Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

Effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on kerosene/air rotating detonation engines using a paralleling CE/SE method

In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation,instabilities,and propulsive performance.A hybrid MPI t OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC)systems.A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa,1.5 MPa,2 MPa,and the equivalence ratio of 0.9,1,1.4 are simulated.On one hand,the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves.The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure(1 MPa)and weakened with the increase of the total pressure.The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse.On the other hand,the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities,while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit.It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition.Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9,1,and 1.4.The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases,which is around 2700 s.The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE.

Effect of equivalence ratio on diesel direct injection spark ignition combustion

Aviation heavy-fuel spark ignition(SI)piston engines have been paid more and more attention in the area of small aviation.Aviation heavy-fuel refers to aviation kerosene or light diesel fuel,which is safer to use and store compared to gasoline fuel.And diesel fuel is more suitable for small aviation application on land.In this study,numerical simulation was performed to evaluate the possibility of switching from gasoline direct injection spark ignition(DISI)to diesel DISI combustion.Diesel was injected into the cylinder by original DI system and ignited by spark.In the simulation,computational models were calibrated by test data from a DI engine.Based on the calibrated models,furthermore,the behavior of diesel DISI combustion was investigated.The results indicate that diesel DISI combustion is slower compared to gasoline,and the knock tendency of diesel in SI combustion is higher.For a diesel/air mixture with an equivalence ratio of 0.6 to 1.4,higher combustion pressure and faster burning rate occur when the equivalence ratios are 1.2 and 1.0,but the latter has a higher possibility of knock.In summary,the SI combustion of diesel fuel with a rich mixture can achieve better combustion performance in the engine.

Determination of water equivalent ratio for some dosimetric materials in proton therapy using MNCPX simulation tool

The water equivalent ratio(WER) was calculated for polypropylene(PP), paraffin, polyethylene(PE), polystyrene(PS), polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA), and polycarbonate materials with potential applications in dosimetry and medical physics. This was performed using the Monte Carlo simulation code, MCNPX, at different proton energies. The calculated WER values were compared with National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) data, available experimental and analytical results,as well as the FLUKA, SRIM, and SEICS codes. PP and PMMA were associated with the minimum and maximum WER values, respectively. Good agreement was observed between the MCNPX and NIST data. The biggest difference was 0.71% for PS at 150 MeV proton energy. In addition, a relatively large positive correlation between the WER values and the electron density of the dosimetric materials was observed. Finally, it was noted that PE presented the most analogous Depth Dose Characteristics to liquid water.

A new equivalent method to obtain the stoichiometric fuel-air cloud from the inhomogeneous cloud based on FLACS-dispersion

The fuel-air cloud resulting from an accidental discharge event is normally irregular in shape and varying in concentration. Performance of dispersion simulations using the computational fluid dynamics （CFD）-based tool FLACS can get an uneven and irregular cloud. For the performance of gas explosion study with FLACS, the equivalent stoichiometric fuel-air cloud concept is widely applied to get a representative distribution of explosion loads. The Q9 cloud model that is employed in FLACS is an equivalent fuel-air cloud representation, in which the laminar burning velocity with first order SL and volume expansion ratio are taken into consideration. However, during an explosion in congested areas, the main part of the combustion involves turbulent flame propagation. Hence, to give a more reasonable equivalent fuel-air size, the turbulent burning velocity must be taken into consideration. The paper presents a new equivalent cloud method using the turbulent burning velocity, which is described as a function of SL, deduced from the TNO multi- energy method.

The MDOF equivalent linear system and its applications in seismic analysis and design of framed structures

This paper reviews the applications of the multi degree-of-freedom(MDOF)equivalent linear system in seismic analysis and design of planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures.An equivalent MDOF linear structure,analogous to the original MDOF nonlinear structure,is constructed,which has the same mass and elastic stiffness as the original structure and modal damping ratios that account for the effects of geometrical and material nonlinearities.The equivalence implies a balance between the viscous damping work of the equivalent linear structure and that of the nonlinearities in the original nonlinear structure.This work balance is established with the aid of a transfer function in the frequency domain.Thus,equivalent modal damping ratios can be explicitly determined in terms of the period and deformation levels of the structure as well as the soil types.Use of these equivalent modal damping ratios can help address a variety of seismic analysis and design problems associated with planar steel and reinforced concrete framed structures in a rational and accurate manner.These include force-based seismic design with the aid of acceleration response spectra characterized by high amounts of damping,improved direct displacement-based seismic design and the development of advanced seismic intensity measures.The equivalent modal damping ratios are also utilized in the context of linear modal analysis for the definition and construction of the MDOF response spectrum.Furthermore,the equivalent modal damping ratios are employed in a seismic retrofit method for steel-framed structures with viscous dampers.Finally,it is demonstrated that modal behavior(or strength reduction)factors can be easily constructed based on these modal damping ratios for a more rational and accurate force-based seismic design,including the determination of inelastic displacement profiles.

基于小尺寸模型分析氢氧旋转爆轰波传播的不稳定性机制

氢氧的高反应活性给旋转爆轰波的稳定传播带来了巨大的挑战,为研究氢氧旋转爆轰波传播不稳定性,通过改变当量比对小尺寸模型下二维氢氧旋转爆轰波进行数值模拟研究,揭示了氢氧旋转爆轰波复杂多变的传播特性,并分析了典型流场结构,探讨了传播模态的不稳定性以及爆轰波湮灭和再起爆机制。结果表明:随着当量比的提高,流场内分别呈现熄爆、单波、单双波混合3种传播模态,且爆轰波的传播速度随当量比的增大几乎呈线性提高,速度亏损为5%~8%。激波的扰动使得爆燃面失稳产生明显的扭曲和褶皱,氢氧的高反应活性让爆燃面明显分层且在2个分界面上呈现不同的不稳定性,上分界面为Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性,下分界面为Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定性。单双波混合模态下爆轰波极不稳定,保持湮灭、单波、双波对撞3种状态之间循环。爆轰波有2种湮灭方式:一是双波对撞导致爆轰波湮灭,二是爆燃面燃烧加剧使得爆燃面下移导致爆轰波湮灭。再起爆的主要原因是:R-T不稳定性诱导爆轰产物与新鲜预混气在爆燃面上相互挤压产生尖峰和气泡结构,增强爆燃面上的反应放热,产生了局部热点并逐渐增强为爆轰波,实现爆燃转爆轰。

Investigation of block foundations resting on soil-rock and rock-rock media under coupled vibrations

In the present study,the dynamic response of block foundations of different equivalent radius to mass（R;/m） ratios under coupled vibrations is investigated for various homogeneous and layered systems.The frequency-dependent stiffness and damping of foundation resting on homogeneous soils and rocks are determined using the half-space theory.The dynamic response characteristics of foundation resting on the layered system considering rock-rock combination are evaluated using finite element program with transmitting boundaries.Frequencies versus amplitude responses of block foundation are obtained for both translational and rotational motion.A new methodology is proposed for determination of dynamic response of block foundations resting on soil-rock and weathered rock-rock system in the form of equations and graphs.The variations of dimensionless natural frequency and dimensionless resonant amplitude with shear wave velocity ratio are investigated for different thicknesses of top soil/weathered rock layer.The dynamic behaviors of block foundations are also analyzed for different rock-rock systems by considering sandstone,shale and limestone underlain by basalt.The variations of stiffness,damping and amplitudes of block foundations with frequency are shown in this study for various rock—rock combinations.In the analysis,two resonant peaks are observed at two different frequencies for both translational and rotational motion.It is observed that the dimensionless resonant amplitudes decrease and natural frequencies increase with increase in shear wave velocity ratio.Finally,the parametric study is performed for block foundations with dimensions of 4 m × 3 m × 2 m and 8m×5m×2m by using generalized graphs.The variations of natural frequency and peak displacement amplitude are also studied for different top layer thicknesses and eccentric moments.

An Analytical Theory of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Hall Plates with Four Contacts and a Single Mirror Symmetry

This work gives an analytical theory of the signal-to-thermal-noise ratio (SNR) of classical Hall plates with four contacts at small magnetic field. In contrast to previous works, the symmetry of the Hall plates is reduced to only a single mirror axis, whereby the average of potentials of the two output contacts off this mirror axis differs from the average of potentials at the two supply contacts on the mirror axis, i.e. the output common mode differs from 50%. Surprisingly, at fixed power dissipated in the Hall plate, the maximum achievable SNR is only 9% smaller for output common modes of 30% and 70% when compared to the overall optimum at output common modes of 50%. The theory is applied to Vertical Hall effect devices with three contacts on the top surface and one contact being the buried layer in a silicon BiCMOS process. Geometries are found with large contacts and only a moderate loss in SNR.

Apparent velocity estimation with P-SV ratio method

The apparent velocity of the incident wave is an important parameter for simulating rotational ground motion with theoretical methods, but it is difficult to estimate effectively when there is only a single record. This paper discusses a P-SV ratio method based on elastodynamic theory in a multi-layer isotropic elastic half space. The apparent velocities of four earthquakes in the SMART1 array are calculated with this method. The result is close to a method that uses travel time analysis. Furthermore, the factors that impact the apparent velocity and equivalent incident angle are considered according to records from the Chi-Chi earthquake. There is no obvious relationship between the equivalent incident angle and epicenter distance. However, the equivalent incident angle is obviously dependent on the site conditions.

基于相对等效短路比的新能源——柔直送出系统振荡风险评估

新能源基地并网系统面临与电压支撑强度密切相关的振荡稳定性问题,在海量运行方式下,逐一建立精细化模型的稳定性分析过程耗时较长。短路比指标可直观反映新能源并网系统的电压支撑强度和稳定裕度,但现有短路比无法适用于无同步机电源的系统。为此,将短路比概念合理扩展至全电力电子化系统,基于戴维南等效网络来度量新能源-柔直送出系统电压支撑强度,进而提出了能快速评估新能源-柔直送出系统振荡风险的相对等效短路比计算方法,并阐明相对等效短路比能够全面考虑新能源场站发电功率、交流网架结构以及新能源设备变流控制系统等多重因素对振荡稳定性的影响,最后通过算例验证了相对等效短路比评估方法的有效性。

当量比分层压燃的火焰发展特性与控制机制

针对柴油机当量比分层充量压缩着火的可控性问题,基于OpenFOAM平台构建了一维分层充量自燃及火焰发展的理论模型,在压力为6MPa、温度为850 K工况条件下,研究了当量比分层压缩燃烧过程的基本特征和控制机制,以及当量比分层策略对燃烧过程的调控作用.结果表明:当量比分层压燃早期的组分扩散对化学反应影响较大,中期主要受化学反应和压力波耦合后的共同控制,而后期化学反应和压力波解耦,主要受化学反应控制,压力波影响较小;小负荷工况(整体当量比为0.3)下通过组织合理的充量分层可以使50%放热对应的时间从1.312 ms缩短到0.685 ms,燃烧速度提高近1倍,而大负荷工况(整体当量比为0.7)下可以通过部分分层策略将50%放热对应的时间从0.357 ms延长到0.477 ms.

新型零泊松比蜂窝结构的等效弹性参数分析

在四角星形蜂窝结构的基础上,提出了一种新型零泊松比蜂窝结构。采用结构基因方法分析研究了蜂窝结构的等效弹性参数,并对结果进行了精细化模型有限元仿真验证;进而分析了蜂窝结构单胞尺寸参数对于结构等效弹性参数的影响。结果表明,结构基因法在进行蜂窝结构等效弹性参数预测时具有较高的正确性与效率性;蜂窝结构尺寸参数对结构的等效弹性参数影响很大,与原材料模量相比,蜂窝结构的面内模量会降低(1~2)个数量级。最后,通过与四角星形蜂窝结构进行对比发现,新型蜂窝结构可以保证较为稳定的零泊松比特性,而且在面内变形能力以及抵抗面外变形能力优于四角星形蜂窝结构,具有在变体飞机中的良好应用前景。

宽幅条播对燕麦间作箭筈豌豆产量及种间关系的影响

为明确宽幅条播对燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作系统生产力的影响,在常规条播和宽幅条播两种播种方式下设置燕麦单作、箭筈豌豆单作及燕麦‖箭筈豌豆间作三种种植方式,比较分析了不同处理间作物产量、种间关系及燕麦产量构成因素的差异。结果表明,与单作相比,间作燕麦的饲草及籽粒产量显著提高,增幅分别为24.25%~32.77%和27.44%~32.69%,而间作箭筈豌豆的饲草及籽粒产量降低为7.16%~8.08%和2.80%~5.48%。宽幅条播可提高燕麦及箭筈豌豆产量,宽幅条播间作饲草和籽粒产量的土地当量比较常规条播间作分别提高0.03和0.06。在间作中,燕麦的侵占力大于0,实际产量损失大于1,竞争比率大于1,且燕麦的相对拥挤系数大于箭筈豌豆,说明燕麦在间作系统中处于竞争优势。间作燕麦穗数、穗粒数和穗重较单作显著提高,平均增幅分别为24.23%、14.84%和17.43%,其中宽幅条播间作处理的穗粒数、公顷穗数和穗重均显著高于其他处理。由此可见,宽幅条播下通过与箭筈豌豆间作,可提高燕麦生产力和土地资源利用效率。

单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳换算长细比的一般计算式

单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳的换算长细比是计算其极限荷载的重要参数。基于单轴对称截面轴压构件弯扭失稳的平衡微分方程,采用Galerkin法推导了4种边界约束条件弯扭失稳临界荷载的一元二次方程,并进一步得到了基于荷载比、双长细比的弯扭失稳换算长细比理论式。基于理论式,分别对比了我国现行标准GB 50017—2017中双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳的换算长细比,揭示了其中存在的问题;提出了新的双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳换算长细比的计算式,并与理论式的计算结果进行对比。结果表明,对于不同边界约束条件的轴压构件,其弯扭失稳临界荷载或换算长细比的形式不尽相同;相较于GB 50017—2017中的公式,所建议的双角钢组合T形截面轴压构件扭转失稳、弯扭失稳的换算长细比具有更高的精度,且适用于4种边界约束条件和115个等边双角钢组合T形截面、71个长肢相并的不等边双角钢组合T形截面和71个短肢相并的不等边双角钢组合T形截面。

有效减小大细长比微结构电铸层残余应力的兆声辅助微电铸方法

在利用微电铸工艺制作微机电系统(MEMS)开关的过程中,针对离心保险锁结构因电铸层残余应力大而出现翘曲、扭转等变形问题,采用兆声辅助微电铸方法减小电铸层残余应力。为探究兆声波对电铸层残余应力的影响,基于等效参考温度(ERT)法,建立兆声作用下离心保险锁微结构电铸层残余应力的仿真模型以优选兆声辅助微电铸的工艺参数——兆声功率密度。仿真结果表明,随着兆声功率密度的增大,离心保险锁的残余应力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当兆声功率密度为2.54 W/cm^(2)时,离心保险锁的最大残余应力为52.58 MPa,相较于无兆声作用时减小了85.4%。在数值模拟的基础上进行微电铸实验验证研究。实验结果表明:兆声功率密度为2.54 W/cm^(2)时,大细长比微结构的变形量减小了88.6%,实验结果与仿真结果一致。在上述仿真结果和实验研究的基础上,制作出了高800μm、细长比高达1∶70的离心保险锁结构,并完成MEMS开关的制作与装配。

超大跨劲性骨架拱桥缩尺模型试验方案设计研究

为对超大跨劲性骨架拱桥缩尺模型试验方案进行合理设计,以计算跨径600 m的劲性骨架拱桥——天峨龙滩特大桥为背景,围绕模型缩尺比、结构设计、材料及加载系统等关键环节,开展主拱圈缩尺模型试验方案设计研究。最终确定模型拱缩尺比为1∶10,劲性钢骨架采用单肋形式,采用与实桥主拱圈性能相近、便于施工的材料,采用阵列式滑轮组加载系统实现模型拱和实桥主拱圈的应力等效,还原外包混凝土分环分段浇筑施工,并简化劲性钢骨架与管内混凝土施工。将模型拱外包混凝土应力实测值、ANSYS建模计算得到的模型拱理论值及实桥主拱圈理论值进行对比,结果表明:模型拱和实桥主拱圈外包混凝土在施工阶段的应力变化趋势基本相同,最大绝对误差在2 MPa以内,模型拱应力实测值和理论值也吻合较好,缩尺模型试验方案设计合理。

Dem与轴率比预测3-14岁儿童屈光状态效率的比较

目的:研究Dem、轴率比与3-14岁儿童屈光状态的关系,比较Dem、轴率比预测近视的效率,探寻定量预测儿童屈光状态更为有效的方法。方法:横断面研究。收集2021-03/2022-12就诊于西安市第一医院眼科门诊的3-14岁儿童共519例519眼(均取右眼数据)。于睫状肌麻痹验光前采集眼球生物测量数据,记录眼轴长度(AL)、角膜曲率(K值)、Dem、睫状肌麻痹后等效球镜度数(SER)等,SER≤-0.50 D判断为近视。结果:3-14岁儿童SER与Dem呈正相关(r=0.88,P<0.01),与AL/CR比值呈负相关(r=-0.87,P<0.01)。Dem、AL/CR截点分别为20.40 D、3.02,当Dem≤20.40 D或AL/CR≥3.02时可判断为近视。Dem每减小1 D,SER减小0.57 D,AL/CR每增加0.06,SER减小1.00 D。ROC曲线下面积(AUC)Dem(0.958)>AL/CR(0.940)。结论:3-14岁儿童SER与Dem呈正相关,与AL/CR呈负相关,预判近视的效率Dem优于AL/CR。眼球生物测量仪可直接提供Dem,且Dem与SER量效关系更便于计算,用于预测儿童SER更为便捷。

生物质热解气/空气预混爆炸动态传播特性试验研究

利用自行搭建的垂直透明圆管气体爆炸试验平台,通过改变化学当量比、CH4体积分数开展生物质热解气在透明圆管内爆炸动态传播特性研究。结果表明,随着工况条件变化,火焰逐渐呈球状、胞状、湍流等不同火焰结构,并演变为3种火焰传播状态,分别为仅含有初级不稳定现象、次级不稳定现象以及同时出现初级和次级不稳定现象的火焰传播状态,且3种火焰传播状态的火焰锋面及超压曲线出现显著振荡特性。随着化学当量比增大,火焰锋面和超压曲线的振荡幅度更剧烈。当量比在0.9~1.1范围时,火焰锋面速度峰值和超压峰值变化相对较小,但火焰锋面速度峰值临界时间和超压峰值临界时间变化较大。随着CH4体积分数增大,火焰锋面位置振荡强度减弱,但超压曲线振荡却表现出增大趋势。

高寒区燕麦、豌豆农艺性状对氮添加和间作模式的响应

间作种植与氮添加对高寒区燕麦(Avena sativa)和豌豆(Pisum sativum)农艺性状影响的研究报道较少。基于此,本研究以燕麦新品系‘青永久872’和饲用豌豆‘青建1号’为试验对象,比较间作种植模式和氮添加对间作燕麦、豌豆关键农艺性状的调控作用及产量的影响。结果表明:1)种植方式和氮添加均影响燕麦和豌豆农艺性状表现;2)低氮添加和隔行间作种植的燕麦、豌豆间作体系总土地当量比最高,且在N_(2)(50 kg·hm^(−2))和N_(3)(200 kg·hm^(−2))处理下燕麦种间竞争力强于豌豆;3)冗余分析(RDA)表明,种植方式和氮添加水平与燕麦株高、分蘖等与草产量相关的农艺性状正相关,氮添加水平与豌豆草产量相关农艺性状正相关,种植方式与豌豆种子产量相关农艺性状正相关;4)灰色关联分析表明,在未添加氮N1(0 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦分蘖和豌豆始荚节数、隔行间作燕麦单株籽粒数和豌豆荚数以及同行混合间作燕麦分蘖和豌豆荚数与草产量关联系数最大;在低氮添加N_(2)(50 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦分蘖和豌豆单株籽粒数、隔行间作燕麦粒长和豌豆荚数以及同行混合间作燕麦单株小穗数和豌豆单株籽粒数与草产量关联系数最大;在高氮添加N_(3)(200 kg·hm^(−2))时,单播燕麦茎粗和豌豆荚数、隔行间作燕麦单株籽粒重和豌豆单株籽粒数以及同行混合间作燕麦单株籽粒数和豌豆荚数与草产量关联系数最大。由此可见,合理安排种植方式和精准施氮是高寒区高品质栽培草地建植的关键。