Impact of Hinterland Manufacturing on the Development of Container Ports: Evidence from the Pearl River Delta, China

Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization.This study,taking the Pearl River Delta(PRD),China with an export-oriented economy as an example,applies Huff and panel regres-sion models to evaluate the impact of hinterland manufacturing on the development of container ports during the period of 1993–2019.The results show that 1)the spatial patterns of hinterlands for hub ports help to determine the distribution range and scale of economic variables that affect port throughput;2)the hinterland’s gross manufacturing output has universally positive influence on port through-put,wherein export-oriented processing and the entire manufacturing industry have significantly positive impact on port throughput in 1993–2011 and 2001–2019,respectively;3)the two internal structural factors related to an export-oriented economy,labor-intensive sectors and foreign-funded terminals,have positively moderate the direct influence of hinterland manufacturing on port throughput.Our results highlight the importance of local context in understanding port-manufacturing relationship in developing economies.Based on our findings,policy implications are further proposed to enhance port network organization in PRD.

Security Risk Assessment in Container Terminals:Empirical Evidence from Greece

The most prominent risk assessment techniques are founded on the values of measuring and controlling the frequency and the consequences of risks in order to assure an“acceptable level”of“safeness”mainly in the lines of environmental,health and hygiene and port product issues.This paper examines security risk assessment approaches within the emerging role of ports.This paper contributes to the current literature by considering the ports of Greece as a case in point and by measuring the degree of its security risk orientation based on certain valid risk factors drawn from the current literature.Moreover,it presents a security risk assessment methodology into the domain of port container terminals.Their potential for ports were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed by discussing issues of security approaches within the maritime industry,in order to facilitate improvement strategies.A two-dimension empirical study was conducted,in a time range of ten years(2010-2020)in order to provide evidence regarding security risk assessment in the port container terminal of Thessaloniki,in Greece.The findings of this study have significant strategic policy implications and shed more light on the role of security risks in the overall risk orientation of container terminals in practice.Finally,further research directions in security risk in ports are proposed.

Integration of Berth Allocation and Quay Crane Assignment in Tidal Container Ports

Tide is a significant factor which interferes with the berthing and departing operations of vessels in tidal ports. It is a preferable way to incorporate this factor into the simultaneous berth allocation and quay crane( QC) assignment problem( BACAP) in order to facilitate the realistic decision-making process at container terminal. For this purpose,an integrated optimization model is built with tidal time windows as forbidden intervals for berthing or departing. A hind-and-fore adjustment heuristic is proposed and applied under an iterative optimization framework. Numerical experiment shows the satisfying performance of the proposed algorithm.

A discussion on the distribution of international container junction ports in northern China

Based on the trend of the international container traffic and the necessity to build international junction ports of container traffic in northern China, this article analyses the situation and potential of the three principal ports in northern China: Tianjin, Qingdao and Dalian. Furthermore, the authors study the distribution of international container junction ports in the Chinese north.

Transportation Capacity:Chinese Ports Take the Lead——Outlook of Container Throughput at Global Top 20 Ports in 2014

According to Outlook of Container Throughput at Global Top 20 Ports in2014 released by Center for Forecasting Science(CEFS),Chinese Academy of Sciences,the transportation capacity will keep raise after new container vessels brought into service.In sum,the global transportation market will still face uncertainties in 2014.The global economy faces challenges The global economy in 2014

Analysis of the Competition of Ports in the Middle East Container Ports Using HHI

The market concentration of selected 24 container port/terminal in the Middle East region was evaluated. Data collected for 6 years （2009-2014）, HHI （Herfindahl-Hirschman index technique） was used to analyse the market behaviour and the movement of the market towards monopoly or to lead to PPC （pure and perfect competition）. Based on the above, by analyzing the defined market data, it was found to be a promising market and tends to competition. Of course, this serves the interest of the client, which is the efficiency and speed of cargo handling safely and at the lowest cost.

An Analysis of Formal Risk Assessments for Safety and Security in Ports： Empirical Evidence from Container Terminals in Greece

Nowadays, the most prominent risk assessment techniques are founded on the values of measuring and controlling the frequency and the consequences of risks in order to assure an ＂acceptable level＂ of ＂safeness＂ mainly in the lines of environmental, health and hygiene and port product issues. This paper initially introduces risk assessment approaches within the emerging role of ports Thereafter, it qualitatively assesses their potential for ports by discussing issues challenging every safety and security approach within the maritime industry such as proactiveness, organization, transparency, cost-effectiveness and, when possible, calibration to specific experiences. Moreover, an empirical study was conducted in order to provide evidence for formal risk assessment for safety and security in the main Greek port container terminals of Piraeus and Thessaloniki. The empirical research is based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with the administrations of container terminals. The results include important findings, regarding the likelihood of appearance of certain risks and their perceived severity in Greek container terminals. The collected answers and their analysis are also important for confirming the suggested theoretical formal risk assessment framework for ports.

A Risk Assessment Methodology in Container Terminals： The Case Study of the Port Container Terminal of Thessalonica, Greece

Amidst the ever increasing demand for the unhindered flow of freight throughout the world, seaport safety is emerging as a critical factor which increasingly dictates the need to establish a proactive approach towards addressing the associated risks rather than the traditional reactive response to port accidents. This paper proposes and presents a proactive methodology for port safety risk assessment （including the techno-economically effective prioritized control） which constitutes an adaptation of the FSA （Formal Safety Assessment） for ships. The ability of the proposed methodology to offer this standardized approach for PRA （Port Risk Assessment） is demonstrated through reference to the container terminal of the Greek Port of Thessalonica, for which an empirical study is contacted utilizing the historical record of encountered accidents with regard to their frequency of occurrence and their impact upon the human and environmental resources of the port.

The Present Situation and Future Development of Container Ports in the World

The Improvement of Port Management Stimulated by the Development of Container Traffic Container transport started to flourish in the 70s and grew rapidly. Comparing the traffic volume of 1990 with that of 1975, the Japanese ports handled 7. 82 million TEUs in 1990 and 1.87 million TEUs in 1975 while the "Four Small Dragonsnhandied 18. 10 million TEUs in 1990 and 1.68 million TEUs in 1975,4.2 times and 10.75 times increase respectively.

Ship Size and Service Configuration in Container Shipping

This study analyzes the effect of ship size on the liner service configuration by establishing an economic model. The service configuration is characterized by the distance of service and the number of calling ports. A study ease is presented for illustration. At last such a conclusion is drawn that given a fixed profit, the ship size will change with the extension of service in the same direction, while the change rate of ship size is a little higher than that of the extension of service.

Stacking Sequence of Marine Container Minimizing Space in Container Terminals

Heavier marine containers should be loaded first into ships at container terminals so that ship stability can be maintained during transport. It is helpful for the container terminals if lighter containers arrive earlier than heavier containers, because the latter can be stacked on the former. Therefore, the heavier ones can be loaded into the ships first. Shippers of marine containers do not, however, care for the matters of ships. They follow their own time schedules of supply chains sending marine containers with no relation to container weight. In addition to the conflict explained above, a ship must accommodate numerous containers sent by many shippers. Consequently, marshalling containers at container terminals before loading them into ships is necessary, although it causes inefficiencies of time and cost of cargo handling. This paper presents a proposal of a simple sequence of stacking marine containers at container terminals, adapting to random arrival of the containers irrespective of their weight, but it naturally keeps heavier containers stacked higher together with the stacking space minimized. An algorithm related to this proposal is the following： First, weight-ranked stacking addresses are assigned initially in a block of space at a container terminal; Second, containers are accepted and stacked up in the first block as they arrive at the terminal; Third, a lighter ranked address is sought for the next container if the number of containers on the initially assigned address for the container has already reached the maximum, which depends on the height of cargo handling equipment such as transfer cranes; Fourth, such containers are stacked up on the lighter ranked address. The address is reassigned with the weight rank of the container; Fifth, a heavier ranked address is sought for the next container if no lighter ranked address can be found; Sixth, such containers are stacked up on the heavier ranked address; Seventh, change the block to the next one if either a lighter or heavier ranked address cannot be found; Eighth, repeat the sequence above. This paper demonstrates the algorithm run by a simulation model for which actual arrival records of marine containers to a container terminal of Port of Yokohama are applied. Six ships of different sailing routes are analyzed using the simulation model. All analysis results show that heavier containers are stacked higher with a minimum number of blocks. Therefore, no marshalling of containers is necessary for loading the containers into ships.

上海港集装箱码头利用率分析及通过能力评估

码头属于服务性基础设施,通常所说的“码头通过能力”属于非饱和能力,即设施利用率保持合理状态(集装箱码头50%~70%)下的能力。设计通过能力,即为按照设计条件计算确定额定通过能力,根据运营后设备配备、船型(单船装卸量)等情况的变化,通过能力需要定期进行重新评估。2022年,上海港全港完成集装箱吞吐量4730万TEU,远远高于原来码头的设计通过能力值。在《上海港总体规划(修订)》中需要重新评估集装箱码头的通过能力,从而实现对岸线资源的合理规划,保障港口的可持续发展。

考虑不确定性的集装箱港口资源调度研究综述

集装箱港口是一个实现公-铁-水多种运输方式转运的多阶段协同作业系统,系统中各种装备资源的调度对港口的作业具有重要影响。然而,港口装备作业过程中存在许多不确定因素,增大了对港口资源分配和调度的难度,如何处理港口资源调度中的不确定性逐渐成为当前研究的焦点。系统梳理了过去20年与“不确定环境下集装箱港口资源调度”相关的文献,分析了文献中所涉及的港口不确定性问题的特征及主要解决方法。在构建了当前研究的生态模型后,得出两个主要结论:第一,港口的不确定性可以分为两大主要类别29个子类别,即具有16个子类别的“模糊不确定性”和具有13个子类别的“突发或冲突事件”;第二,在已有的研究中,对港口中存在的不确定因素主要有四种处理方法,即“鲁棒前摄性调度”“预反应式调度”“完全反应式调度”和“滚动窗口重调度”。在探讨当前文献的主要关注点、亮点和不足之处的基础上,从新问题和新方法的角度提出了对未来研究的建议。

集装箱货运网络优化问题的研究——以宁波舟山港集装箱运输为例

为优化集装箱货运网络,对进出口货运集装箱装卸中转站的最佳地理位置的选择和集装箱运输计划的设计进行了研究。2个问题同时考虑建设成本、运输成本以及存储、运力等因素,建立了一种集装箱货运网络优化模型。利用国际集装箱货运代理公司在宁波舟山港一整年的船期数据,使用LINGO软件对所建模型的效果进行求解。最终从宁波舟山港腹地现有38个存储中转仓中优选出32个中转仓存储集装箱,使大约5%的集装箱通过铁路运输,从而能节省5.74%的运营成本。

集装箱港口多码头泊位联合分配优化研究

多码头泊位联合分配是港口资源整合、提升服务水平的重要手段。针对集装箱港口多码头泊位计划,考虑不同码头泊位条件、岸桥能力等因素,构建多码头泊位-岸桥集成分配数学模型。设计改进灰狼算法(IGWO),利用离散化映射进行编码设计,基于优胜劣汰法实现种群动态进化。设计算例,将IGWO与果蝇算法和粒子群算法进行对比。结果显示:IGWO算法优化结果分别提升16.6%和21.1%;利用IGWO对不同船舶到港密度泊位算例进行求解,其中,多码头泊位分配可有效减少总时间成本及延误船舶数量,节省岸线资源约10%。结果表明:设计的模型及算法可有效解决多码头泊位联合分配问题。

集装箱港口集疏运重卡电动化的经济性分析

为分析集装箱港口集疏运重卡电动化的经济性,考虑购置税优惠、补贴、贷款、排放成本等因素,建立广义总拥有成本现值估算模型,构建经济性分析指标,并分析“购买底盘+电池”(方案1)和“购买底盘+租赁电池”(方案2)的经济性。结果表明,在设定条件下,无论是否考虑排放成本,两种方案都不具经济性,但考虑排放成本能有效缓解重卡电动化的成本劣势。当考虑排放成本且其他因素不变时,若电池租金<5.61万元,或电价≤1.28元/(kW·h),或油价≥8.48元/L,或柴油重卡能耗强度≥0.40 L/km,或电动重卡能耗强度≤1.34 (kW·h)/km,方案2具有经济性。类似地,若使方案1具有经济性,应满足电池价格<22.11万元,或电价<1.23元/(kW·h),或油价>8.72元/L,或柴油重卡能耗强度≥0.41 L/km,或电动重卡能耗强度≤1.28 (kW·h)/km。免征电动重卡购置税能有效改善两种方案的经济性指标。调增单位排放成本或电动重卡补贴额度虽能确保两种方案都具有经济性,但其所需调增幅度较高,可能增加重卡司机或政府的经济负担。

基于集装箱卡车GPS数据的港内物流通道区域交通状态识别

为解析港内物流通道区域路网交通的时空分布特征,探索高效的港内物流通道交通管理和优化方法,基于某港内货运集卡的真实运营和轨迹数据,对港内货运物流通道的交通状态识别与划分进行了研究。首先,应用H3网格对DBSCAN算法进行改进,构建了基于网格领域的区域交通状态时空矩阵,对案例港内货运路网区域进行识别划分。然后,结合港内船舶装卸作业生产特征,对造成港内物流区域瓶颈点进行分析总结。研究结果表明,案例港口码头前沿的装卸区域、堆场道路及与主干道交叉区域的交通状况尤为复杂,是影响港内运输效率的关键区域;在多船舶不同装卸作业场景下,同一装卸泊位对不同货运通道的制约力存在显著差异。研究可为识别和解析多船舶装卸作业场景下港口物流通道潜在“热点”区域及特征、探索缓解港内物流通道货运交通压力的措施及提升港口总体生产作业效率,提供新的思路和方法。

调整能源结构对港口集装箱集疏运网络碳排放的影响

港口作为国家重要的物流枢纽,其集疏运网络的能源结构对于碳排放的影响尤为显著。以广州港集装箱集疏运网络碳排放为研究对象,探讨调整能源结构对港口集装箱集疏运网络碳排放的影响。通过建立碳排放计算模型,分析不同运输方式、能源类型和运输距离等因素对碳排放的影响。结果表明,采用清洁能源替代传统能源,如天然气、纯电代替柴油等燃油,能显著减少港口集疏运网络碳排放。

上海港集装箱海铁联运发展对策研究

在我国当前运输结构优化调整的发展形势下,研究上海港集装箱海铁联运发展对策,既有助于缓解城市交通压力和实现绿色低碳发展,又有助于构建结构合理、服务高效的现代化航运集疏运体系。首先,阐述了上海港集装箱海铁联运的发展概况;其次,剖析了上海港集装箱海铁联运在基础设施、服务质量、补贴政策等3个方面的短板问题;最后,从加强基础设施建设、减少海铁联运运输时间、降低海铁联运运输费用、拓展海铁联运市场、营造优质发展软环境等维度,提出了具体的对策建议,从而推动上海港集装箱海铁联运高质量发展。