Production of Yam Tubers Using Seed Tubers from Vitroplants Regenerated from Aerial Stems in the Yam Species Dioscorea alata (L.) and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (L. & P.) in Côte d’Ivoire

The aim of this study is to produce large quantities of yam tubers in the field from seed tubers derived from vitroplants regenerated from aerial stem cuttings and farmers’ tuber seeds. Seed tubers from ten yam cultivars, including five from Dioscorea alata (cDa083, cDa053, cDa115, cDa150 and cDa266) and five from Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (cDr015, cDr027, cDr150, cDr206 and cDr148) with distinct agro-morphological characteristics, were used as material. A completely randomized block design with 3 replications was used. In each block, all cultivars and seed types were represented. When put into cultivation, the tubers produced by the vitroplants all germinated and gave 100% healthy plants, compared with 86% to 100% healthy plants for the seed tubers produced by the farmers. Yields per hectare ranged from 10 to 25 tonnes for seed tubers produced by in vitro plants, and from 4 to 9 tons for seed tubers produced by farmers. Seed tubers from vitroplants can therefore be recommended to farmers as a solution to the problem of seed tuber unavailability.

The metabolic profiling of Chinese yam fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii and the biological activities of its ethanol extract in vitro

Chinese yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.),as one of the medicinal and edible homologous plants,is rich in various nutrients and functional factors.In this study,Chinese yam fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii was performed to investigate its bioactive components and metabolic profile.And then,the main bioactive components and biological activities of fermented Chinese yam ethanol extract(FCYE)were evaluated.Results showed that there were 49 up-regulated metabolites and 52 down-regulated metabolites in fermented Chinese yam compared to unfermented Chinese yam.Besides,corresponding metabolic pathways analysis initially revealed that the distribution of bioactive substances was concentrated on alcoholsoluble small molecular substances.Ulteriorly,the total polyphenol content and the total flavonoid content in FCYE were significantly increased,and the corresponding antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in vitro were also significantly enhanced.Our study provided a new reference for the comprehensive utilization of Chinese yam and laid a theoretical foundation for the development and application of natural probiotic-fermented products.

Efficiency of Legumes in Increasing Yam Yield under Sandy Ferrasol in the Forest Zone of Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire

The cropping system is based on traditional farming in rural areas. In this way, yields of some food crops like yam are very low considering their high need for nutrients. The nutrient-rich land is under high land pressure as it is occupied by cash crops such as oil palm and rubber at the expense of food crops and soil fertility is declining. The study was conducted in Grand-Lahou to assess the effect of organic matter provided by legumes in increasing yam yield. The randomized complete block design included four (4) treatments: Arachis hypogaea + yam association (T1), Acacia mangium + yam association (T2), Arachis + Acacia mangium + yam association (T3) and pure yam crop (T0). The parameters measured were: the soil nutrients content, the rate of mineralization of organic matter through the C/N ratio as well as the yield of yam through different techniques that allowed the objective of the study to be achieved. It was noted a slight improvement of nitrogen and organic carbon in all treatments with a higher value recorded in the T2 treatment. The C/N ratio decreased to 12 in all treatments compared to the control, which reflects a normal decomposition of the organic matter. Treatment T1 increased yam yield (8.4 t/ha) in contrast to treatments T2 (4.1 t/ha) and T3 (2.8 t/ha). Legume-based treatments T2 and T3 were associated with a significant decrease in yam yield, resulting in losses of −46.34% to −25.09%, while treatment T1 resulted in a gain of 28.57%. As a result, the treatments involving legumes contributed to normalizing the organic matter content of the soil. The simultaneous association of these two legumes led to a decrease in yam production, contrary to the treatment associating only groundnut.

First Report of a Successful Development of Yam Hybrids(Dioscorea alata L.)from Lyophilized and Long-Term Stored Pollens

Various biological constraints including erratic and asynchronous flowering between male and female plants hinder successful hybrid development and genetic gains in greater yam breeding programs.Therefore,pollen storage has gained much attention to facilitate artificial pollinations and increase the genetic gains.This 4-year study aimed at developing a practical long-term pollen storage technique for the successful development of yam hybrids.Fresh pollens were collected from two Dioscorea alata males,then lyophilized(two lyophilization treatments were applied),followed by storage at room temperature(24℃–25℃)for 12 months.Moreover,the lyophilized and stored pollens were tested for viability by crossing with four female varieties.Our results showed that lyophilization is effective for achieving viable pollens after 12 months of storage.Treatment 1(48 h drying)showed higher pollen germination and fertility rates than Treatment 2(72 h drying).Although we observed a reduction in viability of lyophilized pollens after 12 months of storage,we generated hybrid seedlings with success rates from 12%to 21%compared to 21%–31%when using fresh pollens.Paternity testing based on molecular genotyping confirmed the hybrid status of the obtained seedlings,which grew well in a greenhouse.Lyophilization is a practical approach for a long-term storage of greater yam pollen samples.This protocol will positively impact yam breeding programs particularly in developing countries.

土壤养分含量对山药叶片黄化的影响

以山药品种“雅山药1号”为试材,采用方差分析和相关性分析方法,研究了土壤养分含量对山药叶片黄化的影响,以期为改善黄化山药基地生产现状提供参考依据。结果表明:随着山药叶片黄化程度加剧,土壤pH、交换性Ca含量逐渐升高,土壤鲜样含水量、碱解N、速效K、有效Fe、总Fe、有效Mn含量逐渐降低,土壤有机质、有效P含量总体显著降低,有效S含量仅2级黄化低于0级,土壤交换性Mg、有效Zn、有效B、HCO_(3)^(-)含量与0级差异不显著。相关性分析结果表明,土壤pH与交换性Ca含量呈显著正相关,且二者与土壤含水量、有机质含量、碱解N、有效P、速效K、有效Fe、总Fe、有效Mn含量呈显著或极显著负相关。该研究初步确定山药叶片黄化与土壤pH、Ca含量升高,土壤有机质、含水量、N、P、K、Fe、Mn含量降低有关。

基于转换点调控的怀山药多相态微波干燥及品质特性

为解决冻干和冻干-微波真空联合干燥技术存在的耗时长、能耗高、设备成本高等问题,同时获得品质较好的干制品,以怀山药为对象开展多相态微波干燥(multiphase microwave drying,MMD)研究,通过不同微波功率加载方案实现转换点调控,探究转换点干基含水率(0.36、0.59、0.79 g/g)对怀山药干制品品质的影响。并以真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥和微波真空干燥为对照,研究不同干燥方式对怀山药干燥特性、能耗和品质特性(复水性、收缩率、色泽、硬度、脆度、微观结构)的影响。结果表明:随着微波功率水平的增加,怀山药MMD转换点干基含水率增大,产品复水性降低,收缩程度增大,硬度变大,细胞结构破损程度增加。MMD方案Ⅰ(转换点干基含水率0.36 g/g)干燥时间与微波冷冻干燥相比缩短31.3%,能耗相比真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥分别降低68%、34%,同时,所得怀山药干制品具有良好的品质和均匀的微观孔隙结构,其复水比(2.44±0.04)、收缩率(0.88±0.02)、色泽、硬度(4.95±0.45)N、脆度(2.48±0.51)N与微波冷冻干燥无明显差异(P>0.05)。微波真空干燥虽所需能耗低,但其产品复水性最差,收缩最为严重。综合考虑高效低能耗干燥与产品品质提升的需求,可通过转换点调控的多相态微波干燥实现高品质怀山药加工。

山药淀粉的改性及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展

介绍了近年来国内外山药淀粉的改性方法,综述了改性山药淀粉在乳制品、食品添加剂、功能性食品和食品包装中的应用,旨在为山药资源的开发利用提供参考。

不同质量分数柠檬酸和维C对鲜切糯米山药的保鲜效果研究

糯米山药是温州文成县特色农产品,因具独特的口感和保健功能成为市场的新宠,市场需求量日益增加。为了延缓鲜切糯米山药的褐变和品质劣变,采用不同质量分数的柠檬酸和维C分别对鲜切糯米山药进行保鲜处理,并真空包装,置于(4±1)℃的冰箱冷藏。以色泽Hunter L^(*)值、褐变度、多酚氧化酶和感官评分为考查指标进行单因素试验,筛选出对鲜切糯米山药保鲜效果最佳的柠檬酸和抗坏血酸质量分数。结果表明,鲜切山药最佳保鲜条件为柠檬酸保鲜剂质量分数0.8%,维C保鲜剂质量分数0.5%;0.5%维C保鲜效果总体上优于0.8%的柠檬酸;与清水对照组处理相比,2种保鲜剂可显著提高鲜切糯米山药贮藏过程中色泽亮度、降低褐变度、抑制多酚氧化酶的活性,延缓鲜切糯米山药的保鲜期,使鲜切糯米山药具有较好的感官品质。

福建省山药种质资源品质比较与综合评价

该研究较为全面地收集福建省6个地市45份山药主栽种质资源,测定块茎的9个品质指标,利用隶属函数法、主成分分析和聚类分析对山药的营养品质、加工品质和综合品质进行评价。结果表明,测定的9个指标中,淀粉含量和可食率的变异系数低于8%,其余7个指标的变异系数大于20%,其中块茎鲜重的变异系数高达59.90%。筛选出可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量、可溶性蛋白含量、尿囊素含量、折干率、可食率、块茎鲜重7项指标,构建营养品质和加工品质相结合的品质综合评价体系。聚类分析将福建山药种质资源聚为4类,第Ⅰ类营养和加工品质较一般;第Ⅱ类适合加工;第Ⅲ类适合鲜食;第Ⅳ类鲜食销售和加工均有优势。

褪黑素对鲜切山药酶促褐变的作用效果

分别采用1、2、3 mmol/L的褪黑素溶液处理鲜切铁棍山药,以蒸馏水浸泡鲜切山药为对照,室温(25℃)下存放4 d,测定鲜切山药颜色参数(L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)、总色差值(ΔE))、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、H2O2含量、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS自由基清除率等指标,探究褪黑素对鲜切山药酶促褐变的作用效果。结果表明:褪黑素处理能抑制鲜切山药中PPO、POD、PAL和LOX活性,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的PPO、POD、PAL和LOX活性比空白对照组的分别小51.6%、65.6%、27.1%、24.6%;褪黑素处理能降低山药中H2O2和MDA含量,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的H2O2和MDA含量相比空白对照组的分别降低了84.8%和21.0%;褪黑素处理能提高山药中CAT活性,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的CAT活性为空白对照组的1.96倍;褪黑素处理能提高山药的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理样品DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率比空白对照组的分别提高了20.6%、18.7%;褪黑素处理也能有效延缓鲜切山药表面褐变,且其效果具有浓度依赖性,3 mmol/L的褪黑素护色效果最好,贮藏4 d时,3 mmol/L褪黑素处理的样品的L^(*)值比空白对照组大32.5%,a^(*)、b^(*)、ΔE比空白对照组分别小74.0%、50.7%、67.3%;相关分析结果显示,鲜切山药的ΔE与L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)、PPO活性、POD活性、PAL活性、H2O2含量和MDA含量均呈极显著相关,与ABTS自由基清除率呈显著相关。

山药新品种紫莳药18的选育

紫莳药18是由浙江省台州市传统山药产地的特色地方品种紫莳药变异株经过系统选育而成的山药新品种。该品种单株结薯数一般1~2个,块茎圆柱形,长度26.9 cm左右,直径8.3 cm左右,单株块茎质量1.1 kg左右,块茎表皮颜色褐色,须根少,果肉紫色,肉质较粉,蒸煮易熟烂,食味好。干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质含量(w,后同)分别为32.3 g·100 g^(-1)、21.1 g·100 g^(-1)、0.9 g·100 g^(-1)、2.41 g·100 g^(-1)。在田间炭疽病抗性强于对照。一般667 m^(2)产量1700 kg左右,适宜浙江台州及类似地区种植。2023年4月通过浙江省农作物品种认定委员会认定。

茶多酚在鲜切脆山药块加工中的应用效果

为明确茶多酚(白色)对鲜切脆山药的护色、抑菌效果,配制5种不同浓度的茶多酚溶液对脆山药块进行浸泡5 min处理,以清水和生产上的常规处理(次氯酸钠)为对照,定期检测失重率、褐变度、菌落总数、大肠埃希氏菌MPN值,并进行感官评价。结果表明,与对照相比,4℃条件下,5种不同浓度茶多酚处理均能延缓脆山药块的氧化褐变,降低褐变度,保持良好的外观品质和商品性,延长产品货架期至7 d以上。其中,以0.2%茶多酚对脆山药块的保鲜效果最好,感官品质佳,保鲜期11 d,抑菌期12 d,褐变度为5.46%,菌落总数为2.17×10^(4) CFU·g^(-1),大肠埃希氏菌MPN值<0.3。在实际生产中,可根据货架期要求,选择不同浓度的茶多酚处理。研究结果为生产企业采用天然保鲜剂替代化学保鲜剂用于鲜切山药的抗氧化、抑菌等加工保鲜提供了有效指导。

山药块茎生长膨大相关基因的筛选与分析

为筛选山药块茎生长膨大相关基因,采用生物信息学方法,对山药块茎发育前期和中期构建的不同发育阶段抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库进行分析。结果表明:山药块茎发育前期与中期差异表达基因(differential expression genes,DEGs)序列主要涉及九大类,其中发育调控占比最大(27.1%),其他依次为细胞组织结构(14.0%)、物质代谢(11.2%)、生物合成(4.7%)等。初步筛选出泛素-连接酶体(F-box associated,F-box)、碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase,CAs)、核苷二磷酸激酶(nucleoside diphosphate kinase,NDPK)、氨基酸透性酶(amino acid permease)、糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferase)、α-淀粉酶(α-amylase,AMY)等候选基因,它们可能与细胞增殖、细胞伸长、激素代谢、酸碱环境调节及功能物质代谢物等功能有关,参与调控山药块茎的生长膨大。

文成糯米山药的氧化酶含量分析

为了了解文成糯米山药本底氧化酶含量,促进采后加工的技术研究和开发,以文成县7个糯米山药规模主体样品为研究对象,开展2年的跟踪分析,获得糯米山药中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等氧化酶含量的定量数据。结果表明,糯米山药本底的氧化酶含量受年份、生产基地的影响显著,不同食用部位的氧化酶本底含量分别为:SOD 69.15~163.71 U/g、POD 112.34~363.75 U/g、PPO 123.84~195.18 U/g。糯米山药的氧化酶含量和褐变程度为:中部>底部>上部。研究结果为糯米山药的采后贮藏和品质控制提供参考。

香菜山药复合型酸奶的研制

本文以香菜汁、山药汁、鲜牛奶和蔗糖为原料研制复合型风味酸奶。首先采用单因素试验确定香菜汁、山药汁、发酵剂和蔗糖在酸奶中的添加比例。根据单因素实验结果,设计正交试验,并对酸奶的组织状态、色泽、风味3个指标进行感官评分,从而确定了香菜山药复合型酸奶的最佳配方:山药汁的添加量为10%,香菜汁的添加量为5%,发酵剂的添加量为0.5%,蔗糖的添加量为10.0%。

山药红枣菊芋糕加工工艺研究

为拓宽糕点工业化发展的道路,更好地满足人们对糕点口味和营养多样化的需求,本文将山药泥、菊芋泥、糯米粉混合成面团作为糕点皮,以红枣泥为馅,采用蒸制的方法,通过单因素和正交试验优化山药红枣菊芋糕的加工工艺。结果表明,山药红枣菊芋糕的最佳工艺为山药泥12 g、菊芋泥8 g、红枣泥15 g、白砂糖3 g。在此条件下制作的山药红枣菊芋糕气味纯正,口感细腻,香甜可口,具有良好的感官品质,理化指标和微生物指标符合食品安全国家标准。

薯蓣粥对2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌术后患者切口愈合情况的影响

目的 探讨薯蓣粥对2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌患者术后切口愈合的影响,以便为促进切口愈合提供一种较好的饮食方案。方法 2020年12月—2021年12月采用便利抽样法,选择本省某三级甲等综合医院胃肠外科行腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术后的2型糖尿病合并结直肠癌患者92例,采用IBMSPSS25.0软件随机分为对照组与试验组,各46例,对照组给予常规治疗与护理,试验组在对照组基础上,将怀山药制成薯蓣粥,于患者肛门排气后,在糖尿病早餐饮食中扣除薯蓣粥产生的热量84kcal同等食物后与剩余的早餐一起服用,时间为3w。比较干预后两组切口愈合时间、愈合等级、切口愈合不良发生率与干预前、干预后1w、3w患者血糖值变化情况。结果 试验组在干预3w时2例患者退出,共完成44例;对照组干预3w时1例失访,共完成45例。干预后试验组患者切口愈合时间短于对照组、愈合等级优于对照组、切口感染发生率低于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果显示,两组患者空腹血糖、早餐后2h时间主效应、组间主效应均有统计学意义(均P<0.001),其中干预后1w、3w时试验组空腹血糖、早餐后2h血糖低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 薯蓣粥具有缩短切口愈合时间、改善切口愈合质量与调节血糖的作用。

22份紫山药种质资源的鉴定与评价

[目的]筛选出高产、抗病、优质的紫山药地方种质资源,以期为其开发和品种改良提供依据。[方法]以22份紫山药种质资源为材料,综合考察产量、农艺性状、抗病性及商品性,并对农艺性状进行统计分析及相关性分析,明确紫山药产量形成的主要因子。[结果]22份紫山药种质的农艺性状差异明显,7个主要农艺性状的变异系数在7.83%~52.78%之间,遗传多样性极为丰富。相关性分析表明,块茎质量与块茎长、块茎横径、叶长、叶宽呈极显著正相关。抗病性分析表明,22份紫山药种质的炭疽病田间抗性存在较大差异,一半种质不抗炭疽病。[结论]南昌紫山药、贵港紫山药和紫玉淮山综合表现较好,产量均超过30000 kg·hm^(-2),抗炭疽病、口感好、商品性佳,适宜进一步推广。

山药块茎膨大期DoCDPK1基因生物信息学及低温胁迫下的表达分析

钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK)在植物的生长发育及逆境胁迫方面发挥着重要作用。以大和长芋和毕克齐山药为试验材料,克隆钙依赖性蛋白激酶基因DoCDPK1,并对其进行生物信息学分析,为DoCDPK1基因的功能研究奠定基础。采用生物信息学方法分析DoCDPK1基因结构,构建瞬时表达载体,对DoCDPK1蛋白进行亚细胞定位;采用qRT-PCR分析DoCDPK1基因在不同山药品种的不同发育阶段及低温胁迫处理下的表达模式。结果表明(:1)DoCDPK1基因序列长度为2023 bp,编码521个氨基酸。(2)DoCDPK1与几内亚薯蓣CDPK蛋白序列的一致性为97%,且DoCDPK1存在STKc_CAMK结构域。(3)瞬时表达分析表明,DoCDPK1蛋白定位于细胞核与细胞膜。(4)大和长芋山药中的CDPK活性更高,DoCDPK1可能参与调控山药块茎膨大后期的生长发育。(5)经4℃低温胁迫后,CDPK活性降低,DoCDPK1表达量上调,且表达水平在不同时间处理下存在差异。综上所述,DoCDPK1可能参与调控山药块茎膨大后期的生长发育及低温胁迫响应过程。

山药加工中的褐变原因及防控研究进展

山药是中医药重要药物来源和养生保健食品,褐变是其贮运加工的主要障碍。山药中酚类物质的种类和含量、氧化酶与过氧化物酶活性、原料与氧气接触程度、羰基化合物及氨基化合物的种类与含量、加工温度和时间等都对山药褐变程度有显著影响。目前常采用的山药褐变防控方法有3种,即低温、预煮、高压、隔绝氧气、辐照等物理方法,化学抑制剂浸泡或熏蒸的化学方法和生物提取物包覆的生物方法。为尽量降低山药褐变,减轻加工损失并提高山药加工产品的品质和产量,未来可加强山药褐变机理、选育无褐变或低褐变山药品种、防止营养成分流失和选择适宜加工工艺等方面研究。