Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative...Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative humidity,and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time.The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.Results:The major compounds were α-cadiuol(46.2%),earyophyllene oxide(25.9%),α muurolol epi(8.1%),cadalene(3.7%) and longiverbenone(2.9%).In all cases,considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times.Callosobruchus maculatus(C.maculates)(LC_(50)=148.9μL/L air) was more susceptible to the tested plant product than Teucrium castaneum(T.castaneum)(LC_(50)=360.2μL/L ain based on LC_(50)values.In the present investigation,the concentration of 3μ L /mL acetone showed 60% and 52% repellency against T.casteneum and C.maculatus adults,respectively.Conclusions:The results suggests that sesquiterpene—rich essential oils from the tested plant could be used as a potential control agent for stored—product insects.展开更多
Combined use of chloropicrin (Pic) and 1,3-dicloropropene (1,3-D) is as effective as methyl bromide (MB) at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both high...Combined use of chloropicrin (Pic) and 1,3-dicloropropene (1,3-D) is as effective as methyl bromide (MB) at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both highly volatile and may pose strong exposure risks to humans and the environment. A gelatin capsule formulation containing Pic and 1,3-D has been developed to reduce exposure risks to workers and bystanders and improved application safety. We conducted two experiments in tomato and cucumber greenhouses located in Beijing and Qingdao, China, to study the efficacy of Pic plus 1,3-D gelatin capsules applied at different dosages and soil depths. Results indicated that both injection and gelatin capsules of Pic plus 1,3-D provided good control of soil nematodes and reduced disease index of Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode. Plant yield of tomato and cucumber treated with gelatin capsules was similar to MB treatment. Based on our results, gelatin capsules applied at a soil depth of 15 cm provided better control of soilborne diseases and led to higher fruit yield compared to an application depth of 5 cm. In conclusion, a gelatin capsule of Pic plus 1,3-D is a promising and novel formulation, which not only shows good efficacy in controlling soilborne diseases, but also reduces potential exposure risks of fumigants.展开更多
Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is o...Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol (41.34%),α-terpinolene (17.46%) and ρ-cymene (11.76%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at 27 ±1℃ and 60% ± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae (LC50 = 0.91 μL/L) were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum (LC50 = 33.14 μL/L). The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12-h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for storedproduct insects.展开更多
At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the character...At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the characteristics of its formulation and the research progress in skin diseases are reviewed,in order to deepen the understanding of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions and provide a more detailed theoretical basis for its clinical research,development and application.展开更多
Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Curren...Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Currently, chemical methods are mainly used to control this pest. Considering the adverse effects of pesticides, it is essential to apply less chemical pesticide in pest control programs. The lethal and sublethal effects of the essential oil(EO) of Teucrium polium leaves on one-day-old adults of black bean aphid were investigated under laboratory conditions.Method: The bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 0.88-12 μL/L air, for 24 h after treatment.Reproductive life table parameters of new emerged aphid surveyed at sub-lethal concentrations(LC20 and LC40) of EO and the biological reproductive table was calculated by Jackknife method.Results: The mortality rate increased significantly with the increasing of EO concentration. The estimated LC50 value was 4.5 μL/L air. Laboratory exposure to sublethal concentrations of EO caused significant decrease in adult female longevity and fertility of surviving aphids and as a result caused significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rmvalue).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that EO of T. polium could be used as a potential control agent for the aphid.展开更多
Myzus persicae(M.persicae)is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses.Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M.persicae,are reported to be unsafe for environment,humans,...Myzus persicae(M.persicae)is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses.Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M.persicae,are reported to be unsafe for environment,humans,and beneficial insects.Furthermore,several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides.Therefore,it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans.In the current study,two major pure constituentsα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M.persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay.Furthermore,impact ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes,e.g.,HSP 60,FPPS I,OSD,TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction,dispersion,and growth of M.persicae has also been investigated.To perform fumigant toxicity assay,five different concentrations(3.5,4,4.5,5 and 6μL L−1)ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were prepared.Lethal concentration(LC)was calculated,and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene.Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M.persicae at all five concentrations.However,α-pinene shows significantly better results(98%)as compared toβ-caryophyllene(80%)after 72 h at 6μL L−1 of dose.The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose ofα-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy(TOL,ANT,and FPPS I).Conversely,two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose ofβ-caryophyllene.Conclusively,our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compoundsα-pinene andβ-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M.persicae,allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.展开更多
[Objectives]To establish the extraction process and quality standard method of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotion.[Methods]The orthogonal design method was employed to optimize the water extraction process with the amo...[Objectives]To establish the extraction process and quality standard method of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotion.[Methods]The orthogonal design method was employed to optimize the water extraction process with the amount of water added,decocting time and extraction times as factors,and syringin content and dry extract yield as indexes.The content of syringin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.[Results]The best water extraction process was:soaking in water for 1 h,decocting twice,added 10 times the amount of water each time,decocting for 1 h.The average content of syringin in 3 batches was 0.98 mg/g,and the average dry extract yield was 26.07%.[Conclusions]The project adopts water extraction method to prepare Zhuang medicine fumigation lotion,which has the characteristics of high efficiency and suitable for large-scale production.The quality control method is reliable,rapid and accurate,and can effectively control the quality of the lotion.展开更多
Essential oil (EO) of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Si...Essential oil (EO) of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol (28.36%), α-Terpineol (25.99%), γ-Terpinene (15.24%), α-Pinene (5.08%), 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene (4.25%) and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodeeatetraene (3.74%). Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment (HAT), application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly (p〈0.05) higher mortality (50.00%) than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L^-1 air, but not significantly (p〉0.05) different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L^-1 air. At 3 HAT, application ofL. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality (90.00 %) than mortality observed at 0 μL· L^-1 air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality (100.00 %) than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L^-1 air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly (p〈0.05) affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm^2 caused class V repellence (86.67%-100%) compared with the control which caused class I repellence (0-20%).展开更多
Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition...Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition inhibition property of the acetone extract of Aloe vera L. leaf against the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were investigated at 26°C ± 1°C, 75% - 80% relative humidity, and 14:10 light: day cycle in the laboratory. Results: Based on the established toxicity regression line of the Aloe vera L. acetone extract against female adult mites, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.836 and 0.167 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively. With processing time increased, the contact acaricidal activity increased and the repellent activity gradually decreased. The main modes of action of the extract against female adult mites were contact and repellent, and preferable effects were observed on adult mites. These results indicate that A. vera L. extract contains acaricidal and repellent bioactive components that may be useful in future control of the phytophagous mites.展开更多
Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD...Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry (e.g., rice bran) and liquid (e.g., ethanol) carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindi...Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. Results Due to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H202 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. Conclusion The HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.展开更多
AIM: To explore the expression of SIOOB in corneal epithelial cells under ,Aspergillus stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to inactive #...AIM: To explore the expression of SIOOB in corneal epithelial cells under ,Aspergillus stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to inactive #lsperg///us fumigatus (A. fumigatus) conidia at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24h respectively. The corneas of Wistar rats were exposed to active A. fumigatus at 0, 12, 24, 48h and the normal rat corneas were used for normal control. The mRNA level of S100B was evaluated by real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Sl00B protein expression in cornea epithelium was detected by immunohistochemical/immunocytochemical staining (IHC/ICC). RESULTS: Histopathology revealed a significant inflammatory cell infiltration in fungal keratitis human and rat cornea. Corneal epithelial cells didn't express or rarely express S100B at baseline. A. fumigatus significantly induced S100B mRNA expression in cultured corneal epithelial cells in a time depended manner in vitro the mRNA began to rise significantly at 8h in vitro (P〈0.05) and continue to rise as time prolonged (P〈0.01). in vivo S100B mRNA level was low in the normal corneas. However, it was increased in keratitis corneas from 12h after infection (P〈0.05) and reached to a peak at 24h (P〈0.001). Immunochemistry revealed an obvious staining in fungal keratitis corneas as well as immortalized HCECs compared to the normal ones respectively, indicating an increased expression of SlOOB protein. CONCLUSION: S100B exists in corneal epithelial cells and is over-expressed under A. fumigatus stimulation. Sl00B may play an important role in the innate immune response of the corneal epithelium during A. fumigatus infection.展开更多
The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene+dimethyl disulfide (1,3-D+DMDS), which forms a pre-plant soil fumigant, can provide a substitute for the environmentally unfriendly methyl bromide (MB). Three greenhouse tr...The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene+dimethyl disulfide (1,3-D+DMDS), which forms a pre-plant soil fumigant, can provide a substitute for the environmentally unfriendly methyl bromide (MB). Three greenhouse trials were performed to evaluate the root-knot nematode and soilborne fungi control efficacy in the suburbs of Beijing in China in 2010-2014. Randomized blocks with three replicates were designed in each trial. The combination of 1,3-D+DMDS (10+30 g m-2) significantly controlled Meloidogyne incognita, effectively suppressed the infestation of Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora spp., and successfully provided high commercial fruit yields (equal to MB but higher than 1,3-D or DMDS). The fumigant soil treatments were significantly better than the untreated controls. These results indicate that 1,3-D+DMDS soil treatments can be applied by soil injection or chemigation as a promising MB alternative against soilborne pests in cucumber in China.展开更多
The detection in August 2015 of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Redland area in Miami-Dade County, Florida triggered a quarantine that restricted the movement of fruit ...The detection in August 2015 of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Redland area in Miami-Dade County, Florida triggered a quarantine that restricted the movement of fruit fly host material in an approximately 99-square mile (256-square kilometer) area. The quarantine affected 4000 acres of fruit bearing commercial avocado groves. Approved post-harvest treatments for B. dorsalis and avocado included in the USDA Treatment Manual were acceptable for immediate certification and movement of fresh avocados from the quarantine area. However, it was unknown if Florida avocados would meet quality standards (US combination grade) after the treatments. Three post-harvest treatments that combine methyl bromide fumigation and cold storage periods were tested on six avocado varieties from Florida. The treatments differed in the durations of the fumigation and cold treatment periods. A seven day transit period at 8.3°C (47°F) was added to account for the time when the fruit leaves the packing house until it is sold by retailers. None of the six varieties had met the US combination grade after the treatments and transit period. Treated fruit exhibited both internal (pulp) and external (skin) damage. Damage was attributed to the fumigation component of the treatment, but the six varieties tolerated the cold portion of the treatment. Damage by fumigation ranged from 26% - 100%. In general, the longer the fumigation period the worse the effect. The need for alternative post-harvest treatments for Florida avocados is discussed.展开更多
Objective:A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing Western medicine with Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)fumigation in patients with diabetic peripheral neuro...Objective:A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing Western medicine with Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)fumigation in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods:The China Biomedical Literature,Chinese full-text periodical,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang,PubMed,EMbase,and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials published from inception through May 2015.The methodological quality of eligible studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk Bias Assessment tool,and summarized effects were calculated using Reviewer Manager 5.1 software.Subgroup analysis was conducted based on the duration of intervention.Results:The initial search identified 312 relevant studies,of which 40 randomized controlled trials involving 3497 patients were eligible for analysis.The results indicated that TCM fumigation significantly improved the curative effects[risk ratio(RR)=1.34,95%CI(confidence interval):1.29e1.39],common peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity[standard mean difference(SMD)=2.93,95%CI:2.26e3.61],common peroneal sensory nerve conduction velocity(SMD=2.23,95%CI:1.46e3.01),and plasma viscosity(SMD=1.02,95%CI:1.35e0.69)compared to Western medicine alone(all p<0.01).A subgroup analysis indicated that the curative effects were significant after 15 days(RR=1.31,95%CI:1.21e1.42),30 days(RR=1.33,95%CI:1.26e1.40),and 60 days(RR=1.50,95%CI:1.32e1.71)of combined treatment(all p<0.01).展开更多
AIM: To investigate the expression of pentraxin 3(PTX3) in rat corneal epithelium at the early stage of Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) infection. METHODS: A total of 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided int...AIM: To investigate the expression of pentraxin 3(PTX3) in rat corneal epithelium at the early stage of Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) infection. METHODS: A total of 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, Sham group and experimental group(fungal keratitis group, FK group). The right eye was chosen as the experiment one and infected by A. fumigatus. Rats were executed at 8, 16 and 24 h after the experimental models being established. Corneal epithelia were collected to assess the expression of PTX3 by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Corneal inflammation scores increased as infection prolonged(P〈0.05, P〈0.001). PTX3 m RNA expression was low in normal and Sham group rats' corneas. Level of PTX3 m RNA in infected rat cornea was elevated at 8 h and peaked at 16 h. The difference was significant compared with control group(P〈0.001). Western blot analysis also showed a significant increase of PTX3 protein in experimental group at 8 h and peaked at 16 h(P〈0.001). The synchronous expression of control group and experimental group were also in significant difference(P〈0.001). CONCLUSION: PTX3 exists in cornea epithelium and is significantly increased after A. fumigatus infection. PTX3 plays an important role in the early stage of cornea innate immunity against A. fumigatus.展开更多
The threat of wood-inhabiting fungi to American hardwood forests, lumber industries, and tourism has enormous eco-nomic significance, and the aesthetic and dollar values of properties are potentially disastrous. The e...The threat of wood-inhabiting fungi to American hardwood forests, lumber industries, and tourism has enormous eco-nomic significance, and the aesthetic and dollar values of properties are potentially disastrous. The efficacy of methyl iodide (MeI) and sulfuryl fluoride (SF) for eradicating wood-inhabiting fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum was assessed in wood blocks of birch, maple, poplar and red pine based on in-vitro experiments. In a series of replicated controlled experiments, wood blocks were inoculated with a 1g macerated mycelium/spores mixture of C. fagacearum and fumigated with 160 and 240 g/m3 of MeI, SF and methyl bromide (MeBr) as control) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Analysis of variance showed that fumigant types, fumigant concentrations, and exposure time as well as their interactions (C x T) had an effect on C. fagacearum recovery on tested wood species. Colonization of birch, maple, red pine, and poplar by C. fagacearum was significantly greater in non-fumigated samples than fumigated samples. C. fagacearum was greatly inhibited by MeI than SF in all wood species tested. Overall, the C x T products of ≤ 4.108 g-h/m3 for MeI and ≤ 8.755 g-h/m3 for SF were not effective in killing the fungus. These results suggest that longer treatment exposure time might achieve the goal of complete eradication of C. fagacearum and imply that MeI performed as well as MeBr in killing the fungus in some wood species by exposure time combination. Overall, MeI was most effective in killing the fungus than SF under the conditions of this study with potential implications for quarantine use.展开更多
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major air pollutant, especially in developing countries. Many trees are seriously impaired by SO2, while other species can mitigate air pollution by absorbing this gas. Planting appropriate t...Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major air pollutant, especially in developing countries. Many trees are seriously impaired by SO2, while other species can mitigate air pollution by absorbing this gas. Planting appropriate tree species near industrial complexes is critical for aesthetic value and pollution mitigation. In this study, six landscape tree species typical of a subtropical area were investigated for their tolerance of SO2: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Ilex rotunda Thunb., Lysidice rhodostegia Hance, Ceiba insignis (Kunth) P. E. Gibbs & Semir, Cassia surattensis Burm. f., and Michelia chapensis Dandy. We measured net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, leaf sulfur content, relative water content, relative proline content, and other parameters under 1.31 mg·m-3 SO2 fumigation for eight days. The results revealed that the six species differed in their biochemical characteristics under SO2 stress. Based on these data, the most appropriate species for planting in SO2 polluted areas was I. rotunda, because it grew normally under SO2 stress and could absorb SO2.展开更多
Stored peanuts often need treatments to control microbial infections as well as insects to maintain postharvest quality. Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. NO fumigation ...Stored peanuts often need treatments to control microbial infections as well as insects to maintain postharvest quality. Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. NO fumigation must be conducted under ultralow oxygen condition to preserve NO and always contains NO<sub>2</sub> due to NO reaction with oxygen and NO<sub>2</sub> has antimicrobial property. Therefore, NO fumigation has potential to control both pests and pathogens. In this study, we evaluated antimicrobial effects of NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation on unpasteurized unshelled peanuts. Peanuts were fumigated with 0.3%, 1.0%, and 3.0% NO<sub>2</sub> for three days at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span></span>C by injecting NO gas into glass jars to react with O<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. After fumigation, wash-off microbial samples were collected from intact peanut samples and, then, cracked open peanut samples with non-selective tryptic soy broth medium. The wash-off samples were then diluted with both the non-selective medium and a fungal-selective potato dextrose broth medium and were tested on GreenLight<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">™</span></span></sup></span> rapid enumeration test based on oxygen depletion on culture medium. All three NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation treatments showed significant antibacterial and antifungal effects on intact peanuts as well as on cracked peanuts with complete inhibition with 3.0% NO<sub>2</sub>. Fumigation did not have obvious effects on appearance of skinned peanut kernels. These results suggested that NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation has potential to control microbes on stored products, and NO fumigation with the combination of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> has potential to control both insects and microbes on stored products.展开更多
文摘Objective:To test fumigant and repellent properties of sesquiterpene—rich essential oil from Teucrium polium subsp.capitation(L.).Methods:The fumigant toxicity test was performed at(27±1)℃.(65± 5)%relative humidity,and under darkness condition and 24 h exposure time.The chemical composition of the isolated oils was examined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry.Results:The major compounds were α-cadiuol(46.2%),earyophyllene oxide(25.9%),α muurolol epi(8.1%),cadalene(3.7%) and longiverbenone(2.9%).In all cases,considerable differences in mortality of insect to essential oil vapor were observed in different concentrations and exposure times.Callosobruchus maculatus(C.maculates)(LC_(50)=148.9μL/L air) was more susceptible to the tested plant product than Teucrium castaneum(T.castaneum)(LC_(50)=360.2μL/L ain based on LC_(50)values.In the present investigation,the concentration of 3μ L /mL acetone showed 60% and 52% repellency against T.casteneum and C.maculatus adults,respectively.Conclusions:The results suggests that sesquiterpene—rich essential oils from the tested plant could be used as a potential control agent for stored—product insects.
基金the financial support from the projects of Dow Agro Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture of China (2110402)the Beijing Agriculture Innovation Consortium (BAIC01-2017) over the years
文摘Combined use of chloropicrin (Pic) and 1,3-dicloropropene (1,3-D) is as effective as methyl bromide (MB) at controlling soilborne diseases in many trials and commercial uses. However, Pic and 1,3-D are both highly volatile and may pose strong exposure risks to humans and the environment. A gelatin capsule formulation containing Pic and 1,3-D has been developed to reduce exposure risks to workers and bystanders and improved application safety. We conducted two experiments in tomato and cucumber greenhouses located in Beijing and Qingdao, China, to study the efficacy of Pic plus 1,3-D gelatin capsules applied at different dosages and soil depths. Results indicated that both injection and gelatin capsules of Pic plus 1,3-D provided good control of soil nematodes and reduced disease index of Fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode. Plant yield of tomato and cucumber treated with gelatin capsules was similar to MB treatment. Based on our results, gelatin capsules applied at a soil depth of 15 cm provided better control of soilborne diseases and led to higher fruit yield compared to an application depth of 5 cm. In conclusion, a gelatin capsule of Pic plus 1,3-D is a promising and novel formulation, which not only shows good efficacy in controlling soilborne diseases, but also reduces potential exposure risks of fumigants.
文摘Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-insect interactions and therefore such compounds may have insecticidal or antifeedant activity against insects. Carum copticum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is one of these plants that have medicinal effects on humans. The chemical composition of the essential oil from dry seeds of C. copticum was studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thymol (41.34%),α-terpinolene (17.46%) and ρ-cymene (11.76%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. In fumigant toxicity tests with the essential oil against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at 27 ±1℃ and 60% ± 5% RH, it was observed that S. oryzae (LC50 = 0.91 μL/L) were significantly susceptible than T. castaneum (LC50 = 33.14 μL/L). The mortalities of the insect species reached 100% at concentrations higher than 185.2 μL/L and 12-h exposure time. The findings indicate the strong insecticidal activity of C. copticum oil and its potential role as a fumigant for storedproduct insects.
基金Supported by Key R&D Projects of Guangxi Science and Technology Department(GUIKE AB21196057)Science and Technology Plan Project of Liangqing District in 2022(202202)+4 种基金Self Funded Research Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration(GXZYZ20210193)"Young Seedling Project"Talent Cultivation Project in Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital(2022001)Construction Project of High-level Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Zhuang Pharmacy)in National Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineHigh-level Talent Cultivation and Innovation Team Funding Project in Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2022A008)Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Multidisciplinary Cross Innovation Team Project(GZKJ2309).
文摘At present,there is little research on the application of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions in skin diseases,and there is no research on related preparation processes and quality standards.In this paper,the characteristics of its formulation and the research progress in skin diseases are reviewed,in order to deepen the understanding of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotions and provide a more detailed theoretical basis for its clinical research,development and application.
文摘Objective: Black bean aphid(Aphis fabae) is one of the most important greenhouse and crop pests with a wide range of hosts, which causes damages through feeding on vegetable sap and transmitting viral diseases. Currently, chemical methods are mainly used to control this pest. Considering the adverse effects of pesticides, it is essential to apply less chemical pesticide in pest control programs. The lethal and sublethal effects of the essential oil(EO) of Teucrium polium leaves on one-day-old adults of black bean aphid were investigated under laboratory conditions.Method: The bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 0.88-12 μL/L air, for 24 h after treatment.Reproductive life table parameters of new emerged aphid surveyed at sub-lethal concentrations(LC20 and LC40) of EO and the biological reproductive table was calculated by Jackknife method.Results: The mortality rate increased significantly with the increasing of EO concentration. The estimated LC50 value was 4.5 μL/L air. Laboratory exposure to sublethal concentrations of EO caused significant decrease in adult female longevity and fertility of surviving aphids and as a result caused significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase(rmvalue).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that EO of T. polium could be used as a potential control agent for the aphid.
基金funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSP2023R123),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Myzus persicae(M.persicae)is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses.Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M.persicae,are reported to be unsafe for environment,humans,and beneficial insects.Furthermore,several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides.Therefore,it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans.In the current study,two major pure constituentsα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M.persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay.Furthermore,impact ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes,e.g.,HSP 60,FPPS I,OSD,TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction,dispersion,and growth of M.persicae has also been investigated.To perform fumigant toxicity assay,five different concentrations(3.5,4,4.5,5 and 6μL L−1)ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were prepared.Lethal concentration(LC)was calculated,and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene.Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M.persicae at all five concentrations.However,α-pinene shows significantly better results(98%)as compared toβ-caryophyllene(80%)after 72 h at 6μL L−1 of dose.The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose ofα-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy(TOL,ANT,and FPPS I).Conversely,two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose ofβ-caryophyllene.Conclusively,our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compoundsα-pinene andβ-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M.persicae,allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(GK AB21196057)Self-funded Research Project of Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GXZYZ20210193,GXZYA20230157)+4 种基金High-level TCM Key Discipline(Zhuang Medical Science)Construction Project of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(GZYYRJH[2022]226)Guangxi TCM Interdisciplinary Innovation Team Project(GZKJ2309)"Green Seedling Project"Talent Cultivation Program of Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital(2022001)Science and Technology Plan Project of Liangqing District(202202)"High-level Talent Cultivation Innovation Team"Funding Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(2022A008).
文摘[Objectives]To establish the extraction process and quality standard method of Zhuang medicine fumigation lotion.[Methods]The orthogonal design method was employed to optimize the water extraction process with the amount of water added,decocting time and extraction times as factors,and syringin content and dry extract yield as indexes.The content of syringin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography.[Results]The best water extraction process was:soaking in water for 1 h,decocting twice,added 10 times the amount of water each time,decocting for 1 h.The average content of syringin in 3 batches was 0.98 mg/g,and the average dry extract yield was 26.07%.[Conclusions]The project adopts water extraction method to prepare Zhuang medicine fumigation lotion,which has the characteristics of high efficiency and suitable for large-scale production.The quality control method is reliable,rapid and accurate,and can effectively control the quality of the lotion.
基金Supported by the Senate of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology(LAUTECH)Ogbomoso,Nigeria Under the University Senate Research(LAU/SRG/13/045)
文摘Essential oil (EO) of Nigeria-grown Lippia adoensis leaf was analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and its fumigant and repellent properties against Callosobruchus maculatus were evaluated. Sixteen compounds predominated by monoterpenes were identified. The major compounds were Eucalyptol (28.36%), α-Terpineol (25.99%), γ-Terpinene (15.24%), α-Pinene (5.08%), 1H-Cyclopropa[a]naphthalene (4.25%) and 1, 3, 6, 10-Dodeeatetraene (3.74%). Percentage mortality due to fumigant toxicity was dose- and exposure period-dependent. One hour after treatment (HAT), application of L. adoensis leaf EO at 107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly (p〈0.05) higher mortality (50.00%) than 0.00% mortality observed at 0-53 μL· L^-1 air, but not significantly (p〉0.05) different from 22.50% observed in 80 μL· L^-1 air. At 3 HAT, application ofL. adoensis EO at 80 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality (90.00 %) than mortality observed at 0 μL· L^-1 air. At 6 HAT, application of L. adoensis EO at 53-107 μL· L^-1 air caused significantly higher mortality (100.00 %) than that was observed in the control. The same trend was observed at 12 HAT where 100 % mortality observed in 27-107 μL· L^-1 air was significantly greater than 13.33 % observed in the control. At 3 HAT, percentage repellence was significantly (p〈0.05) affected by doses. Application of EO at 10-30 μL· cm^2 caused class V repellence (86.67%-100%) compared with the control which caused class I repellence (0-20%).
文摘Objective: This paper mainly determined the action modes of extract of Aloe vera L. against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Methods: The different action modes, contact action, repellent, fumigant, and oviposition inhibition property of the acetone extract of Aloe vera L. leaf against the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) were investigated at 26°C ± 1°C, 75% - 80% relative humidity, and 14:10 light: day cycle in the laboratory. Results: Based on the established toxicity regression line of the Aloe vera L. acetone extract against female adult mites, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.836 and 0.167 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively. With processing time increased, the contact acaricidal activity increased and the repellent activity gradually decreased. The main modes of action of the extract against female adult mites were contact and repellent, and preferable effects were observed on adult mites. These results indicate that A. vera L. extract contains acaricidal and repellent bioactive components that may be useful in future control of the phytophagous mites.
基金the California Department of Food and Agriculture Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine Improvement Advisory Board, USA
文摘Due to increasing regulations and restrictions, there is an urgent need to develop effective alternatives to chemical-dependent fumigation control of soilborne pests and pathogens. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is one such alternative showing great promise for use in the control of soilborne pathogens and pests. This method involves the application of a carbon source, irrigation to field capacity, and covering the soil with a plastic tarp. While the mechanisms of ASD are not completely understood, they appear to be a combination of changes in the soil microbial community composition, production of volatile organic compounds, and the generation of lethal anaerobic conditions. The variety of materials and options for ASD application, including carbon sources, soil temperature, and plastic tarp type, influence the efficacy of pathogen sup- pression and disease control. Currently, both dry (e.g., rice bran) and liquid (e.g., ethanol) carbon sources are commonly used, but with different results depending on environmental conditions. While solarization is not an essential component of ASD, it can enhance efficacy. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate biological changes occurring in the soil during ASD will facilitate our ability to increase ASD efficacy while enhancing its commercial viability.
基金supported by the Research Fund from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, 2009ZX10004-502 and 2009ZX10004-709
文摘Objective To evaluate the performance of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) for the bio-decontamination of the high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter unit. Methods Self-made or commercially available bioindicators were placed at designated locations in the HEPA filter unit under VHP fumigation. The spores on coupons were then extracted by 0.5 h submergence in eluent followed by 200- time violent knocks. Results Due to the presence of HEPA filter in the box, spore recovery from coupons placed at the bottom of the filter downstream was significantly higher than that from coupons placed at the other locations. The gap of decontamination efficiency between the top and the bottom of the filter downstream became narrower with the exposure time extended. The decontamination efficiency of the bottom of the filter downstream only improved gently with the injection rate of H202 increased and the decontamination efficiency decreased instead when the injection rate exceeded 2.5 g/min. The commercially available bioindicators were competent to indicate the disinfection efficiency of VHP for the HEPA filter unit. Conclusion The HEPA filter unit is more difficult than common enclosure to decontaminate using VHP fumigation. Complete decontamination can be achieved by extending fumigation time. VHP fumigation can be applied for in-situ biodecontamination of the HEPA filter unit as an alternative method to formaldehyde fumigation.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81170825, No.81470609)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20123706110003)+1 种基金The Youth Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2013HQ007)The Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2012HZ001)
文摘AIM: To explore the expression of SIOOB in corneal epithelial cells under ,Aspergillus stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were exposed to inactive #lsperg///us fumigatus (A. fumigatus) conidia at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24h respectively. The corneas of Wistar rats were exposed to active A. fumigatus at 0, 12, 24, 48h and the normal rat corneas were used for normal control. The mRNA level of S100B was evaluated by real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Sl00B protein expression in cornea epithelium was detected by immunohistochemical/immunocytochemical staining (IHC/ICC). RESULTS: Histopathology revealed a significant inflammatory cell infiltration in fungal keratitis human and rat cornea. Corneal epithelial cells didn't express or rarely express S100B at baseline. A. fumigatus significantly induced S100B mRNA expression in cultured corneal epithelial cells in a time depended manner in vitro the mRNA began to rise significantly at 8h in vitro (P〈0.05) and continue to rise as time prolonged (P〈0.01). in vivo S100B mRNA level was low in the normal corneas. However, it was increased in keratitis corneas from 12h after infection (P〈0.05) and reached to a peak at 24h (P〈0.001). Immunochemistry revealed an obvious staining in fungal keratitis corneas as well as immortalized HCECs compared to the normal ones respectively, indicating an increased expression of SlOOB protein. CONCLUSION: S100B exists in corneal epithelial cells and is over-expressed under A. fumigatus stimulation. Sl00B may play an important role in the innate immune response of the corneal epithelium during A. fumigatus infection.
基金supported by Beijing Team-Innovation, Modern Agricultural and Industrial Technology Innovation System of China (2010B064)the Program on Substituted Technology for Methyl Bromide in China (Special Finance of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, 2110402) over the years
文摘The combination of 1,3-dichloropropene+dimethyl disulfide (1,3-D+DMDS), which forms a pre-plant soil fumigant, can provide a substitute for the environmentally unfriendly methyl bromide (MB). Three greenhouse trials were performed to evaluate the root-knot nematode and soilborne fungi control efficacy in the suburbs of Beijing in China in 2010-2014. Randomized blocks with three replicates were designed in each trial. The combination of 1,3-D+DMDS (10+30 g m-2) significantly controlled Meloidogyne incognita, effectively suppressed the infestation of Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora spp., and successfully provided high commercial fruit yields (equal to MB but higher than 1,3-D or DMDS). The fumigant soil treatments were significantly better than the untreated controls. These results indicate that 1,3-D+DMDS soil treatments can be applied by soil injection or chemigation as a promising MB alternative against soilborne pests in cucumber in China.
文摘The detection in August 2015 of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Redland area in Miami-Dade County, Florida triggered a quarantine that restricted the movement of fruit fly host material in an approximately 99-square mile (256-square kilometer) area. The quarantine affected 4000 acres of fruit bearing commercial avocado groves. Approved post-harvest treatments for B. dorsalis and avocado included in the USDA Treatment Manual were acceptable for immediate certification and movement of fresh avocados from the quarantine area. However, it was unknown if Florida avocados would meet quality standards (US combination grade) after the treatments. Three post-harvest treatments that combine methyl bromide fumigation and cold storage periods were tested on six avocado varieties from Florida. The treatments differed in the durations of the fumigation and cold treatment periods. A seven day transit period at 8.3°C (47°F) was added to account for the time when the fruit leaves the packing house until it is sold by retailers. None of the six varieties had met the US combination grade after the treatments and transit period. Treated fruit exhibited both internal (pulp) and external (skin) damage. Damage was attributed to the fumigation component of the treatment, but the six varieties tolerated the cold portion of the treatment. Damage by fumigation ranged from 26% - 100%. In general, the longer the fumigation period the worse the effect. The need for alternative post-harvest treatments for Florida avocados is discussed.
文摘Objective:A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementing Western medicine with Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)fumigation in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Methods:The China Biomedical Literature,Chinese full-text periodical,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang,PubMed,EMbase,and Cochrane Library databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials published from inception through May 2015.The methodological quality of eligible studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk Bias Assessment tool,and summarized effects were calculated using Reviewer Manager 5.1 software.Subgroup analysis was conducted based on the duration of intervention.Results:The initial search identified 312 relevant studies,of which 40 randomized controlled trials involving 3497 patients were eligible for analysis.The results indicated that TCM fumigation significantly improved the curative effects[risk ratio(RR)=1.34,95%CI(confidence interval):1.29e1.39],common peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity[standard mean difference(SMD)=2.93,95%CI:2.26e3.61],common peroneal sensory nerve conduction velocity(SMD=2.23,95%CI:1.46e3.01),and plasma viscosity(SMD=1.02,95%CI:1.35e0.69)compared to Western medicine alone(all p<0.01).A subgroup analysis indicated that the curative effects were significant after 15 days(RR=1.31,95%CI:1.21e1.42),30 days(RR=1.33,95%CI:1.26e1.40),and 60 days(RR=1.50,95%CI:1.32e1.71)of combined treatment(all p<0.01).
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81170825 No.81470609)+2 种基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No.20123706110003)the Youth Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2013HQ007)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2012HZ001).
文摘AIM: To investigate the expression of pentraxin 3(PTX3) in rat corneal epithelium at the early stage of Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) infection. METHODS: A total of 50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, Sham group and experimental group(fungal keratitis group, FK group). The right eye was chosen as the experiment one and infected by A. fumigatus. Rats were executed at 8, 16 and 24 h after the experimental models being established. Corneal epithelia were collected to assess the expression of PTX3 by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Corneal inflammation scores increased as infection prolonged(P〈0.05, P〈0.001). PTX3 m RNA expression was low in normal and Sham group rats' corneas. Level of PTX3 m RNA in infected rat cornea was elevated at 8 h and peaked at 16 h. The difference was significant compared with control group(P〈0.001). Western blot analysis also showed a significant increase of PTX3 protein in experimental group at 8 h and peaked at 16 h(P〈0.001). The synchronous expression of control group and experimental group were also in significant difference(P〈0.001). CONCLUSION: PTX3 exists in cornea epithelium and is significantly increased after A. fumigatus infection. PTX3 plays an important role in the early stage of cornea innate immunity against A. fumigatus.
文摘The threat of wood-inhabiting fungi to American hardwood forests, lumber industries, and tourism has enormous eco-nomic significance, and the aesthetic and dollar values of properties are potentially disastrous. The efficacy of methyl iodide (MeI) and sulfuryl fluoride (SF) for eradicating wood-inhabiting fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum was assessed in wood blocks of birch, maple, poplar and red pine based on in-vitro experiments. In a series of replicated controlled experiments, wood blocks were inoculated with a 1g macerated mycelium/spores mixture of C. fagacearum and fumigated with 160 and 240 g/m3 of MeI, SF and methyl bromide (MeBr) as control) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Analysis of variance showed that fumigant types, fumigant concentrations, and exposure time as well as their interactions (C x T) had an effect on C. fagacearum recovery on tested wood species. Colonization of birch, maple, red pine, and poplar by C. fagacearum was significantly greater in non-fumigated samples than fumigated samples. C. fagacearum was greatly inhibited by MeI than SF in all wood species tested. Overall, the C x T products of ≤ 4.108 g-h/m3 for MeI and ≤ 8.755 g-h/m3 for SF were not effective in killing the fungus. These results suggest that longer treatment exposure time might achieve the goal of complete eradication of C. fagacearum and imply that MeI performed as well as MeBr in killing the fungus in some wood species by exposure time combination. Overall, MeI was most effective in killing the fungus than SF under the conditions of this study with potential implications for quarantine use.
文摘Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major air pollutant, especially in developing countries. Many trees are seriously impaired by SO2, while other species can mitigate air pollution by absorbing this gas. Planting appropriate tree species near industrial complexes is critical for aesthetic value and pollution mitigation. In this study, six landscape tree species typical of a subtropical area were investigated for their tolerance of SO2: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Ilex rotunda Thunb., Lysidice rhodostegia Hance, Ceiba insignis (Kunth) P. E. Gibbs & Semir, Cassia surattensis Burm. f., and Michelia chapensis Dandy. We measured net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, leaf sulfur content, relative water content, relative proline content, and other parameters under 1.31 mg·m-3 SO2 fumigation for eight days. The results revealed that the six species differed in their biochemical characteristics under SO2 stress. Based on these data, the most appropriate species for planting in SO2 polluted areas was I. rotunda, because it grew normally under SO2 stress and could absorb SO2.
文摘Stored peanuts often need treatments to control microbial infections as well as insects to maintain postharvest quality. Nitric oxide (NO) is a recently discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. NO fumigation must be conducted under ultralow oxygen condition to preserve NO and always contains NO<sub>2</sub> due to NO reaction with oxygen and NO<sub>2</sub> has antimicrobial property. Therefore, NO fumigation has potential to control both pests and pathogens. In this study, we evaluated antimicrobial effects of NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation on unpasteurized unshelled peanuts. Peanuts were fumigated with 0.3%, 1.0%, and 3.0% NO<sub>2</sub> for three days at 25<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span></span></span>C by injecting NO gas into glass jars to react with O<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere. After fumigation, wash-off microbial samples were collected from intact peanut samples and, then, cracked open peanut samples with non-selective tryptic soy broth medium. The wash-off samples were then diluted with both the non-selective medium and a fungal-selective potato dextrose broth medium and were tested on GreenLight<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">™</span></span></sup></span> rapid enumeration test based on oxygen depletion on culture medium. All three NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation treatments showed significant antibacterial and antifungal effects on intact peanuts as well as on cracked peanuts with complete inhibition with 3.0% NO<sub>2</sub>. Fumigation did not have obvious effects on appearance of skinned peanut kernels. These results suggested that NO<sub>2</sub> fumigation has potential to control microbes on stored products, and NO fumigation with the combination of NO and NO<sub>2</sub> has potential to control both insects and microbes on stored products.