The hepatitis C virus 5’ untranslated region gene amplified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and its secondary structure

Objectives: To obtain very end full-length cDNA ofhepatitis C virus (HCV) 5’ untranslated region(5’UTR) and analyze its primary and secondarystructure.Methods: A patient infected genotype 2a HCV wasidentified by reverse transcription-nested polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP). Total RNA isolatedfrom the serum was used as template, and the cDNAof the 5’ untranslated region was amplified using rap-id amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The frag-ments were recombinated by A-T clone strategy, andthe recombinants were confirmed by RFLP andPCR, and sequenced subsequently. Secondary struc-tures were analysed by RNAdraw.Results: Very end full-length cDNA of genotype 2aHCV 5’ UTR was obtained by RACE. In five clonesobtained, three contained full-length 5’UTR cDNA;A21G, G170A, T222C, T247C, C339T substitutionswere found as compared to HC-J6. Homological re-sults of HCV-1, HC-J6, HC-C2, HC-J8 were 93.6%-94.4%, 92.1%-93%, 98.8%-99.7%, 96.2%-96.5%, respectively; however, the substitutions didnot alter secondary structure. Two of 5 clones weredeletions of 53bp and 135bp at the 5’terminal ofHCV 5’UTR, respectively.Conclusions: RACE can be used to obtain the full-length cDNA of 2a genotype HCV 5’UTR. Genes de-leted at the 5’ terminal of HCV circulate in hepatitisC patients.

Rapid Amplification of 5′ cDNA End of S. Liaotungensis Choline Monooxygenase Using Inverse PCR RACE

Based on part of a known cDNA sequence of Suaeda Liaotungensis choline monooxygenase, the authors successfully cloned the 5′ cDNA end of Suaeda Lianotungensis choline monooxygenase using Inverse PCR RACE with a specially designed 5′-phosphated RT primer and two pairs of specific inverse PCR primers. Compared with the anchored PCR RACE, inverse PCR RACE has better specificity and higher amplification.

Amplification of the Full-Length PAMP Gene and Difference of the mRNA Expression Among Three Lean Pig Breeds

To understand the function of porcine adipocyte-special membrane protein （PAMP） gene and the difference of fat deposition ability among various lean pig breeds, a full-length porcine adipocyte-special membrane protein （PAMP） gene was successfully amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and 5＇-rapid amplification of cDNA end （5＇-RACE）. The open reading frame was 1 587 bp encoding 529 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence of the fulllength PAMP gene was deposited in the GenBank under the accession number EF433431. The PAMP gene mRNA expression was analyzed on three lean pig breeds by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （QRTPCR）. The PAMP gene mRNA levels in YHM （Yorkshire × Hampshire × Meishan） pig and DLY （Duroc × Landrance × Yorkshire） pig were about 0.82 and 0.38 times of that in SW （Shanxi-White） pig, respectively.

Amplification of UGPase cDNA 3＇ UTR from Saccharum Officinarum

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is an important enzyme concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in plants. Cloning of UGPase is a premise for further study on molecular level, and it is also crucial for study of carbohydrate metabolism. UGPase cDNA sequence as a template, designed primer, then 3＇-untranslate region （3＇ UTR） of UGPase were amplified by 3＇-rapid amplification of cDNA ends （3＇-RACE）. The results suggested the 3＇ UTR were 243 bp, contained AATAA sequence and Poly（A）.

Construction and Quality Analysis of Full-length cDNA Library of Phyllostachys heterocycla Germinating Seeds

[Objective] This study aimed to construct the full-length cDNA library for ger- minating seeds of Phyllostachys heterocycla [Method] Germinating seeds of P. hetero- cycla were used as experimental materials to construct the full-length cDNA library by using Oligo-capping method. [Result] The constructed library has a total capacity of 6.5×10^6 recombinant clones, and a low proportion of clones without inserted frag- ments; the size of inserted fragments ranges between 0.3-5.0 kb, with strict classifi- cation and ideal consistency. Furthermore, the proportion of clones harboring long in- serted fragments （1.0-5.0 kb） is as high as 30%, achieving the standard for high- quality full-length cDNA library. [Conclusion] The full-length cDNA library of germinat- ing seeds of P. heterocycla was successfully constructed, which laid important foun- dation for the functional genomics research of bamboo plants.

Cloning of A Full-Length cDNA Encoding 4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase of Amorpha fruticosa by PCR-Based Methods

An Amorpha fruticosa cDNA encoding 4 coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism related to lignin forming, was cloned by degenerating oligo primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) PCR. We designed 5′RACE primers based on 4CLA1 fragment which obtained from degenerate PCR. Inverse PCR and nested PCR enabled cloning of the remainder fragments of the gene included 5′ and 3′ end sequence. The ORF encodes a polypeptide of 540 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence exhibits significant homology with those of other cloned 4CL genes, contain domains typical of predicted 4CL proteins, in particular a postulated AMP binding site, catalytic domain, and conserved Cys residues.

Construction of a Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Sesame Developing Seed by DSN and SMART^(TM)

Sesame （Sesamue indicum L.） is one of the most important oilseed crops with high oil yield. Here, we described a simple and efficient method for constructing a normalized cDNA library from a high oil content cultivar of sesame Zhongzhi 14, during its oil accumulation stages. It combined switching mechanism at 5？end of RNA transcript （SMART） technique and duplex-specific nuclease （DSN） normalization methods. Double-stranded cDNAs were synthesized from mRNAs, processed by normalization and Sfi I restriction endonuclease, and finally the cDNAs were ligated to pDNR-LIB vector. The ligation mixture was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10B by electroporation. The capacity of the library was 1.0？06 clones in this library. Gel electrophoresis results indicated the fragments ranged from 700 to 2 000 bp, with the average size of 1 800 bp. Random picking clones showed that the recombination rate was 100%. The results showed that the cDNA library constructed successfully was a full-length library with high quality, and could be used to screen the genes related to development of oil synthesis.

Cloning and Sequencing of a Full-Length cDNA Encoding the RuBPCase Small Subunit (RbcS) in Tea (Camellia sinensis)

This study was aimed to isolate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit （RbcS） from tea plant [Camellia sinensis （L.） O. Kuntze]. In the study of transcriptional profiling of gene expression from tea flower bud development stage by cDNA-AFLP （cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism）, we have isolated some transcript-derived fragments （TDFs） occurring in both the young and mature flower bud. One of them showed a high degree of similarity to RbcS. Based on the fragment, the full length of RbcS with 769-bp （EF011075） cDNA was obtained via rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE）. It contained an open reading frame of 176 amino acids consisting of a chloroplast transit peptide with 52 amino acids and a mature protein of 124 amino acids. The amino acids sequence presented a high identity to those of other plant RbcS genes. It also contains three conserved domains and a protein kinase C phosphorylation site, one tyrosine kinase phosphorylation site and two N-myristoylation sites. Analysis by RT-PCR showed that the expression of RbcS in tea from high to low was leaf, young stem, young flower bud and mature flower bud, respectively. The isolation of the tea Rubisco small subunit gene establishes a good foundation for further study on the photosynthesis of tea plant.

Generation and Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags(ESTs) from Muscle Full-Length cDNA Library of Wujin Pig

Porcine skeletal muscle genes play a major role in determining muscle growth and meat quality. Construction of a full-length cDNA library is an effective way to understand the expression of functional genes in muscle tissues. In addition, novel genes for further research could be identified in the library. In this study, we constructed a full-length cDNA library from porcine muscle tissue. The estimated average size of the cDNA inserts was 1 076 bp, and the cDNA fullness ratio was 86.2%. A total of 1 058 unique sequences with 342 contigs （32.3%） and 716 singleton （67.7%） expressed sequence tags （EST） were obtained by clustering and assembling. Meanwhile, 826 （78.1%） ESTs were categorized as known genes, and 232 （21.9%） ESTs were categorized as unknown genes. 65 novel porcine genes that exhibit no identity in the TIGR gene index of Sus scrofa and 124 full-length sequences with unknown functions were deposited in the dbEST division of GenBank （accession numbers： EU650784-EU650788, GE843306, GH228978-GH229100）. The abundantly expressed genes in porcine muscle tissue were related to muscle fiber development, energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Gene ontology analysis showed that sequences expressed in porcine muscle tissue contained a high percentage of binding activity, catalytic activity, structural molecule activity and motor activity, which involved mainly in metabolic, cellular and developmental process, distributed mainly in intracellular region. The sequence data generated in this study would provide valuable information for identifying porcine genes expressed in muscle tissue and help to advance the study on the structure and function of genes in pigs.

水稻TAF12b基因cDNA克隆及其分子特性鉴定

【目的】明确水稻通用转录因子TFⅡD复合物组分中的OsTAF12b的选择性剪接形式并鉴定其亚细胞定位及其表达模式,为深入研究OsTAF12b功能提供基础性信息。【方法】利用5'-/3'-RACE技术扩增并克隆了OsTAF12b基因的全长cDNA;通过生物信息学进行了多重序列比对和进化树构建;利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察OsTAF12b的亚细胞定位;通过qRT-PCR技术分析了该基因在非生物逆境下的表达模式。【结果】发现OsTAF12b基因有4个选择性剪接转录本,其在编码区内仅存在一个赖氨酸的差异。OsTAF12b与其他禾本科植物成员高度同源且在进化树中聚在一个分支上。在本氏烟叶片细胞和水稻原生质体中融合GFP标签的OsTAF12b蛋白均与细胞核标记蛋白H2B共定位。OsTAF12b转录本在水稻叶片中的积累水平较高,而且在多种非生物逆境胁迫下显著上调表达。【结论】水稻OsTAF12b基因存在4种选择性剪接产物,可编码2个仅相差1个赖氨酸残基的细胞核蛋白。表达模式分析表明OsTAF12b可能参与水稻多种非生物逆境胁迫响应过程。

Cloning a Full-length cDNA Encoding UDP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Amorpha fruticosa by PCR-based Methods

A method based on degenerate Oligo primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and random amplification of cDNA end (RACE) PCR for cloning a full length cDNA is described. An Amorpha fruticosa cDNA clone encoding UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), a key enzyme producing UDP glucose in the synthesis of sucrose and cellulose, is cloned by using this method. We design 5’ RACE primers based on UGPA1 fragment, which obtains from degenerate PCR. Inverse PCR and nested PCR enable cloning of the remainder 5’ and 3’ end fragments of the gene. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits significant homology with the other UGP genes cloned. This method is more simple and inexpensive than screening cDNA library, and can be easily adapted to clone other genes.

cDNA文库构建策略及其分析研究进展

cDNA文库构建和筛选是基因克隆的重要方法之一,它是目前发现新基因和研究基因功能的基本工具。从cDNA文库中可以筛选到目的基因,并直接用于该基因的表达。经典cDNA文库存在克隆的片段短等缺点,而全长cDNA文库则能提供完整的mRNA信息,从而克隆cDNA全长;对文库进行均一化处理即均一化cDNA文库,可以增加克隆低丰度mRNA的机会;差减cDNA文库在研究生物体某一时期基因差异表达上具有重要的意义;改进的固相cDNA很大程度上提高了建库的效率和质量。本文以阐述基本原理为主,介绍几种近年来常用的cDNA构建的方法及其优缺点。

RACE法分离团头鲂生长抑素全长cDNA及其序列测定

生长抑素具有抑制脑垂体GH释放的作用,是调控鱼类生长的主要激素之一。本研究采用RT和RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)法,分离和测定了团头鲂脑中生长抑素PSSI cDNA的全长核苷酸序列,并对该基因进行了结构和系统进化分析。3’RACE扩增得到700bp左右的片段,5’RACE分离得到500bp左右的片段,把3’片段与5’片段拼接得到全长cDNA。cDNA全长735bp[不含poly(A)],5’端非翻译区有100nt,3’端290bP[不包含poly(A)],阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)345bp。该序列与金鱼PSSI cDNA序列同源性为90％,主要差异在5’端非翻译区。团头鲂生长抑素mRNA阅读框编码114个氨基酸,包括一些酶切位点,产生26个氨基酸的大分子态生长抑素,进一步加工成与人等结构相似的14个氨基酸的生长抑素;团头鲂生长抑素前体氨基酸序列与金鱼、虹鳟、鲶鱼、鮟鱇、蛙、牛、鼠、鸡、猴、人等的比较发现,它与金鱼的同源性最高达95％,与鮟鱇最低50％,与人68％。这说明生长抑素基因在长期的进化中相当保守,同时,也因为鱼类生活环境多样导致基因变异较大。

中华绒螯蟹卵巢RACE cDNA文库的构建

应用抑制性差减杂交技术 ,已经获得了中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育过程中差异表达基因的部分cDNA序列。为了进一步获得基因的全长cDNA序列 ,运用SMART技术 ,成功构建了中华绒螯蟹卵巢 (Ⅲ期 )RACEcDNA文库。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明 ,文库所含全长cDNA的长度主要集中在 5 0 0～ 2 0 0 0bp之间 ,RACEPCR结果表明 ,所用基因特异性引物与接头引物皆能扩增出产物 ,说明所构文库的质量较好 ,适于用RACE方法从中分离中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育相关基因的全长cDNA。

三角帆蚌β-肌动蛋白基因的cDNA全长克隆及表达分析

采用RT-PCR和快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术首次克隆了三角帆蚌β-肌动蛋白基因的cDNA全序列,该序列全长为1483bp,由长92bp的5′非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR),257bp的3′非翻译区,和1134bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)组成。阅读框共编码377个氨基酸,推算的分子量约为41.9ku,理论等电点为5.3。三角帆蚌β-actin氨基酸序列中Met178,Ser305,Ser321,Pro325,Val331,Pro346等6个氨基酸残基具有特异性,此外还发现3个特殊的氨基酸残基位点以及2个软体动物特有的氨基酸残基。三角帆蚌β-actin氨基酸序列与软体动物、节肢动物、脊椎动物的相似性高达98%～99%。NJ法系统进化分析显示三角帆蚌首先与软体动物聚在一起,然后与节肢动物聚在一起,再依次与鱼类、两栖类、哺乳类聚在一起。RT-PCR显示β-actin基因在外套膜、血液、肝、肾、胃、肠、鳃、斧足共8个组织的表达基本一致,具有良好的稳定性。

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Beta-actin Gene Full Length cDNA from Trachidermus fasciatus

[Objective] The purpose of this experiment was to reveal the sequence and characteristics of Trachidermus fasciatus beta-actin gene.[Method] Using total RNA of muscle in T.fasciatus as template,three cDNA fragments of beta-actin gene in T.fasciatus were amplified by RT-PCR,5＇-RACE and 3＇-RACE.[Result] A full-length of 1905 bp beta-actin cDNA sequence in T.fasciatus,which includes a 1128 bp length open reading frame encoding a 375-amino acid peptide,was obtained.Sequence alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequence revealed that T.fasciatus beta-actin shared high homology with that of Epinephelus coioides,Rachycentron canadum,Chrysophrys auratus and of relatively low homology with mammalian and bird.The phylogenetic analysis showed that T.fasciatus beta-actin had closest relationship with Epinephelus coioides.And RT-PCR analysis suggested that the beta-actin gene expressed in four tissues,i.e.,muscle,liver,intestine and brain.[Conclusion] The full length sequence of beta-actin gene with high conservation in T.fasciatus was obtained for the first time.

猪瘟病毒石门株特异cDNA片段的扩增与序列分析

以猪瘟病毒感染细胞中提取的细胞总ＲＮＡ为模板，应用反转录─聚合酶链反应，在化学合成的两对特异引物引导下，成功地扩增出了两个石门株的ｃＤＮＡ片段。电泳证明它们的大小与预计的３４６ｂｐ和１２０ｂｐ完全一致。酶切分析证实了它们应有的酶切位点。随后对这两个片段进行了克隆和序列测定，并与国外株的序列进行了比较。结果证明本实验扩增的两个ｃＤＮＡ序列与Ａｌｆｏｒｔ株和Ｂｒｅｓｉａ株的同源性分别是９５．２％和９８．５％。

油茶乙酰CoA酰基转移酶基因cDNA克隆及序列特征分析

在已知油茶乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因EST序列基础上,设计6条特异引物,以油茶优良无性系‘湘林1号’种仁总RNA为模板,通过反应体系和反应条件优化,最终扩增出一条700 bp左右的目的片段,将该片段回收、克隆、测序,获得718 bp的cDNA序列,将该序列与油茶乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因进行序列拼接,确定了油茶乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因的全长cDNA序列,将该序列提交至GeneBank,登录号为GU594059。油茶乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因全长cDNA序列为1 495 bp,含有一个1 227 bp的ORF,编码408个氨基酸残基。在氨基酸序列水平上,该基因与胡黄连(P.kurrooa)的乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因的相似性最高,为86%,与稻瘟病菌(M.grisea)的最低,为65%。通过在线预测,油茶乙酰COA酰基转移酶基因编码蛋白的等电点pI为6.19,分子量Mw为41 628.6 Da。本研究为揭示油茶油脂合成规律和油茶的分子育种提供了理论依据和科学基础。

用RACE结合cDNA文库筛选的方法获取新的锌指蛋白基因

大多数有重要功能的蛋白质都含相应的由保守氨基酸顺序组成的功能结构域。本文首先根据蛋白质功能结构域保守氨基酸序列设计简并引物 ,用PCR方法扩增出基因EST序列 ,再利用改进的快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)方法从cDNA文库中扩增出基因非同源部位 ,然后以非同源序列为探针 ,筛选cDNA文库。利用此方法成功地从人骨髓cDNA文库中克隆到几个编码锌指蛋白并代表原有EST的新的全长cDNA。这一策略也应适用于筛选编码具有其他序列保守性功能结构域蛋白的基因。

小麦叶片cDNA-AFLP扩增反应体系的优化

【目的】建立并优化小麦叶片cDNA-AFLP扩增反应体系,进行cDNA-AFLP分析,挖掘新春6号相关抗旱基因。【方法】在盆栽小麦苗期水分胁迫下叶片cDNA-AFLP的试验中,分别对20μL预扩增和选择性扩增反应体系中的4种反应条件影响因子进行不同梯度优化的研究,包括引物、dNTP、Mg2+及TaqDNA聚合酶的用量。【结果】PCR预扩增20μL反应体系中,引物(40 mM)1.0μLd、NTP(2.5 mM)1.8μL、Mg2+(25 mM)2.2μL、TaqDNA聚合酶(5U)0.5μL时预扩增效果较好;PCR选择性扩增20μL反应体系中,引物(40 mM)0.6μL、dNTP(2.5 mM)2.0μL、Mg2+(25 mM)1.6μL、TaqDNA聚合酶(5U)0.4μL时,可得到更多清晰可辨的TDFs(transcriptderived fragments)。【结论】试验通过对引物、dNTP、Mg2+、TapDNA聚合酶用量等因子进行筛选,获得较为理想的预扩增和选择性扩增体系,得到了更多有效的条带,为利用cDNA-AFLP研究小麦抗旱相关基因的分离及其克隆奠定了良好的基础。