Homeostatic regulation of brain functions by endocannabinoid signaling

Humans have been using Cannabis and its extracts for a few thousand years as a medicinal and recreational drug. How- ever, the chemical component in Cannabis sativa, △9-tet- rahydrocannabinol （△9-THC）, an exogenous cannabinoid, remained unknown until it was isolated and identified as the main psychoactive ingredient （Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964）.

Effect of Mercuric Chloride and Cadmium Chloride on Gonadal Function and Its Regulation in SexuallyMature Common Carp Cyprinus carpio

Gonadal function in fish, CJprinus carpio was significantly affected by sublethal doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2 ) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) in chronic (45 days ) exposure.Parameters investigated were nonesterified (NE) and esterified (E) cholestcrol of ovary,liver and serum and ovarian 3β-Hydroxysteroid and 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehyrogenaseenzyme activity and serum and pituitary gonadotropin (GtH) levels. Both the pollutantswere able to reduce the hypothalamic extract (HE) or gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) induced pituitary GtH release in vitro. Short term (96h) exposure of the fish tothe pollutants had no significant effect on the gonadal function. ln addition to thedeleterious effect of pollutants on the gonadal steroidogenesis and pituitary gonadotropin release, using [4-14C] cholesterol as a tracer it was found that for 45 days expeure, HgCl2'had an adverse effect on the transport of cholesterol from circulation to ovary.

Impairment of the Regulation of Gonadal Function in Channa punctatus by Metacid-50 and Carbaryl under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Regulation of gonadal function by gonadotropic hormone (GtH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in Channa punctatus was significantly affected by nonlethal levels of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl. Under laboratory conditions, the time-dependent decrease in serum GtH level was higher in Carbaryl-treated fish than in Metacid-50-treated fish. The situation was reversed in the field, with a higher inhibitory effect of Metacid-50 being recorded. On the other hand, pituitary GtH content and GnRH activity were inhibited to a greater extent by Metacid-50 than by Carbaryl under both field and laboratory conditions. The present findings highlight that even low doses of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl are effective enough to cause reproductive damage, as evidenced by homeostatic unbalance of the reproductive regulatory system. 1990 Academic Press. Inc.

Regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell functions by P2X and P2Y receptors

Neural stem/progenitor cells：Radial glial cells constitute multipotent cells in the ventricular zone,lining the wall of the lateral ventricle of the embryonic brain.They have the capacity to give rise to cells belonging to all three major linages（neurons,astrocytes and oligodendrocytes）of the nervous system（Tang and Illes,2017）.

Application of"balancing digestive functions by regulating pivot"in chronic atrophic gastritis and professor Wei Wei's clinical experience

Chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)has attracted wide attention in clinic due to its high incidence rate and high canceration rate.At present,modern medicine lacks an effective treatment scheme for CAG.Traditional Chinese medicine can improve clinical symptoms,laboratory indexes,pathological examination results and patients'quality of life for patients of CAG.Professor Wei used the method of"Balancing Digestive Functions by Regulating Pivot"to treat CAG in clinical practice.With flexible addition and subtraction on the basic prescription Banxia Xiexin decoction and coordination with various external treatment methods and psychological construction,professor Wei has achieved satisfactory clinical effects with the pungent-opening and bitter-descending method and dispersing liver and promoting blood circulation method.

Effect of FasL High Expression on Immune Regulative Function of Sertoli Cell in Transgenic Mouse

Objective To study the immune regulative function of Sertoli cell on testis local infection Methods Ureaplasma urealyticum （UU） was directly injected into bladders of FasL transgenic mice and wild-type mice, which mimicked an ascending infectious way. At week 1, 2 and 3 after injection respectively, the mice were killed to observe the pathological alterations in testis section. And at the same time cytokines was tested by immunohistochemistry. Comparison of levels of FasL, TGF-β, IL-1α and IL-6 between UU-infected and control groups of wild mice and FasL transgenic mice was made respectively. Then the capability of Sertoli cell （FasL^＋） to mediate apoptosis of Fas^＋ cells between wild control and wild UU-infected groups was analyzed. Results The pathological changes of testis in FasL transgenic mice were more seriously compared with wild counterpart and the changing mode of cytokines secreted by Sertoli cells were different between the two kinds of mice. The UU-infected Sertoli cells increased Fas^＋ Jurkat cell apoptosis. Conclusions High expression of FasL in FasL transgenic mice can influence the cytokines secretion during anti-infection, thus affecting the testis immune response to infection and immune balance. The high expression of FasL is not beneficial for body＇s anti-inflection immune response.

The43,000Growth - associated Protein Functions as a Negative Growth Regulator in Glioma.

Previous molecular analyses of human astrocytomas have identified many genetic changes associated with astrocy-toma formation and progression.In an effort to identify novel gene expression changes associated with astrocytomaformation,which might reveal new potential targets for glioma therapeutic drug design,we used the B8-RAS-transgenic mouse astrocytoma model.Using multiplex gene expression profiling,we found that

High-performance Si-Containing anode materials in lithium-ion batteries: A superstructure of Si@Co-NC composite works effectively

To mitigate the massive volume expansion of Si-based anode during the charge/discharge cycles,we synthesized a superstructure of Si@Co±NC composite via the carbonization of zeolite imidazolate frameworks incorporated with Si nanoparticles.The Si@Co±NC is comprised of Sinanoparticle core and N-doped/Co-incorporated carbon shell,and there is void space between the core and the shell.When using as anode material for LIBs,Si@Co±NC displayed a super performance with a charge/discharge capacity of 191.6/191.4 mA h g^(-1)and a coulombic efficiency of 100.1%at 1000 mA g^(-1)after 3000 cycles,and the capacity loss rate is 0.022%per cycle only.The excellent electrochemical property of Si@Co±NC is because its electronic conductivity is enhanced by doping the carbon shell with N atoms and by incorporating with Co particles,and the pathway of lithium ions transmission is shortened by the hollow structure and abundant mesopores in the carbon shell.Also,the volume expansion of Si nanoparticles is well accommodated in the void space and suppressed by the carbon host matrix.This work shows that,through designing a superstructure for the anode materials,we can synergistically reduce the work function and introduce the confinement effect,thus significantly enhancing the anode materials’electrochemical performance in LIBs.

Regulation of ovarian function by the matrix metalloproteinase system

In most organs of mammals, cyclic remodelling of tissues after morphogenesis is minimal; however, reproductive tissues of female animals including endometrium, mammary gland, ovarian follicle and corpus luteum undergo growth, maturation and involution at various stages in the reproductive cycle or lifespan of the animal. Reconstruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for the dynamic tissue reorganization characteristic of these tissues. The ECM consists of proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous molecules that provide the tissue-specific, extracellular architecture to which cells attach. Furthermore, interaction of cellular receptors with proteins of the ECM can regulate cellular structure, second messenger generation and gene expression. Mainte-

Ephrin-B1-mediated regulation of germinal center T-cell territoriality and function

Subject Code:C08With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a study by the research group led by Prof.Qi Hai(祁海)from the School of Medicine,Tsinghua University revealed a novel mechanism that regulates the germinal center reaction,aphysiological process that underlies high-quality

An efficient regulation approach for tomographic reconstruction in combustion diagnostics based on TDLAS method

For tomographic reconstruction in combustion diagnostics,it is usually necessary to solve a rank-deficient problem,where the number of non-linear dependent equations is smaller than the number of unknowns.In some reconstructions,there are grids without rays passing through.This produces artifacts during the reconstruction.In this paper,the weight of the regulation equation is modified with the number of the rays crossing the grid cells.The effect of the neighboring grid values as well as the number of rays crossing the grid cells is considered in the new regulation method.Numerical simulation results show that the new regulation method suppresses the reconstruction error of the no rays crossing grid and successfully restrains the corner distortion in four projection angles.The effects of the weight coefficient and the smoothing factor on the reconstruction are examined through a numerical study.Finally,a combustion experiment demonstrates that the new regulation method can significantly reduce the reconstructed error,especially for the nonray crossing condition,and the results are compared with thermocouple measurements and reconstructions without modified regulation.

FERM domain phosphorylation and endogenous 3＇UTR are not essential for regulating the function and subcellular localization of polarity protein Crumbs

In the past two decades, extensive studies have focused on a group of so-called polarity proteins that play conserved and essential functions in establishing and maintaining cell polarity in epithelial cells. Among them, Crumbs （Crb） is the only trans- membrane polarity protein characterized to date （Tepass et al.,

Diacylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas L.)attenuate hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia in mice induced by a high-fructose/high-fat diet

Studies have shown that targeting xanthine oxidase(XO)can be a feasible treatment for fructose-induced hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia.This study aimed to evaluate the dual regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of diacylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato(diacylated AF-PSPs)on hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia induced by a high-fructose/high-fat diet.The body weight,organ index,serum biochemical indexes,and liver antioxidant indexes of mice were measured,and the kidneys were observed in pathological sections.The relative expression levels of messenger RNAs(mRNAs)of fructose metabolism pathway enzymes in kidney were detected by fluorescent real-time quantitative polymerase chain(qPCR)reaction technique,and the expression of renal transporter protein and inflammatory factor pathway protein was determined by immunohistochemistry(IHC)technique.Results showed that diacylated AF-PSPs alleviated hyperuricemia in mice,and that this effect might be related to the regulation of liver XO activity,lipid accumulation,and relevant renal transporters.Diacylated AF-PSPs reduced body weight and relieved lipid metabolism disorder,liver lipid accumulation,and liver oxidative stress,thereby enhancing insulin utilization and sensitivity,lowering blood sugar,and reducing hyperglycemia in mice.Also,diacylated AF-PSPs restored mRNA levels related to renal fructose metabolism,and reduced kidney injury and inflammation.This study provided experimental evidence for the mechanisms of dual regulation of blood glucose and uric acid(UA)by diacylated AF-PSPs and their utilization as functional foods in the management of metabolic syndrome.

Protein prenylation and human diseases: a balance of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation

The protein prenylation is one of the essential post-translational protein modifications, which extensively exists in the eukaryocyte. It includes protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, using farnesyl pyrophosphate(FPP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate(GGPP) as the substrate, respectively. The prenylation occurs by covalent addition of these two types of isoprenoids to cysteine residues at or near the carboxyl terminus of the proteins that possess Caa X motif, such as Ras small GTPase family. The attachment of hydrophobic prenyl groups can anchor the proteins to intracellular membranes and trigger downstream cell signaling pathway. Geranylgeranyl biphosphate synthase(GGPPS) catalyzes the synthesis of 20-carbon GGPP from 15-carbon FPP. The abnormal expression of this enzyme will affect the relative content of FPP and GGPP, and thus disrupts the balance between protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, which participates into various aspects of cellular physiology and pathology. In this paper, we mainly review the property of this important protein post-translational modification and research progress in its regulation of cigarette smoke induced pulmonary disease, adipocyte insulin sensitivity, the inflammation response of Sertoli cells, the hepatic lipogenesis and the cardiac hypertrophy.

Molecular-level Engineering of S-scheme Heterojunction:the Site-specific Role for Directional Charge Transfer

The promising S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are considered as a novel frontier due to their superiority in various solar-driven energy-related applications.Recently,a novel atom-specific tailoring strategy has been introduced on the construction of S-scheme het-erojunction for promoting the electronic transferability.The S-scheme heterojunction is regulated by integrating high-crystalline carbon nitride with Co-doped CeO_(2).Specifically,this atom-specific regulation of S-scheme heterojunction boosts directional electron-driving effect towards functionalized Co sites,benefit-ing for effective photogenerated charge carrier transferability.Moreover,a series of tracking characterizations show that Co-embedded modification promotes CO_(2)photoreduction into hydrogenation steps,resulting in high performance towards CO_(2)-to-CH_(4)photoreduction,which provides new opportunities for the development of multifunctional cooperation in heterogeneous photocatalysis.

Gut Microbiota Brings a Novel Way to Illuminate Mechanisms of Natural Products in vivo

Poor bioavailability and undefined major/direct targets are two major obstacles for herbal medicines and natural products（NPs） to elucidate their precise mechanisms in vivo. Gut microbiota is an important bridge between eukayotic body and environment, which can interact with a majority of medicines with poor bioavailability and mediate their in vivo pharmacological activities. There are two main modes through which gut microbiota may mediate the pharmacological effects of NPs. First, gut microbiota catabolizes the NPs in herbal medicines into secondary metabolites with higher bioavialability and/or higher activity, facilitating the NPs enter circulation and exert beneficial impact at the pathological spot. Second, herbal medicines and NPs can favorably shift the compositional structure of gut microbiota, thereby performing remote functions to diseased organs/tissues via the systemic impaction of gut microbiota. In this review, the potential pathways were summarized through which gut microbes facilitate the pharmacological functions of herbal medicines and NPs and highlight the significance of gut microbiota in clarifying the in vivo mechanisms of herbal medicines and NPs.