Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Control with MLP Network

This paper presents an application of adaptive neural network model-based predictive control (MPC) to the air-fuel ratio of an engine simulation. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained using two on-line training algorithms: a back propagation algorithm and a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. It is used to model parameter uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of internal combustion (IC) engines. Based on the adaptive model, an MPC strategy for controlling air-fuel ratio is realized, and its control performance compared with that of a traditional PI controller. A reduced Hessian method, a newly developed sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for solving nonlinear programming (NLP) problems, is implemented to speed up nonlinear optimization in the MPC. Keywords Air-fuel ratio control - IC engine - adaptive neural networks - nonlinear programming - model predictive control Shi-Wei Wang PhD student, Liverpool John Moores University; MSc in Control Systems, University of Sheffield, 2003; BEng in Automatic Technology, Jilin University, 2000; Current research interests automotive engine control, model predictive control, sliding mode control, neural networks.Ding-Li Yu obtained B.Eng from Harbin Civil Engineering College, Harbin, China in 1981, M.Sc from Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, China in 1986 and PhD from Coventry University, U.K. in 1995, all in control engineering. He is currently a Reader in Process Control at Liverpool John Moores University, U.K. His current research interests are in process control, engine control, fault detection and adaptive neural nets. He is a member of SAFEPROCESS TC in IFAC and an associate editor of the IJMIC and the IJISS.

Transient Air-Fuel Ratio Control in a CNG Engine Using Fuzzy Neural Networks

The fuzzy neural networks has been used as means of precisely controlling the air-fuel ratio of a lean-burn compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. A control algorithm, without based on engine model, has been (utilized) to construct a feedforward/feedback control scheme to regulate the air-fuel ratio. Using fuzzy neural networks, a fuzzy neural hybrid controller is obtained based on PI controller. The new controller, which can adjust parameters online, has been tested in transient air-fuel ratio control of a CNG engine.

Air-fuel ratio control with stochastic L_2 disturbance attenuation in gasoline engines

In this paper, the problem of stochastic L2 disturbance attenuation of the air-fuel ratio is investigated with consideration of cyclic variation of the residual gas fraction （RGF）. A stochastic robust controller is designed based on a discrete-time dynamic model in which the RGF is modeled as a stochastic process with Markovian property. Finally, the sampling process-based statistical analysis for the RGF and the validation of the proposed control law are presented through the experiments conducted on a gasoline engine test bench.

Experimental Study of Influence of Fuel Ratio on Combustion Characteristics of Diesel-Wetted Wood Powder

In this study, experiments were conducted to examine the influence of the fuel ratio(i.e., the ratio of diesel mass to wood powder mass) on the combustion characteristics of diesel-wetted wood powder, in which 0# diesel and poplar wood powder were used and well mixed. The fuel ratios were set to 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. Fire behaviors, temperature distributions, mass loss rates, and CO concentrations were measured and analyzed. The results showed that because of the coupled effect of evaporation and the capillary force, the ignition point of diesel-wetted wood powder(less than 3°C) dropped dramatically as compared with that of pure wood powder(higher than 280°C) and pure diesel(higher than 107°C). At the early stage of combustion, diesel is lifted upwards by the capillary force, increasing both the concentration of diesel vapor and the temperature at the surface. When the surface temperature reaches that of the pyrolysis of wood powder, considerable pyrolysis gas emerges and combusts. As the flammable gas is consumed gradually, carbon combusts prominently when plenty of oxygen diffuses to its surface. Regarding the influence of the fuel ratio, the results showed that in cases with lower fuel ratios, the combustion was not self-sustainable. When the fuel ratio was relatively high, the temperature at the flame center was lower owing to incomplete combustion. More CO could be found in cases with higher fuel ratios in the early and late stages of combustion. The results could help to improve knowledge regarding combustion of fuel-wetted wood powder.

Effect of rich air/fuel ratio and temperature on NO_x desorption of lean NO_x trap

An experimental and model-based study of the effect of rich air/fuel ratios(AFRs) and temperature on the NOx slip of a lean NOx trap(LNT) was conducted in a lean-burn gasoline engine with an LNT after-treatment system. The emissions of the engine test bench and the inlet temperature of the LNT were used as the major inlet boundary conditions of the LNT. The engine periodically operated between a constant lean AFR of 23 with alterable rich AFRs of 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. A decrease in the rich AFR of the engine strengthened the desorption atmosphere in the LNT, an effect closely related to the number of reductants, and further heightened the NOx desorption of the LNT, but with a penalty in fuel consumption. To eliminate that penalty, the inlet boundary conditions of the LNT were varied by adjusting the inlet temperature within a range between 200℃ and 400℃. An increase in inlet temperature heightened the NOx desorption of the LNT, and a NOx breakthrough occurred after the inlet temperature exceeded 390℃. To control NOx breakthrough, the inlet temperature can be adjusted to offset the strong desorption atmosphere in the LNT commonly created by a rich AFR.

Effects of Pilot Fuel Ratio on Combustion Process:Flow Field Structure and Pollutant Emissions

As the only controllable means of a micro gas turbine(MGT)combustor during unit operation,pilot fuel ratio(PFR)is the key to achieving stable combustion and low pollutant emission.This paper discusses the influence of PFR on the inner flow field structure and pollutant emissions.The steady-state three-dimensional RANS method with a 40-step reduced methane-air kinetics mechanism is used to study the reaction flow field and species field with PFR of 9.0%,12.7%,15.2%and 17.6%.Results show that,with the decrease in PFR,the axial velocity and temperature near the central axis of the combustion chamber show a tendency to decrease.A similar separation phenomenon occurred in the core pyrolysis reaction zone(measured by HCO)and oxidation zone(measured by OH),which is more conducive to promoting the oxidation of CO.The quantitative effect of the pilot flame on nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))was separated by using inert gas instead of nitrogen in combustion air.It was found that the NOx produced by the pilot flame under the operation condition with a PFR of 9.0%was 3.2×10^(−6),accounting for 17.4%of the total NOx emission,which was twice that of PFR.

Simple adaptive air-fuel ratio control of a port injection SI engine with a cylinder pressure sensor

The problem of air-fuel ratio(AFR) control of the port injection spark ignition(SI) engine is still of considerable importance because of stringent demands on emission control. In this paper, the static AFR calculation model based on in-cylinder pressure data and on the adaptive AFR control strategy is presented. The model utilises the intake manifold pressure, engine speed, total heat release, and the rapid burn angle, as input variables for the AFR computation. The combustion parameters, total heat release,and rapid burn angle, are calculated from in-cylinder pressure data. This proposed AFR model can be applied to the virtual lambda sensor for the feedback control system. In practical applications, simple adaptive control(SAC) is applied in conjunction with the AFR model for port-injected fuel control. The experimental results show that the proposed model can estimate the AFR, and the accuracy of the estimated value is applicable to the feedback control system. Additionally, the adaptive controller with the AFR model can be applied to regulate the AFR of the port injection SI engine.

Air flow control based on optimal oxygen excess ratio in fuel cells for vehicles

Air flow control is one of the most important control methods for maintaining the stability and reliability of a fuel cell system, which can avoid oxygen starvation or oxygen saturation. The oxygen excess ratio （OER） is often used to indicate the air flow condition. Based on a fuel cell system model for vehicles, OER performance was analyzed for different stack currents and temperatures in this paper, and the results show that the optimal OER was affected weakly by the stack temperature. In order to ensure the system working in optimal OER, a control scheme that includes an optimal OER regulator and a fuzzy control was proposed. According to the stack current, a reference value of air flow rate was obtained with the optimal OER regulator and then the air compressor motor voltage was controlled with the fuzzy controller to adjust the air flow rate provided by the air compressor. Simulation results show that the control method has good dynamic and static characteristics.

Study on a Closed-Loop Air-Fuel Control System of Gasoline Engines by Simulation

In order to study the factors that influence the air fuel ratio(A/F), the amplitude and frequency of A/F fluctuation, to reform the control strategy, and to improve the efficiency of three way catalyst(TWC), a model of closed loop control system including the engine, air fuel mixing and transportation, oxygen sensor and controller, etc., is developed. Various factors that influence the A/F control are studied by simulation. The simulation results show that the reference voltage of oxygen sensor will influence the mean value of A/F ratio, the controller parameters will influence the amplitude of A/F fluctuation, and the operating conditions of the engine determine the frequency of A/F fluctuations, the amplitude of A/F fluctuation can be reduced to within demanded values by logical selection of the signal acquisition method and controller parameters. Higher A/F fluctuation frequency under high speed and load can be reduced through software delay in the controller. The A/F closed loop control system based on the simulation results, accompanied with a rare earth element TWC, gives a better efficiency of conversion against harmful emissions.

基于水煤比自寻优的直流炉给水控制策略研究

以超临界机组直流锅炉为研究对象,以解决配煤掺烧时因实际入炉煤与设计煤热值存在差异导致锅炉水煤比不平衡为出发点,提出一种基于煤质变化自适应调整水煤比(Water Fuel Ratio,WFR)设定曲线的给水控制策略。利用历史运行数据建立的水煤比自寻优模型,可根据机组实时运行工况自寻优理想的水煤比设定值,从而实现直流锅炉水煤间的动态平衡。将提出的控制策略应用于陕西省某地区350 MW超临界机组,结果表明机组中间点校水量由200 t/h下降至50 t/h以内、主汽压偏差由2 MPa下降至1 MPa、蒸汽超温频次由月均11次下降至2次。

Multi-Physics Modeling Assisted Design of Non-Coking Anode for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Low Steam Methane

Internal reformation of low steam methane fuel is highly beneficial for improving the energy efficiency and reducing the system complexity and cost of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs).However,anode coking for the Ni-based anode should be prevented before the technology becomes a reality.A multi-physics fully coupled model is employed to simulate the operations of SOFCs fueled by low steam methane.The multi-physics model produces I-V relations that are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.The multi-physics model and the experimental non-coking current density deduced kinetic carbon activity criterion are used to examine the effect of operating parameters and the anode diffusion barrier layer on the propensity of carbon deposition.The interplays among the fuel utilization ratio,current generation,thickness of the barrier layer and the cell operating voltage are revealed.It is demonstrated that a barrier layer of 400μm thickness is an optimal and safe anode design to achieve high power density and non-coking operations.The anode structure design can be very useful for the development of high efficiency and low cost SOFC technology.

超音速火焰喷涂氧燃比对铁基非晶涂层性能的影响

非晶涂层具有优良的物理和化学性能,在工业中有广泛的应用。以FeCrMoCBSi非晶粉末为喷涂粉末,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在不同喷涂参数下在Q235钢基板上沉积了铁基非晶涂层。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、维氏显微硬度计等测试方法,探讨氧燃比对涂层显微组织、微观结构及耐磨性的影响。研究表明,随着喷涂氧燃比的减小,涂层的非晶相含量呈增加趋势。这是因为过量的氧气会降低喷涂过程中颗粒的熔化程度,并使颗粒氧化。涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性随氧燃比的减小而增加。这是因为在较小氧燃比下,颗粒熔化程度增加,与基板间润湿性增加,孔隙率减小。三种铁基非晶涂层相比于Q235钢基板均具有更加优良的耐磨性,有望成为碳钢表面保护和耐磨涂层的候选材料。

碳热还原氮化法制备UN粉末机理研究

氮化铀(Uranium nitride)燃料具有金属铀密度高、热导率高、热膨胀系数低及与液态金属相容性好等优点,是未来先进反应堆设计选用燃料之一。高相纯度、高活性UN粉末是制备高密度UN芯块的前提。采用碳热还原氮化法制备UN粉末,研究了工艺参数对UN粉末反应动力学、相结构、晶格常数及氮铀比的作用机制和影响规律。结果表明:UN粉末相结构与原料C/UO_(2)物质的量比及合成温度有关,当原料C/UO_(2)物质的量比为2.7、合成气氛为N_(2)-5%H_(2)(0.1~0.15 MPa)、合成温度为1700℃时,可制备得到高相纯度UN粉末;中间反应产物U_(2)N_(3)在1200℃以下、真空环境、大于2 h可分解为UN粉末;UN晶格常数与粉末中相成分有关,当N/U比接近1时,其晶格常数为0.48882 nm;合成的UN粉末经转速600 r/min、球磨时间4 h、球料比5∶1的工艺参数球磨,可制备得到粒度为0.96μm的UN细粉末。

燃料配比和点火提前角对氨氢发动机的性能影响研究

针对氨氢发动机在燃料匹配比和点火提前角参数不准确时会造成发动机输出效率较低、排放增加等问题,以某款直列六缸四冲程氨氢发动机为研究对象,给出不同研究参数,在GT-POWER中建立发动机仿真模型,并使用Simulink联合仿真验证了氨氢发动机仿真模型的可行性。研究燃料配比和点火提前角对发动机的性能影响规律,结果表明:发动机在9∶1的氨氢比下有最佳的综合使用效率;26°CA点火提前角时可以提高发动机效率,降低排气温度,但不利于减少污染物排放;14°CA点火提前角时可降低污染物排放,但会影响发动机工作效率;20°CA为最佳点火提前角。研究结果可为针对氨氢发动机的标定及进一步的性能规律研究提供参考。

提质培优背景下高职“课堂革命”的实践研究——以汽车专业空燃比传感器检修课程教学为例

在提质培优背景下,以抚顺职业技术学院汽车制造与试验技术专业(以下简称“汽车专业”)的核心课程汽车发动机电控系统检修为研究对象,针对该课程在传统教学中存在的实际问题,选取汽车空燃比传感器检修任务模块,深入开展课堂革命,分别从课程思政、教学设计、教学模式、教学环境和教学评价等方面进行创新研究,探索课堂教学改革新路径,构建“岗课赛证”融合育人模式,设计“三段十步”教学过程,打造有德、有用、有趣、有景、有效“五有”课堂,凸显职业教育教学特色,提高汽车专业人才培养质量和就业质量。

柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

在不改变Z6170发动机结构和参数的基础上,搭建一套基于尾气余热在线重整制氢的甲醇和重整气进气歧管喷射系统,并开展了柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的燃烧特性研究。试验结果表明,柴油/甲醇双燃料模式下,随着替代率增加,燃烧持续期(CA10-90)逐渐减少,着火延迟期逐渐增长,燃烧重心(CA50)表现出先提前后滞后的特性。柴油/醇氢双燃料模式下,在同替代率时相比于甲醇模式,着火延迟期缩短,燃烧持续期反而延长。研究结果为柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的性能进一步优化提供了试验支持。

超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉动态特性仿真研究

为提升煤电机组灵活性,锅炉需具备良好的可控性和适应负荷快速变化的能力。锅炉灵活性与控制系统性能密切相关,而后者是基于动态特性设计的。为研究锅炉的动态特性,在Dymola平台中建立了某超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉的动态模型。结果表明:当锅炉入口参数发生扰动时,蒸汽温度的响应时间比蒸汽流量更长;当给水温度、给水量与燃料量分别阶跃增加5%时,主蒸汽温度分别变化10.2℃、-28.5℃和35.7℃;在锅炉的水煤配比调节过程中,给水量和燃料量变化时间不同会对主蒸汽温度产生不同的影响;当给水量比燃料量延迟约100 s作用时,主蒸汽温度在瞬态过程中的最大偏差相对于二者同时变化的情况减少了27.4℃;当变负荷幅度相同时,变负荷速率越大,主蒸汽参数的波动越剧烈,趋于稳定所需的时间越长。

Investigation of the optimum differential gear ratio for real driving cycles by experiment design and genetic algorithm

Experiment statistical method and genetic algorithms based optimization method are used to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio for heavy truck that provides best fuel consumption when changing the working condition that affects its torque and speed range. The aim of the study is to obtain the optimum differential gear ratio with fast and accurate optimization calculation without affecting drivability characteristics of the vehicle according to certain driving cycles that represent the new working conditions of the truck. The study is carried on a mining dump truck YT3621 with 9 for- ward shift manual transmission. Two loading conditions, no load and 40 t, and four on road real driving cycles have been discussed. The truck powertrain is modeled using GT-drive, and DOE -post processing tool of the GT-suite is used for DOE analysis and genetic algorithm optimization.

燃料电池系统建模与供气系统控制方法

为了研究燃料电池系统的特性以及空气系统对燃料电池特性的影响,利用Simulink仿真软件对燃料电池系统进行建模,模型包括电压模型、空压机模型、阴极模型、阳极模型.分别通过前馈比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)和模糊PID对燃料电池空气系统进行控制.结果表明:在负载电流变化时,前馈PID和模糊PID都能够使过氧比达到设定的常数值2.0附近,但模糊PID比前馈PID响应更快,且模糊PID控制下的燃料电池输出功率波动较小,燃料电池系统更加稳定.

黄铁矿基MFC-CW耦合系统反硝化动力学研究

研究比较了黄铁矿基双阳极MFC-CW在不同碳氮比(0和2.5)及初始硝酸盐浓度(7、14和28 mg/L)条件下上阳极和下阳极的反硝化速率,以及对不同阶段硝酸盐还原反应动力学的模拟,从动力学角度揭示系统自养-异养协同反硝化机理。结果显示:不同碳氮比下系统两阳极硝酸盐还原效果差异不大,而亚硝酸盐累积、硫酸盐生成的差别较大,两阳极处微生物群落组成相似,优势菌属的相对丰度受C/N、阳极位置影响较大;两阳极处的硝酸盐还原动力学均属于一级反应,且C/N=0时反硝化速率常数(0.0087、0.0045和0.0188/h)均小于C/N=2.5(0.0151、0.0071和0.0798/h;以上阳极为例);MFC-CW系统的反硝化动力学更符合Monod-CSTR模型,且在停留时间较长时取得更好的拟合效果,随着停留时间的增加,C/N=0时系统的反硝速率增加,C/N=2.5时系统的反硝化速率在一定范围内波动[0.6662—0.7744 g/(m^(2)·d)]。实验结果可为黄铁矿基MFC-CW的实际工程应用提供理论指导。