Calibration of CO and CO2 Monitors Used in Periodic Inspection of Vehicles at Fixed Stations for Environmental Control

Global efforts for environmental cleanliness through the control of gaseous emissions from vehicles are gaining momentum and attracting increasing attention. Calibration plays a crucial role in these efforts by ensuring the quantitative assessment of emissions for informed decisions on environmental treatments. This paper describes a method for the calibration of CO/CO2 monitors used for periodic inspections of vehicles in cites. The calibration was performed in the selected ranges: 900 - 12,000 µmol/mol for CO and 2000 - 20,000 µmol/mol for CO2. The traceability of the measurement results to the SI units was ensured by using certified reference materials from CO/N2 and CO2/N2 primary gas mixtures. The method performance was evaluated by assessing its linearity, accuracy, precision, bias, and uncertainty of the calibration results. The calibration data exhibited a strong linear trend with R² values close to 1, indicating an excellent fit between the measured values and the calibration lines. Precision, expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD), ranged from 0.48 to 4.56% for CO and from 0.97 to 3.53% for CO2, staying well below the 5% threshold for reporting results at a 95% confidence level. Accuracy measured as percent recovery, was consistently high (≥ 99.1%) for CO and ranged from 84.90% to 101.54% across the calibration range for CO2. In addition, the method exhibited minimal bias for both CO and CO2 calibrations and thus provided a reliable and accurate approach for calibrating CO/CO2 monitors used in vehicle inspections. Thus, it ensures the effectiveness of exhaust emission control for better environment.

Absolute calibration of HY-2A and Jason-2 altimeters for sea surface height using GPS buoy in Qinglan, China

GPS buoy methodology is one of the main calibration methodologies for altimeter sea surface height calibration. This study introduces the results of the Qinglan calibration campaign for the HY-2A and Jason-2 altimeters. It took place in two time slices;one was from August to September 2014, and the other was in July 2015. One GPS buoy and two GPS reference stations were used in this campaign. The GPS data were processed using the real-time kinematic (RTK) technique. The fi nal error budget estimate when measuring the sea surface height (SSH) with a GPS buoy was better than 3.5 cm. Using the GPS buoy, the altimeter bias estimate was about -2.3 cm for the Jason-2 Geophysical Data Record (GDR) Version ‘D' and from -53.5 cm to -75.6 cm for the HY-2A Interim Geophysical Data Record (IGDR). The bias estimates for Jason-2 GDR-D are similar to the estimates from dedicated calibration sites such as the Harvest Platform, the Crete Site and the Bass Strait site. The bias estimates for HY-2A IGDR agree well with the results from the Crete calibration site. The results for the HY-2A altimeter bias estimated by the GPS buoy were verifi ed by cross-calibration, and they agreed well with the results from the global analysis method.

Preliminary calibration results of the HY-2B altimeter’s SSH at China’s Wanshan calibration site

Satellite altimeter needs to be calibrated to evaluate the accuracy of sea surface height data.The dedicated altimeter calibration field needs to establish a special calibration strategy and needs to evaluate its calibration ability.This paper describes absolute calibration of HY-2 B altimeter SSH using the GPS calibration method at the newly Wanshan calibration site,located in the Wanshan Islands,China.There are two HY-2 B altimeter passes across the Wanshan calibration site.Pass No.362 is descending and the ground track passes the east of Dan’gan Island.Pass No.375 is ascending and crosses the Zhiwan Island.The GPS data processing strategy of Wanshan calibration site was established and the accuracy of GPS calibration method of Wanshan calibration site was evaluated.Meanwhile,the processing strategies of the HY-2 B altimeter for the Wanshan calibration site were established,and a dedicated geoid model data were used to benefit the calibration accuracy.The time-averaged HY-2 B altimeter bias was approximately 2.12 cm with a standard deviation of 2.08 cm.The performance of the HY-2 B correction microwave radiometer was also evaluated in terms of the wet troposphere path delay and showed a mean difference-0.2 cm with a 1.4 cm standard deviation with respect to the in situ GPS radiosonde.

Verification and recalibration of HY-2A microwave radiometer brightness temperature

HY-2A is the first one of the Chinese HY-2 ocean satellite series carrying a microwave radiometer(RM)to measure sea surface temperature,sea surface wind speed,atmospheric water vapor,cloud liquid water content,and rain rate.We verified the RM level 1B brightness temperature(T B)to retrieve environmental parameters.In the verification,TB that simulated using the ocean-atmosphere radiative transfer model(RTM)was used as a reference.The total bias and total standard deviation(SD)of the RM level 1B TB,with reference to the RTM simulation,ranged-20.6-4.38 K and 0.7-2.93 K,respectively.We found that both the total bias and the total SD depend on the frequency and polarization,although the values for ascending and descending passes are different.In addition,substantial seasonal variation of the bias was found at all channels.The verification results indicate the RM has some problems regarding calibration,e.g.,correction of antenna spillover and antenna physical emission,especially for the 18.7-GHz channel.Based on error analyses,a statistical recalibration algorithm was designed and recalibration was performed for the RM level 1B TB.Validation of the recalibrated TB indicated that the quality of the recalibrated RM level 1B TB was improved significantly.The bias of the recalibrated T B at all channels was reduced to<0.4 K,seasonal variation was almost eradicated,and SD was diminished(i.e.,the SD of the 18.7-GHz channel was reduced by more than 0.5K).

Sentinel-2 MSI Radiometric Characterization and Cross-Calibration with Landsat-8 OLI

Near-nadir observations by the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) onboard the Sentinel-2 and the Operational Land Imager (OLI) onboard Landsat 8 were collected during two Simultaneous Nadir Overpasses (SNO). Multispectral images with 10, 20, and 30 m resolution from a spatially uniform area in the Saharan desert were acquired for direct comparison of MSI and OLI Top- Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectances. This paper presents an initial radiometric cross-calibration of the 8 corresponding spectral bands of the Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat 8 OLI sensors. With the well-calibrated Landsat 8 OLI as a reference, the comparison indicates that 6 MSI bands are consistent with OLI within 3% in terms of spectral band adjustment factors Bi . The Near-Infra-Red (NIR) and cirrus bands are exceptions. They yield radiometric differences on the order of 8% and 15% respectively. Cross-calibration results show that the radiometric difference of the 7 corresponding bands are consistent to OLI within 1% or better, except on cirrus band. A pixel-by-pixel match between the MSI and OLI observations for different land covers showed that. This initial study suggests that the red-edge band B8A of MSI can be used to replace the NIR band B08 when conducting vegetation monitoring.

Using a 3D Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Interpolation System to Improve Modeless Robots Measurement and Calibration Accuracy

This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on an IT2FEI （interval type-2 fuzzy error interpolation） method. Robot calibrations can be classified into model-based and modeless methods. A model-based calibration method normally requires that the practitioners understand the kinematics of the robot therefore may pose a challenger for field engineers. An alternative yet effective means for robot calibration is to use a modeless method; however with such a method there is a conflict between the calibration accuracy of the robot and the number of grid points used in the calibration task. In this paper, an interval type-2 fuzzy interpolation system is applied to improve the compensation accuracy of the robot in its 3D workspace. An on-line type-2 fuzzy inference system is implemented to meet the needs of on-line robot trajectory planning and control. The simulated results given in this paper show that not only robot compensation accuracy can be greatly improved, but also the calibration process can be significantly simplified, and it is more suitable for practical applications.

Calibration and Validation of the GR2M Hydrologic Model in the Kouilou-Niari Basin in Southwestern Congo-Brazzaville

The hydrologic simulation of a catchment area, described as the transformation of rainfall into runoff, generally uses hydrologic model. This work opts for the global conceptual hydrologic model GR2M, a monthly time step model, to study the Kouilou-Niari basin, the second most important ones of the Republic of Congo. This includes two parameters to model the hydrologic behavior of a catchment area. The choice of the conceptual model GR2M is justified by the reduced number of parameters and the monthly time scale. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristic parameters of the GR2M model, by a calibrating and a validating procedure. The use of these parameters enables to follow the evolution of the water resources from the climatic variables. It has been first carried out a characterization of some physical, geological and climatic factors governing the flow, by dealing with the main climatic variables which constitute the inputs of the hydrologic model. Then, a hydrologic rainfall-runoff modeling allows to calibrate and validate the model at monthly time scale. Taking into account the number of parameters involved in hydrologic processes and the complexity of the cathment area, this model gives acceptable results throughout the Kouilou-Niari basin. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion and those of the correlation coefficient obtained are greater than 80% in validation, which explains the performance and robustness of the GR2M model on this basin.

Sub-pixel extraction of laser stripeand itsapplication in laser plane calibration

For calibrating the laser plane to implement 3D shape measurement, an algorithm for extracting the laser stripe with sub-pixel accuracy is proposed. The proposed algorithm mainly consists of two stages： two-side edge detection and center line extraction. First, the two-side edge of laser stripe is detected using the principal component angle-based progressive probabilistic Hough transform and its width is calculated through the distance between these two edges. Secondly, the center line of laser strip is extracted with 2D Taylor expansion at a sub-pixel level and the laser plane is calibrated with the 3D reconstructed coordinates from the extracted 2D sub-pixel ones. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can not only extract the laser stripe at a high speed, nearly average 78 ms/frame, but also calibrate the coplanar laser stripes at a low error, limited to 0.3 mm. The proposed algorithm can satisfy the system requirement of two-side edge detection and center line extraction, and rapid speed, high precision, as well as strong anti-jamming.

High-precision and wide-range real-time neutron flux monitor system through multipoint linear calibration

The neutron flux monitor(NFM)system is an important diagnostic subsystem introduced by large nuclear fusion devices such as international thermonuclear experimental reactor(ITER),Japan torus-60,tokamak fusion test reactor,and HL-2 A.Neutron fluxes can provide real-time parameters for nuclear fusion,including neutron source intensity and fusion power.Corresponding to different nuclear reaction periods,neutron fluxes span over seven decades,thereby requiring electronic devices to operate in counting and Campbelling modes simultaneously.Therefore,it is crucial to design a real-time NFM system to encompass such a wide dynamic range.In this study,a high-precision NFM system with a wide measurement range of neutron flux is implemented using realtime multipoint linear calibration.It can automatically switch between counting and Campbelling modes with variations in the neutron flux.We established a testing platform to verify the feasibility of the NFM system,which can output the simulated neutron signal using an arbitrary waveform generator.Meanwhile,the accurate calibration interval of the Campbelling mode is defined well.Based on the above-mentioned design,the system satisfies the requirements,offering a dynamic range of 10~8 cps,temporal resolution of 1 ms,and maximal relative error of 4%measured at the signal-to-noise ratio of 15.8 dB.Additionally,the NFM system is verified in a field experiment involving HL-2 A,and the measured neutron flux is consistent with the results.

Scintrex CG5 used for superconducting gravimeter calibration

The scale factor accuracy of superconducting gravimeters （SG） can be largely improved by a high repetition rate of calibration experiments. At stations where the availability of absolute gravimeters is limited, carefully calibrated spring gravimeters can be used for providing the reference signal assuming the irregular drift is properly adjusted. The temporal stability of the SG scale factor is assessable by comparing the temporal variations of M2 tidal parameters observed at neighboring SG sites or from synthetic tide models. Combining these methods reduces the SG scale factor error to a few 0.1%0. The paper addresses the particular procedure required for evaluating the calibration experiments based on spring gravimeters and presents results obtained at Conrad observatory （Austria）. Comparing the M2 amplitude factor modulation helped to reveal a SG scale factor offset of about 0.2%0 due to re-installation.

复苏后良好结局评分2预测中国汉族人群院内心脏骤停患者神经系统预后的临床价值

目的评价复苏后良好结局评分2(GO-FAR2)在中国汉族人群预测院内心脏骤停患者神经系统预后的临床价值。方法连续性纳入2020年自贡市第四人民医院发生院内心脏骤停的患者进行回顾性分析,以GOFAR2评分四分位数为标准将研究对象分为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4组,比较Q2、Q3、Q4组与Q1组出现脑功能分类评分≤2分(主要结局指标)的比值比,计算GO-FAR 2预测结局指标的受试者工作曲线下面积、绘制校正曲线。结果满足研究条件的成人患者共230例,神经系统预后良好(CPC评分≤2)25例(10.9%)。与Q1组相比较,GO-FAR2评分≥2组(Q2、Q3、Q4)OR值分别为0.48(95%CI:0.15~1.33)、0.18(95%CI:0.02~0.70)、0.28(95%CI:0.07~0.88)。GO-FAR2评分预测结局指标的ROC曲线下面积为0.664(95%CI:0.548~0.780)。GOFAR2评分预测结局指标预测值与真实值之间差异无统计学意义(Hosmwe-Lemeshow检验P值0.567)。结论GO-FAR2评分是中国汉族人群发生院内心脏骤停后预测出院后神经功能状态的简单、便捷且具有较强实用性的评价工具,值得进一步推广应用。

一种具有自校准、自控制功能的I^(2)C接口电路

文章提出一种在开漏模式下通过硬件自检测、自校准实现高性能I^(2)C(inter-integrated circuit)接口的设计,并给出一种I^(2)C接口自控制实现开漏功能的方法。在传统I^(2)C接口电路的基础上,增加了自检测拉低时钟总线并进行自校准的功能,使得在开漏模式下,硬件能够自动检测到时钟总线在上拉过程中的低电平并进行自校准高电平,在改善通信稳定性的基础上实现了性能提升。考虑到不同的应用场合,增加了开漏使能控制电路,为提高IP的可移植性,I^(2)C接口可自控制开漏功能,支持软件配置,灵活地应用于各种通用输入输出(general-purpose input/output,GPIO)模型中。成品开发板电路测试表明,在系统时钟为120 MHz时,该电路在开漏模式下高速通信中的位速率高达5.98 Mbit/s,在推挽模式下超快速通信中的位速率高达30.00 Mbit/s。

Study on the Drift Calibration Method and Device for the Tin Oxide pH Electrode

Drift phenomenon has been known as the drawback of sensors and causes inaccuracy on the long-term measurement. In general,there are two methods to reduce the drift problem.One is to tune the parameters of the fabrication process to improve the properties of the front-ended device.Another is to compensate the drift phenomenon by adding extra drift compensation circuit or software in the back-ended readout circuit.In this study,a drift calibration method for the potentiometric sensor was presented and the drift calibration method was performed by using the circuit.According to experimental results,the drift phenomenon of the SnO_2 pH electrode was reduced by the drift calibration device.

Flexible Planar-Scene Camera Calibration Technique

A flexible camera calibration technique using 2D-DLT and bundle adjustment with planar scenes is proposed. The equation of principal line under image coordinate system represented with 2D-DLT parameters is educed using the correspondence between collinearity equations and 2D-DLT. A novel algorithm to obtain the initial value of principal point is put forward. Proof of Critical Motion Sequences for calibration is given in detail. The practical decomposition algorithm of exterior parameters using initial values of principal point, focal length and 2D-DLT parameters is discussed elaborately. Planar\|scene camera calibration algorithm with bundle adjustment is addressed. Very good results have been obtained with both computer simulations and real data calibration. The calibration result can be used in some high precision applications, such as reverse engineering and industrial inspection.

基于万山定标场验潮数据的HY-2B/C雷达高度计定标检验

对雷达高度计测高数据进行持续的定标检验是高度计数据应用的前提。基于珠海万山定标场3个沿岸验潮仪(外伶仃岛验潮仪、担杆岛验潮仪、直湾岛验潮仪)现场验潮数据,利用本研究所提方法,对HY-2B卫星2019年9月至2022年4月过境轨道375和HY-2C卫星2021年5月至2022年4月过境轨道170,172,185,187星下点海面高数据进行定标检验。结果发现:HY-2B卫星相对于3个验潮仪现场验潮数据的海面高偏差与文献的定标结果符合较好,证明所提方法是可靠的。HY-2C卫星过境轨道170(172)星下点相对3个验潮站的海面高偏差均在5 cm以内;HY-2C卫星过境轨道185(187)星下点相对3个验潮站的海面高偏差均在4 cm以内。对相同卫星的相同轨道,不同验潮站的检验结果存在差异,这可能与验潮站水位数据处理和位置归算有关。结果表明,HY-2卫星绝对海面高观测精度较好,可以满足科学研究对海洋高度计数据的应用需要。

基于通用计算机的2乘2取2安全架构研究与实现

嵌入式安全平台存在硬件开发成本高、运算性能提升难、升级适配工作量大等限制。为此,研究基于通用计算机的2乘2取2安全架构,设计通用安全平台数据交互机制,实现系内、系间不同计算机之间的数据交互比较逻辑;系统内各计算机之间进行周期性时间校准,实现系统时钟的同步校准,保证2乘2取2机制长时间的稳定运行,构建满足SIL4安全等级的铁路信号通用安全平台。

Hg-CEMS烟气预处理关键问题研究与进展

鉴于汞在化石燃料和矿物资源中的天然禀赋以及能源与资源利用过程中汞污染物的排放与监管,研发我国自主知识产权的汞连续在线监测系统(Hg-CEMS)成为汞排放浓度监测的国家重大需求。烟气预处理技术是Hg-CEMS系统中最关键的组成部分,也是限制我国Hg-CEMS技术发展与应用的核心技术。对Hg-CEMS烟气预处理技术中的4个关键模块——稀释采样模块、Hg0/Hg^(2+)分离模块、Hg^(2+)还原模块、Hg^(2+)标气发生模块的研究进展进行全面综述。首先,介绍稀释采样技术的原理与应用,阐述音速小孔和热稀释引射器的结构和设计要点,论述数值模拟与优化设计相结合的方法。其次,针对Hg0/Hg^(2+)分离技术,综述湿法吸收、物理吸附和化学吸附的研究新进展,讨论选择性吸附剂KCl和CaO的理论和实验研究结果。第3,针对Hg^(2+)还原技术,概述湿化学还原、低温还原和高温分解还原的技术,论证低温还原技术中固态还原剂的活性成分、反应温度以及烟气成分对氧化态汞还原的影响,探讨高温分解还原技术中填充材料、酸性气体组分以及除酸剂对Hg^(2+)还原和抑制Hg0再氧化的新研究进展。最后,针对Hg^(2+)标气发生技术面临的技术难点,提出固态标气发生新技术理念并指出其工业应用的可行性。结合当前Hg-CEMS技术的研究发展和应用现状,提出上述4个关键模块的研究思路、解决方案与应用前景。

中巴地球资源02星CCD图像交叉定标与大气校正研究

利用LANDSAT-5的TM对CBERS-2的CCD 1-4波段进行交叉定标,得到了CCD 1-4波段的参考辐射定标系数,并对这组定标系数进行了验证.利用6S模型和同步气象资料,对CBERS-2的CCD数据,进行了大气校正和反射率反演.最后对CCD 1-4波段大气校正前后的反射率和归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化进行了对比研究.发现大气校正后的CCD3和CCD4波段的地面反射率明显升高,大气校正后的CCD图像呈现出高植被覆盖区NDVI增大,低植被覆盖区NDVI减小的趋势.

CryoSat-2卫星测高计划及其应用

作为欧空局地球探测计划的一项重要任务,Cryo Sat-2卫星于2010年携带着Ku波段SIRAL(干涉/合成孔径雷达高度计)发射升空。Cryo Sat-2任务的优势在于高精度地测量两极海冰厚度以及监测南极大陆和格陵兰冰盖的变化,同时92°的近极地轨道一定程度上填补了先前遥测卫星的高纬数据缺口。本文对Cryo Sat-2卫星的科学目标、科学需求、任务概况、仪器载荷以及数据产品等方面做了详细的介绍,重点强调了Cryo Sat-2的首要载荷SIRAL和数据校准,最后探讨了Cryo Sat-2在极地领域的应用。

烟气中SO_2采样测量技术的应用与改进

简要总结了目前常用的烟气SO2 测试方法及使用过程中常见问题 ,并提出了相应的解决措施。目前被普遍使用的便携式烟气分析仪存在由于烟气中水蒸汽结露和采样系统抽力不够而严重影响测量结果的问题 ,针对这 2个问题 ,设计采用一种辅助采样装置 。