Neuropeptide cholecystokinin:a key neuromodulator for hippocampal functions

Spatial memory is crucial for survival within external surroundings and wild environments.The hippocampus,a critical hub for spatial learning and memory formation,has received extensive investigations on how neuromodulators shape its functions(Teixeira et al.,2018;Zhang et al.,2024).However,the landscape of neuromodulations in the hippocampal system remains poorly understood because most studies focus on classical monoamine neuromodulators,such as acetylcholine,serotonin,dopamine,and noradrenaline.The neuropeptides,comprising the most abundant neuromodulators in the central nervous system,play a pivotal role in neural information processing in the hippocampal system.Cholecystokinin(CCK),one of the most abundant neuropeptides,has been implicated in regulating various physiological and neurobiological statuses(Chen et al.,2019).CCK-A receptor(CCK-AR)and CCK-B receptors(CCK-BR)are two key receptors mediating the biological functions of CCK,both of which belong to class-A sevenfold transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors(Nishimura et al.,2015).CCK-AR preferentially reacts to sulfated CCK,whereas CCK-BR binds both CCK and gastrin with similar affinities(Ding et al.,2022).The expression patterns of CCK-AR and CCK-BR are distinct,implying that CCK has various functions in target regions.For instance,CCK-AR is widely expressed in the GI and brain subregions and is hence implicated in the control of digestive function and satiety regulation.Conversely,CCK-BR is abundantly and widely distributed in the central nervous system,which majorly regulates anxiety,learning,and memory(Ding et al.,2022).However,the roles of endogenous CCK and CCK receptors in regulating hippocampal function at electrophysiological and behavioral levels have received less attention.

Classification of Service Functions in the Life Circle of Beijing Subway Line 7

As a key node for the surrounding area,metro stations are closely connected with the surrounding urban space and develop cooperatively.Different types of metro stations have differences in land use and functional positioning.This paper mainly used the methods of Tyson polygon,kernel density analysis and correlation analysis,based on POI data,to classify the stations of Beijing Metro Line 7.This paper made a detailed analysis of commercial subway stations,and analyzed the distribution characteristics of commercial metro stations on Line 7.

Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Explained and Modelled Mathematically Using Classical Physics—A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave Functions

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.

A Class of Fractal Functions and Their Dimension Estimates

本文作者首先借助于b进制分数及无穷级数构造了一类分形函数，然后研究了这些函数图象的分形维数及其Hoelder性质，得到了一些维数结果。

Analysis of a Class of Logical Functions over Galois and Z_m Rings

In this paper, the author analyzed some cryptographic properties of a class of logical functions, f(x,y)=(q(x),...,q(x))·y+h(x),over Galois rings and residue rings, presented the relationship between the character spectrum of f(x,y) and the character speetrum of q(x),h(x) and the relationship between the cryptographic properties of f(x,y) and the cryptographic properties of h(x).

Some Properties of Two Class of Analytic Functions Family

Let A be the class of functions f(z)=z+sum from n=2 to ∞ (a_nZ^n) which are analytic in the unit disc, and let In this paper, Some properties of Q_α(β) and R_α(β) are investigated. In particular, Some results due to chichra [4], Mocanu[5] and Obradovic[6] are extended. In addition, We also showed an error of S. Owa[8].

RELATIVE WIDTH OF SMOOTH CLASSES OF MULTIVARIATE PERIODIC FUNCTIONS WITH RESTRICTIONS ON ITERATED LAPLACE DERIVATIVES IN THE L_2-METRIC

For two subsets W and V of a Banach space X, let Kn（W, V, X） denote the relative Kolmogorov n-width of W relative to V defined by Kn（W,V,X）：=inf sup inf/Ln f∈W g∈V∩Ln‖f-g‖x, where the infimum is taken over all n-dimensional linear subspaces Ln of X. Let W2（△^τ） denote the class of 2π-periodic functions f with d-variables satisfying ∫[-π, π]^d｜△^τf（x）｜^2dx≤1, while △^τ is the r-iterate of Laplace operator △. This article discusses the relative Kolmogorov n-width of W2（△^τ） relative to W2（△^τ） in Lq（[-π, π]^d） （1≤ q ≤ ∞）, and obtain its weak asymptotic result.

ON THE COEFFICIENTS OF SEVERAL CLASSES OF BI-UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS

In this paper, we investigate the bounds of the coefficients of several classes of bi-univalent functions. The results presented in this paper improve of generalize the recent works of other authors.

The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine

Valine is an essential amino acid and a type of branched-chain amino acid. Due to the involvement of branchedchain amino acids in various metabolic pathways, there has been a surge of interests in valine nutrition and its role in animal physiology. In pigs, the interactions between valine and other branched-chain amino acids or aromatic amino acids are complex. In this review, we delve into the interaction mechanism, metabolic pathways, and biological functions of valine. Appropriate valine supplementation not only enhances growth and reproductive performances, but also modulates gut microbiota and immune functions. Based on past observations and interpretations, we provide recommended feed levels of valine for weaned piglets, growing pigs, gilts, lactating sows, barrows and entire males. The summarized valine nutrient requirements for pigs at different stages offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in animal husbandry.

HAAR EXPANSIONS OF A CLASS OF FRACTAL INTERPOLATION FUNCTIONS AND THEIR LOGICAL DERIVATIVES

In this paper,we study a special class of fractal interpolation functions,and give their Haar-wavelet expansions.On the basis of the expansions,we investigate the H(o|¨)lder smoothness of such functions and their logical derivatives of order α.

On the Symmetry Classes of Functions

Let R be an integral domain of characteristic zero such that the corresponding group rings have block decompositions. We first prove that the submodule consisting of all the R-valued ξi-symmetric functions of several variables is a symmetry class, where ξi is any block character. Then we present a relationship among certain operators introduced for block character. Then we present a relationship among certain operators introduced for block characters. As a consequence, we obtain a decomposition of an arbitrary R-valued function of several variables. Finally, we describe the symmetry property of such summands and determine all the symmetry classes.

ON CERTAIN CLASS OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY DIFFERENTIAL SUBORDINATION

In this paper, the new subclass B-n(lambda,alpha,A,B) of analytic functions is introduced. Its subordination relations, inclusion relations, the inequality properties and convering theorem are discussed. The results obtained in this paper are sharp, which generalize the related works of some authors and some other new results are obtained.

THE SCHUR HARMONIC CONVEXITY FOR A CLASS OF SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In this article, we prove that the symmetric function Fn（x,r）=∑i1＋i2＋……in=r（x1（i1x2^i2……xn^in）1/r is Schur harmonic convex for x ∈ R＋n and r ∈N -=（1, 2, 3,...} As its applications, some analytic inequalities are established.

On the Coefficients of Several Classes of Bi-univalent Functions Defined by Convolution

In this paper, we introduce several new subclasses of the function class Σ of bi-univalent functions analytic in the open unit disc defined by convolution.Furthermore, we investigate the bounds of the coefficients |a2| and |a3| for functions in these new subclasses. The results presented in this paper improve or generalize the recent works of other authors.

CONVERGENCE OF A CLASS OF MEANS OF H^p FUNCTIONS(0

In this paper we study the convergence nf a class of means on H^p(G)(0<p<1),the means take the Bochner-Riesz means in[1],the generalized Bochner-Riesz means in[2],and the operators T^(Φ_r)in[3]as special cases.We obtain weak-type estimates for the associated maximal operators and the maximal mean boundedness for the means.

INITIAL COEFFICIENT ESTIMATES FOR SOME SUBCLASSES OF M-FOLD SYMMETRIC BI-UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS

In the present investigation, we consider two new general subclasses B∑m（T, λ; α）and B^∑m （τ λ;β） of Em consisting of analytic and m-fold symmetric bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk U. For functions belonging to the two classes introduced here, we derive non-sharp estimates on the initial coefficients [a-~＋ll and │a2＋1│. Several connections to some of the earlier known results are also pointed out.

ON A CLASS OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS RELATED TO CONIC DOMAINS AND ASSOCIATED WITH CARLSON-SHAFFER OPERATOR

Making use of the Carlson-Shaffer convolution operator, we introduce and study a new class of analytic functions related to conic domains. The main object of this paper is to investigate inclusion relations, coefficient bound for this class. We also show that this class is closed under convolution with a convex function. Some applications are also discussed.

Coefficient Estimates for a Certain General Subclass of Analytic and Bi-Univalent Functions

Motivated and stimulated especially by the work of Xu et al. [1], in this paper, we introduce and discuss an interesting subclass of analytic and bi-univalent functions defined in the open unit disc U. Further, we find estimates on the coefficients and for functions in this subclass. Many relevant connections with known or new results are pointed out.

ON THE CLASS φ_p~＊（α，β，γ，ε，η；A） of p－VALENT FUNCTIONS WITHREFERENCE TO THEBERNARDI INTEGRAL OPERATOR

Bernardi has proved that if f(z) is starlike univalent in the unit disk △, then so is the func-tion g(z) given byIn this paper, we extend Bernardi's theorem to certain class φp (α,β,γ,ε,η; A) of p- valent starlike functions for operators. We prove that if f(A) e φp (α, β,γ, ε, η; A), then g(A), defined byalso belongs to φp (α, β, γ, ε, η; A) and give a sufficient and necessary vondition with reference to f(A) 6 γp (α,β,γ,ε,η;A)

ON HASEMAN BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR A CLASS OF META-ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

In this article, Haseman boundary value problem for a class of meta-analytic functions is studied. The expression of solution and the condition of solvability for Haseman boundary value problem are obtained by changing the problem discussed into the equivalent Haseman boundary value problem of bi-analytic function. And the expression of solution and the condition of solvability depend on the canonical matrix.