Analysis of the Influence of Fuel Additives on Automobile Exhaust Emission

In order to investigate the effect of a certain type of fuel additives on the emission and performance of vehicles,according to the Limits and Measurement Methods for Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles Equipped Ignition Engine under Two-speed Idle Conditions and Simple Driving Mode Conditions(GB 18285-2005),the double idle method is used to detect the emission changes of different vehicles before and after the use of a certain type of fuel additives,and then the fuel consumption and power are evaluated.The results show that the use of fuel additives and the appropriate selection of fuel can effectively reduce the emissions of vehicle pollutants,which is of great significance for energy saving and emission reduction.

Effect of fuel additives on agricultural straw pellet quality

An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of addition of different levels of AK2,a fuel additive that reduces ash fusion for agricultural biomass,on the physico-chemical properties of biomass pellets.Three different biomass straws,barley,oat,and wheat were ground at two hammer mill screen sizes of 0.8 mm and 1.6 mm.Each ground biomass sample was mixed with three levels of AK2,0.05%,0.10%,and 0.15%by mass and also a blank(no AK2)was set aside for comparison.Pellets were made using single-pelleting unit at a pre-set load of 4400 N corresponding to a pressure of 138.9 MPa.Physical quality of pellets were determined by measuring pellet density,relaxed density,durability,and the specific energy required to make a pellet.Pellets having higher durability values(74%-88%)were obtained from ground straw at hammer screen size of 0.8 mm and AK2 level of 0.15%compared to other treatments.Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sulfur content of blank pellets and those with 0.15%AK2 at hammer screen size of 0.8 mm were determined.Pellets made with 0.15%AK2 at hammer screen size of 0.8 mm,manufactured by pilot-scale pellet mill,were gasified and the tar content was determined.The tar content of pellets with 0.15%AK2 was significantly lower than blank pellets.

High-yield production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst

The catalytic conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) has attracted extensive research interests because DMF can be used as potential and competitive renewable transportation fuel or additives. Here we report a non-noble bimetallic catalyst with improved activity for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis by introducing active carbon as support into a nickel–cobalt catalyst. The characterizations of the catalyst indicate that the Ni and Co species are uniformly dispersed on the active carbon through the wetness impregnation method. The influences of reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure are systematically investigated and an excellent yield (up to 95%) of DMF can be obtained at relatively mild conditions, 130 °C and 1 MPa H2, over the carbon supported Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst. The high catalytic activity originates from the synergistic effect between Ni and CoOxspecies, the high BET surface area of the catalyst, and the uniform dispersion of Ni and Co species on the active carbon. The catalyst could be reused for 5 times without loss of activity in a batch reactor. Futhermore, the conversion of HMF to DMF on a fixed-bed reactor was also investigated and the 2%Ni–20%Co/C catalyst exhibited an excellent yield to DMF (>90%) for 71 h time on stream, indicating the high activity and stability of the catalyst. © 2016 Science Press

Controllable synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers by ionic liquids encapsulated in mesoporous SBA-16

The promising combustion and emission properties of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers(PODEn)are of significant interest.However,the synthesis of PODEn products with desired chain lengths is still a problem facing synthetic PODEn.Herein,a series of unique IL@SBA16Cx solid catalysts are prepared by encapsulation of ionic liquids(ILs)within the nanocage of SBA16 through a silylation method.The structure of the encapsulated catalyst was characterized by UVvis spectra,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),N2 adsorptiondesorption isotherms,Powder Xray diffraction(XRD),Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and Elemental analysis.The encapsulated catalysts show similar catalytic activity to the homogeneous counterparts and display higher selectivity to the targeted PODE35 products than their homogeneous counterparts in the synthesis of PODEn from methanol(MeOH)and trioxymethylene(TOM).The encapsulated catalysts exhibit a superior PODE35 selectivity and could be the promising catalysts for PODEn synthetic reaction.

Experimental and Theoretical Research Review of Hybrid Rocket Motor Techniques and Applications

A hybrid rocket motor combines components from both solid fuel and liquid fuel rocket motors. The fuel itself is a solid grain, (often paraffin or hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, known as HTPB) while the oxidizing agent is liquid (often hydrogen peroxide or liquid oxygen). These components are combined in the fuel chamber which doubles as the combustion chamber for the hybrid motor. This review looks at the advances in techniques that have taken place in the development of these motors since 1995. Methods of testing the thrust from rocket motors and of measuring the rocket plume spectroscopically for combustion reaction products have been developed. These assessments allow researchers to more completely understand the effects of additives and physical changes in design, in terms of regression rates and thrust developed. Hybrid rocket motors have been used or tested in many areas of rocketry, including tactical rockets and large launch vehicles. Several additives have shown significant improvements in regression rates and thrust, including Guanidinium azotetrazolate (GAT), and various Aluminum alloys. The most recent discoveries have come from research into nano-particle additives. The nano-particles have been shown to provide enhancements to many parameters of hybrid rocket function, and research into specific areas continues in the sub-field of nano-additives for fuel grains.

Effective conversion of fructose to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural with brønsted acid site(S/Cl)-functional carbon catalysts

Brønsted acid site(S/Cl)-functional carbon materials were prepared by ball-milling(bm)L-cysteine and ammonium chloride to form chemical complex solids,by post-heat treatment(Q)of the solids at 500°C under a nitrogen gas atmosphere to stabilize and fortify amino and functional group solid structures and by post-oxidative treatment with H_(2)O_(2)to add Brønsted acidity.The as-prepared carbon materials(S/Cl@bm_(x)Q_(y);x,y in hours)contained Brønsted acid sites(sul-fonates,chlorides),oxygen-containing groups(-COOH,-OH)and amino functional groups.The S/Cl@bm_(x)Q_(y)materials were applied as catalysts to promote conversion of fructose in ethanol solvent to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF)and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural(5-EMF).Among the carbon materials,S/Cl@bm_(3)Q_(1)gave 5-EMF and 5-HMF yields of 67.0%and 22.8%,respectively,in pure ethanol at 140℃for 24 h reaction time,while a reaction time of 18 h gave total 5-EMF and 5-HMF yields of 96.4%.Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)was applied as additive to the ethanol-fructose-S/Cl@bm_(3)Q_(1)reaction system which showed that 5-HMF product selectivity could be controlled with DMSO concentration.The protocol developed allows simple preparation of func-tional carbon materials that have high catalytic activity and are effective for conversion of fructose to 5-HMF and 5-EMF in ethanol.

Glycerol valorization through production of di-glyceryl butyl ether with sulfonic acid functionalized KIT-6 catalyst

In this work,the etherification of glycerol with n-butanol catalyzed by sulfonic acid functionalized on KIT-6 mesoporous silica(SO_(3)H-KIT-6)was investigated for the production of valuable fuel additives.The SO_(3)H-KIT-6 catalyst was synthesized by co-condensation with different molar ratios of tetraethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyl(methyl)di-methoxy silane.The etherification reaction was systematically examined to determine the optimal reaction temperature,reaction time,catalyst loading,and glycerol to n-butanol ratio under autogenous pressure.The maximum glycerol conversion and di-glyceryl n-butyl ether(di-GNBE)selectivity were 59.09 and 51.50%,respectively,when the SO_(3)H-KIT-6 catalyst with the highest acidity was applied.Interestingly,the presence of a methyl group on the catalyst surface prevented glycerol adsorption during the reaction process,leading to the inhibition of undesired product formation.The SO_(3)H-KIT-6 catalyst could be reused up to three times,with only a 13%decrease in glycerol conversion being found.Moreover,the superior performance of the SO_(3)H-KIT-6 catalyst for di-GNBE production was also demonstrated compared with conventional solid acid catalysts including HZSM-5,H-beta zeolite,Amberlyst-35,and Amberlyst-36.