开花结实特性

【目的】本研究旨在探究不同嫁接方法和不同接穗类型对黄连木嫁接成活率的影响,以及雌雄同株嫁接树的性别表现和结实特性。【方法】以自然散生6年生黄连木幼树和2年生黄连木实生幼苗为砧木,分别选取8株雌雄同株采穗母树和25份不同种源的黄连木枝条作为接穗,采用枝接和芽接进行嫁接,统计分析黄连木嫁接成活率、嫁接前后接穗的性别表现和嫁接树果实性状等指标。【结果】(1)嫁接方法和接穗材料的类型对黄连木嫁接成活率有显著影响,枝接平均嫁接成活率显著高于芽接;且浙江西湖接穗的平均嫁接成活率最高,显著高于河北邢台、云南观音山、山东泰山等13个种源,云南观音山接穗的平均嫁接成活率最低,显著低于其他种源;除Pcb3-19、Pcb1-2外,Pcb3-18和Pcb1-3显著高于其他嫁接类型的平均嫁接成活率。(2)雌雄同株嫁接树当年生枝的性别类型与其嫁接前的接穗类型不完全相同,表明雌雄同株嫁接树性别存在不稳定性。(3)在单株水平上,雌雄同株嫁接树的果实性状优于雌雄同株实生树,雌雄同株嫁接树优株的雌花果实性状优于两性花果实。【结论】在单株水平上,雌雄同株嫁接树的雌花果实性状最优。嫁接时采用枝接,接穗选择雌雄同株的雌花枝,可提高雌雄同株黄连木的嫁接成活率和提升果实性状。本研究为快速繁育雌雄同株黄连木并提升其果实性状的嫁接技术提供了理论依据。

枝条角度对中国沙棘水碳代谢和生长结实的影响

[目的]研究中国沙棘不同角度枝条的水碳代谢与生长结实的关系,深入了解枝条角度对生长结实的影响及其生理机制,为沙棘的高效栽培技术措施的制定提供理论依据。[方法]本研究选择中国沙棘0°、45°、90°、135°4种角度枝条作为研究对象,比较其水势和水分输导能力、光合作用、非结构性碳水化合物、营养生长和花芽分化情况、结实性状以及果实营养成分上的差异,并进一步分析不同角度枝条的水碳代谢和生长结实之间的相互关系。[结果]0°~90°枝条的7月水势无显著差异,135°枝条7月凌晨和正午水势显著低于其它角度。随着枝条角度的增加,7月和9月的枝条PLC均呈升高趋势,枝条叶面积比导水率和茎面积比导水率呈降低趋势。0°~90°枝条的净光合速率差异不显著,135°枝条净光合速率显著低于其它角度。7月枝条NSC含量无显著差异,9月枝条木质部NSC含量呈先升后降的趋势,韧皮部NSC含量随枝条角度的增大而降低。随着枝条角度的增大,叶面积和新梢生长情况均呈降低趋势,比叶重、新梢总数、花芽占比、花芽纵横径、果实纵横经和百果质量、10 cm结果数和总黄酮含量均呈先升后降的趋势,在45°和90°达到较高水平。[结论]随着枝条角度的增加,干旱时期的水分状况变差,枝条营养生长变弱,NSC储藏、花芽分化、结实性状在45°~90°达到较高水平,因此在生产上利用45°~90°枝条结实可以提高中国沙棘产量。