Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Development and prospect on fully mechanized mining in Chinese coal mines

Fully mechanized mining(FMM)technology has been applied in Chinese coal mines for more than 40 years.At present,the output of a FMM face has reached 10-million tons with Chinese-made equipment.In this study,the new developments in FMM technology and equipment in Chinese coal mines during past decades are introduced.The automatic FMM technology for thin seams,complete sets of FMM technology with ultra large shear height of 7 m for thick seams,complete sets of fully mechanized top coal caving technology with large shear height for ultra-thick seams of 20 m,complete sets of FMM technology for complex and difficult seams,including steeply inclined seams,soft coal seams with large inclination angle,and the mechanized filling mining technology and equipment are presented.Some typical case studies are also introduced.Finally,the existing problems with the FMM technology are discussed,and prospect of FMM technology and equipment applied in Chinese coal mines is put forward.

Analysis and key control technologies to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines

In order to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines in China,we have analyzed the characteristics of spontaneous coal combustion and explain theoretically the factors affecting spontaneous coal combustion,such as rock bursts,high temperatures,high ventilation resistance,slow advancing speed and large obliquity mining.Key technologies to prevent spontaneous combustion occurring in sharply inclined seams in deep mines are proposed;these include pouring water,stopping leakage in upper and lower corners of the working face,choking off the goaf and covering the coal.CO concentrations were controlled within two years to less than 15×10-6 at the upper corner by applying these technologies at the 1410 working face of the Huafeng coal mine.Our method has significant theoretical value and is of practical importance in controlling spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines.

Similar material simulation research on movement law of roof over-lying strata in stope of fully mechanized caving face with large mining height

Similar material simulation test was carried out in a geological model ofW_(9-15)101 fully mechanized caving face with large mining height in the Liuhuanggou Colliery,in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region.The roof overlying strata movement law in thestope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height was studied and showthat the roof overlying strata in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large miningheight can be formed into a stable arch structure; the fracture rock beam is formed resemblinga 'bond beam', but it has essentially the structure of 'multi-span beams' underthe big structure of the stable arch.The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope ofa fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is similar to that of the common,fully mechanized caving stope, which is determined by the deformation and instability ofthe structure of 'multi-span beams'.But because of the differences between the miningheights, the peak pressure in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large miningheight is smaller while the affected area of abutment pressure is wider in the front of theworking face; this is the obvious difference in abutment pressure between the stope of afully mechanized caving face with large mining height and that of the common.

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

According to a lot of practical data in Liujialiang Mine and reliability theory and result of computer simulation, operation regularity of fully mechanized sublevel caving mining production system in the condition of gently inclined complicated geological structure and production shortcomings are found out and reliability of system and output of the working face are predicted finally.

Fracture mechanics model of fully mechanized top coal caving of shallow coal seams and its application

Based on break characteristics of roofs in fully mechanized top-coal mining of thick shallow coal seams, a fracture mechanics model was built, and the criterion of crack propagation in the main roof was derived using the fracture mechanics theory. The relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were discovered, and the correlations between the load on the overlying strata and the ratio of the crack's length to the thickness of the roof were obtained. Using a working face of Jindi Coal Mine, Xing county Shanxi province as an example, the relationships between the fracture length of the roof and the working resistance of the supports were analysed in detail. The results give a design basis in hydraulic top coal caving supports, which could provide useful references in the practical application. On-site experiment proves that the periodic weighting step interval of the caving face is 15–16 m, which is basically consistent with the theoretical analysis results, and indicates that the mechanized caving hydraulic support is capable of meeting the support requirements in the mining of a super-thick but shallowly buried coal seam.

多频雷达融合的顶煤结构精准探测技术

顶煤结构的准确探测是实现综放智能化开采的重要依据,然而我国煤层结构复杂且内部常含多层夹矸,易影响综放智能化开采的水平。为此,提出一种多频雷达融合的顶煤结构精准探测方法,可提高雷达天线探测深度内的浅部探测精度,同时对顶煤内部的结构信息进行解释。主要研究步骤如下:首先,对不同频率的雷达数据进行预处理和空间对齐,建立不同频率雷达数据之间的空间对应关系;其次,利用滑动窗口与小波变换加权融合方法对多频率雷达数据进行处理,根据窗口内各分段小波信号的能量占比确定各频率信号的时变权重值,并引入边缘检测算法来提高小波变换对雷达数据的融合效率,实现多频雷达数据有效融合;最后,根据煤-矸-岩的介电常数差异和电磁波传播的衰减特性,建立顶煤内部回波强度模型,并利用分层识别方法计算出顶煤内部煤-矸-岩之间的界面信息,进而反演出顶煤内部结构(包括顶煤厚度、夹矸厚度及层数、夹矸层间距等)。试验结果表明:所提出的方法能有效地将不同频率雷达数据进行融合,并能有效地探测出顶煤内部结构特征,且顶煤厚度、夹矸厚度和夹矸层间距的探测误差均小于10%。该方法有助于实现顶煤结构的精准探测,为综放智能化开采提供理论技术支撑。

厚煤层大采高综放工作面覆岩断裂演化规律研究

大采高综放开采易形成强烈的矿压显现,上覆岩层的断裂演化规律对工作面安全生产至关重要。以羊场湾煤矿160206工作面为工程背景,运用相似模拟试验、数值模拟和理论分析的综合研究方法,对大采高综放工作面覆岩的断裂过程与覆岩运移规律进行系统研究。研究表明:导水裂隙带内岩层随工作面推进表现为“台阶下沉”,同层岩层下沉趋势沿走向表现为“急剧下降—稳定(最大值)—快速上升—稳定(最小值)”。工作面覆岩运动场由两区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区)演化为三区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区、稳定区)。对离层演化与地表下沉规律进行了定量描述,运用理论计算表达式深入地剖析了地表的动态下沉机理及其相关因素。结合相似模拟与数值模拟的试验结果,提出了覆岩断裂演化的形态变化特征:覆岩断裂形态由“单等腰梯形”演化为“双等腰梯形”,表土层影响区由“矩形”演化为“倒梯形”。分析了覆岩中垮落区、离层区、压实区、裂隙富集区的动态演化过程:垮落区逐渐增大至一定程度,高度小幅度降低并趋于稳定,离层区由下至上逐渐发育并随工作面向前移动,离层区逐渐闭合形成压实区,且压实区逐渐增大并最终保持稳定,裂隙富集区位于采空区前后端部并随工作面向前移动。

6~10 m厚煤层超大采高液压支架及其工作面系统自适应智能耦合控制

厚煤层储量及产量占我国原煤总储量及产量的一半,通过梳理厚煤层开采历史沿革,总结了我国厚煤层开采40年来的技术及装备研发实践,系统分析了以高端大采高液压支架及围岩智能耦合理论为代表的6~10 m大采高综采高效智能化综采技术及装备研究进展,提出了大采高支护理论及围岩智能耦合控制的突破是厚煤层一次开采高度突破的首要因素,完善的感知体系建立是液压支架自适应支护的前提,数字技术的应用为大采高工作面高效推进及装备智能协同控制提供了新的技术途径;阐明了大采高综放液压支架与围岩耦合关系,剖析了采高增加对硬煤层冒放性的有利影响,提出了基于煤矸识别、放煤机构控制的“纯煤段记忆放煤+煤岩分界模糊段人工反馈式干预放煤”的智能放煤控制策略;分析了大采高开采“采–运”协同智能耦合控制关键技术,构建了基于采煤机牵引速度与刮板输送机链速间联动调节的工作面装备间多机异构耦合自适应协同控制模型;研发了厚煤层开采中10 m超大采高液压支架,分析了厚煤层开采不断突破开采高度极限的新认识,从开采装备、控制系统等方面提出厚煤层一次开采高度的突破的研发方向。

黄土梁峁地形大采高煤层开采地表移动规律数值模拟研究

相较于平原地区,黄土梁峁地形下的煤层开采地表移动特征存在明显不同。为分析并揭示梁峁地形下煤层开采地表沉陷异常形变机理,结合现场实测与数值模拟手段,以山西某矿1313工作面为研究对象,对黄土梁峁地形大采高综放开采引起的地表沉陷进行了现场实测,分析了地表移动特征及相关参数取值;利用Rhino软件建立考虑地形的三维模型,导入离散单元法软件3DEC进行数值模拟计算,分析了开采过程中的岩层移动以及梁峁内部塑性破坏演变。研究表明:1313工作面地表移动剧烈,地表下沉起动距小于30 m,超前影响距为73 m,超前影响角为68.7°,走向边界角与上山边界角为40.3°,走向移动角与上山移动角为37.8°,以水平拉伸变形2 mm/m为移动边界的危险移动范围明显大于以下沉值10 mm确定的地表移动盆地范围;利用数值模拟分析黄土梁峁采动滑移过程发现,当工作面自开切眼沿走向回采30 m时,采空区周围岩体应力平衡被打破,顶板在自重以及上覆岩层的载荷作用下产生剪切破坏,采空区周边岩体发生塑性屈服,当工作面回采到120 m时,煤层处于非充分开采阶段,梁峁底部岩体剪切破坏带出现贯通现象,坡体在重力作用下发生向邻空侧的剪切滑移,相较于地表坡度15°的截面,地表坡度18°和22°的截面X轴负方向最大水平移动提升了107.3%与246.5%。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

Developing Technology of Fully Mechanized Mining with Sublevel Caving Posititvely and Reasonably

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深埋薄基岩下区段煤柱工作面综放开采可行性研究

赵固二矿在对二1煤层回采过程中,使用分层开采并留设较宽的区段煤柱。矿井拟对区段煤柱进行回采,以赵固二矿二盘区里侧煤柱工作面为工程背景,通过岩石物理力学测试、煤体裂隙观测及顶煤冒放性评价对工作面综放开采适应性进行综合分析,得出煤柱受临近工作面回采影响,裂隙发育,顶煤强度低,顶煤冒放性评价为好;针对深埋薄基岩等条件下煤柱综放开采进行了安全论证,得到了二盘区里侧煤柱工作面可实施综采放顶煤工艺的结论,并进行现场工业性试验,目前已实现安全回采。该研究可为实现区段煤柱综放开采提供成熟方案。

近距离煤层厚硬顶板综放开采强矿压显现规律研究

针对厚硬顶板大采高综放工作面回采过程中强矿压的现象,以神东矿区某矿井近距离煤层厚硬顶板综放工作面为背景,通过现场实测和室内试验等方式,研究工作面矿压显现规律及覆岩破断特征。研究表明:(1)42105综放工作面老顶初次来压步距大,来压强度高,远超工作面支架额定工作阻力,工作面呈现出中部来压集中、强度高且较为频繁的特征;(2)近距离厚硬顶板下回采工作面时,重复采动下工作面覆岩破坏高度更大,尤其是上位关键层破断后带动下位关键层同时破断,并带动其控制的上覆岩层及上方采空区同步下沉,岩层载荷逐层向下传导至工作面,上下位关键层破断的协同作用,从而造成了工作面来压强烈。

近距煤层合层综放工作面矿压显现规律研究

针对近距煤层合层综放开采覆岩移动破坏与矿压显现规律等问题,以涡北煤矿842首采综放工作面为工程背景,采用相似模拟试验和数值分析手段对工作面开采过程进行研究。结果表明:相似模拟试验下覆岩冒落带高度为38 m,开切眼附近裂隙带的高度为103.8 m,停采线附近裂隙带的高度为95.4 m,基本顶初次来压步距为28 m,周期来压步距为17.5 m。由数值分析得到采场围岩位移场与应力场的变化颇为相似,分析采场前方支承压力分布特征与相似模拟试验的结果相吻合。研究结果可为近距煤层合层综放工作面煤柱宽度、工作面支护参数设计提供技术指导。

综放回采工艺参数实测及采放工艺优化研究

以某煤矿101综放工作面为例,通过对综放工作面的基本情况分析,认为其存在顶煤放落困难、放出率低的问题。针对上述出现的情况,通过现场实测、统计分析、数值模拟等一系列研究手段,从优化回采工艺参数入手,对101综放工作面的回采率和回采效果进行了探讨,研究结果与方法可对该矿提升工作面的回采率以及下一步矿井安全高效开采提供依据。