Gypsum-based Silica Gel Humidity-controlling Composite Materials:Preparation,Characterization,and Performance

Gypsum was used as substrate,and silica gel was mixed into substrate at a certain mass ratio to prepare humidity-controlling composites;moreover,the moisture absorption and desorption properties of gypsum-based composites were compared with adding different silica gel particle size and proportion.The morphological characteristics,the isothermal equilibrium moisture content curve,moisture absorption and desorption rate,moisture absorption and desorption stability,and humidity-conditioning performance were tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that,compared with pure-gypsum,the surface structure of the gypsum-based composites is relatively loose,the quantity,density and aperture of the pores in the structure increase.The absorption and desorption capacity increase along with the increase of silica gel particle size and silica gel proportion.When 3 mm silica gel particle size is added with a mass ratio of 40%,the maximum equilibrium moisture content of humidity-controlling composites is 0.161 g/g at 98% relative humidity(RH),3.22 times that of pure-gypsum.The moisture absorption and desorption rates are increased,the equilibrium moisture absorption and desorption rates are 2.68 times and 1.61 times that of pure-gypsum at 58.5% RH,respectively.The gypsum-based composites have a good stability,which has better timely response to dynamic humidity changes and can effectively regulate indoor humidity under natural conditions.

Controllable thermal rectification design for buildings based on phase change composites

Phase-change material(PCM)is widely used in thermal management due to their unique thermal behavior.However,related research in thermal rectifier is mainly focused on exploring the principles at the fundamental device level,which results in a gap to real applications.Here,we propose a controllable thermal rectification design towards building applications through the direct adhesion of composite thermal rectification material(TRM)based on PCM and reduced graphene oxide(rGO)aerogel to ordinary concrete walls(CWs).The design is evaluated in detail by combining experiments and finite element analysis.It is found that,TRM can regulate the temperature difference on both sides of the TRM/CWs system by thermal rectification.The difference in two directions reaches to 13.8 K at the heat flow of 80 W/m^(2).In addition,the larger the change of thermal conductivity before and after phase change of TRM is,the more effective it is for regulating temperature difference in two directions.The stated technology has a wide range of applications for the thermal energy control in buildings with specific temperature requirements.

Resilient Time-Varying Formation-Tracking of Multi-UAV Systems Against Composite Attacks: A Two-Layered Framework

This paper studies the countermeasure design problems of distributed resilient time-varying formation-tracking control for multi-UAV systems with single-way communications against composite attacks,including denial-of-services(DoS)attacks,false-data injection attacks,camouflage attacks,and actuation attacks(AAs).Inspired by the concept of digital twin,a new two-layered protocol equipped with a safe and private twin layer(TL)is proposed,which decouples the above problems into the defense scheme against DoS attacks on the TL and the defense scheme against AAs on the cyber-physical layer.First,a topologyrepairing strategy against frequency-constrained DoS attacks is implemented via a Zeno-free event-triggered estimation scheme,which saves communication resources considerably.The upper bound of the reaction time needed to launch the repaired topology after the occurrence of DoS attacks is calculated.Second,a decentralized adaptive and chattering-relief controller against potentially unbounded AAs is designed.Moreover,this novel adaptive controller can achieve uniformly ultimately bounded convergence,whose error bound can be given explicitly.The practicability and validity of this new two-layered protocol are shown via a simulation example and a UAV swarm experiment equipped with both Ultra-WideBand and WiFi communication channels.

The Controllability, Observability, and Stability Analysis of a Class of Composite Systems with Fractional Degree Generalized Frequency Variables

This paper is concerned with fundamental properties of a class of composite systems with fractional degree generalized frequency variables, including controllability, observability and stability. Firstly, some necessary and sufficient conditions are given to guarantee controllability and observability of such composite systems. Then we prove that the stability problem of such composite systems can be reduced to judging whether a fractional degree polynomial is stable. Finally, the stability analysis result is applied in the supervisory control of fractional-order multi-agent systems, and an example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Synthesis and analysis of new humidity-controlling composite materials

Gypsum is a traditional building material. To improve the humidity-controlling properties of gypsum, we prepared a new type of humidity-controlling composite using the sol-gel method. Methods to determine the maximum equilibrium moisture content and speed of adsorption/desorption were subsequently applied to analyze the performance of the samples. The appearance and structural properties of the samples were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that the humidity-controlling gel with added LiCl exhibits high moisture storage and that the equilibrium maximum moisture content is 5.652 g/g at a 75.29% relative humidity (RH). A mass ratio of LiCl/sol = 0.15 is demonstrated to be appropriate for the preparation of the new humidity-controlling composites. A coarse network with tiny pores is observed on the surface of the new humidity-controlling composites, and this pore network provides sufficient space for moisture adsorption.

Magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE) based composite structures for micro-vibration control

Magneto-rheological elastomers （MILEs） are used to construct composite structures for micro-vibration control of equipment under stochastic support-motion excitations. The dynamic behavior of MREs as a smart viscoelastic material is characterized by a complex modulus dependent on vibration frequency and controllable by external magnetic fields. Frequency-domain solution methods for stochastic micro-vibration response analysis of the MRE-based structural systems are developed to derive the system frequency-response function matrices and the expressions of the velocity response spectrum. With these equations, the root-mean-square （RMS） velocity responses in terms of the one-third octave frequency band spectrum can be calculated. Further, the optimization problem of the complex moduli of the MRE cores is defined by minimizing the velocity response spectra and the RMS velocity responses through altering the applied magnetic fields. Simulation results illustrate the influences of MRE parameters on the RMS velocity responses and the high response reduction capacities of the MRE-based structures. In addition, the developed frequency-domain analysis methods are applicable to sandwich beam structures with arbitrary cores characterized by complex shear moduli under stochastic excitations described by power spectral density functions, and are valid for a wide frequency range.

Nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film-shaped memory alloy composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation

The nonlinear dynamic characteristics and optimal control of a giant magnetostrictive film （GMF）-shaped memory alloy （SMA） composite plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation are studied. GMF is prepared based on an SMA plate, and combined into a GMF-SMA composite plate. The Van der Pol item is improved to explain the hysteretic phenomena of GMF and SMA, and the nonlinear dynamics model of a GMF-SMA composite cantilever plate subjected to in-plane stochastic excitation is developed. The stochastic stability of the system is analyzed, and the steady-state probability density function of the dynamic response of the system is obtained. The condition of stochastic Hopf bifurcation is discussed, the reliability function of the system is provided, and then the probability density of the first-passage time is given. Finally, the stochastic optimal control strategy is proposed by the stochastic dynamic programming method. Numerical simulation shows that the stability of the trivial solution varies with bifurcation parameters, and stochastic Hopf bifurcation appears in the process; the system＇s reliability is improved through stochastic optimal control, and the first- passage time is delayed. A GMF-SMA composite plate combines the advantages of GMF and SMA, and can reduce vibration through passive control and active control effectively. The results are helpful for the engineering applications of GMF-SMA composite plates.

Coating thickness control in continuously fabricating metallic glass-coated composite wires

A continuous production process was developed for coating bulk metallic glasses on the metallic wire surface. The effects of processing parameters, including the drawing velocity and coating temperature, on the coating thickness were investigated. It is found that the coating thickness increases with the increase in drawing velocity but decreases with the increase in coating temperature. A fluid mechanical model was developed to quantify the coating thickness under various processing conditions. By using this theoretical model, the coating thickness was calculated, and the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental data.

ADVANCED QUALITY CONCEPTS AND COMPOSITE RELIABILITY THROUGH STATISTICALPROCESS CONTROL

The physical properties of thermosetting resins and resin based composites may be influenced by changes in any one of the mang formulating or process related variables involved in their manufacture. When resins and composite materials are required to perform in aggressive environments, reliable and predicable performance is essential and therefore these materials must be prepared and tested in accorkance with a strictquality plan. This paper outlines the elements of statistical process control (S.P.C.)as it may be applied to non-metallic materials and discusses the concept of Capability Index (Cp).

Adaptive fuzzy compensation based composite nonlinear feedback controller design for robot manipulators

In order to suppress the influence of uncertain factors on robot system and enable an uncertain robot system to track the reference input accurately,a strategy of combining composite nonlinear feedback(CNF)control and adaptive fuzzy control is studied,and a robot CNF controller based on adaptive fuzzy compensation is proposed.The key of this strategy is to use adaptive fuzzy control to approach the uncertainty of the system online,as the compensation term of the CNF controller,and make full use of the advantages of the two control methods to reduce the influence of uncertain factors on the performance of the system.The convergence of the closed-loop system is proved by feedback linearization and Lyapunov theory.The final simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this plan.

AN EFFICIENT PARALLEL PROCESSING OPTIMAL CONTROL SCHEME FOR A CLASS OF NONLINEAR COMPOSITE SYSTEMS

This article presents an efficient parallel processing approach for solving the opti- mal control problem of nonlinear composite systems. In this approach, the original high-order coupled nonlinear two-point boundary value problem （TPBVP） derived from the Pontrya- gin＇s maximum principle is first transformed into a sequence of lower-order deeoupled linear time-invariant TPBVPs. Then, an optimal control law which consists of both feedback and forward terms is achieved by using the modal series method for the derived sequence. The feedback term specified by local states of each subsystem is determined by solving a ma- trix Riccati differential equation. The forward term for each subsystem derived from its local information is an infinite sum of adjoint vectors. The convergence analysis and parallel processing capability of the proposed approach are also provided. To achieve an accurate feedforward-feedbaek suboptimal control, we apply a fast iterative algorithm with low com- putational effort. Finally, some comparative results are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Design and performance analysis of tracking controller for uncertain nonlinear composite system using neural networks

Based on high order dynamic neural network, this paper presents the tracking problem for uncertain nonlinear composite system, which contains external disturbance, whose nonlinearities are assumed to be unknown. A smooth controller is designed to guarantee a uniform ultimate boundedness property for the tracking error and all other signals in the dosed loop. Certain measures are utilized to test its performance. No a priori knowledge of an upper bound on the “optimal” weight and modeling error is required; the weights of neural networks are updated on-line. Numerical simulations performed on a simple example illustrate and clarify the approach.

Composite Control of Precalciner Exit Temperature in Cement Rotary Kiln

A composite control strategy for the precalciner exit temperature in cement kiln is introduced based on a mathematical model. In this model, the raw meal flow, coal powder flow and wind flow are taken as three input variables, the clinker fow and exit teperature of cement kiln are output variables, and other influencing factors are considered as disturbance. A composite control system is synthesied by integrating self learning PID, fuzzy and feedforward function into a combined controller, and the arithmetics for the self learning PID controller, fuzzy controller and feedforward controller are elaborated respectively. The control strategy has been realized by software in real practice at cement factory. Application results show that the composite control technology is superior to the general PID control in control effect, and is suitable to the industrial process control with slow parameter variation, nonlinearity and uncertainty.

Magnetic Field Analysis of Interior Composite-Rotor Controllable-Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) has the problem of large stator copper loss and narrow speed range. To solve this problem, an interior composite-rotor controllable-flux PMSM adaptive to multi-polar is proposed. This machine has the characteristics of low stator copper loss and wide-speed operation. The half-radial-set and half-tangential-set permanent magnets (PMs) are NdFeB that has high remanent flux density and high coercive force. The tangential-set PMs are AlNiCo that has high remanent flux density and low coercive force. By applying the pulse of d-axis stator current i_d, the magnetized intensity and direction of AlNiCo can be controlled. The flux created by NdFeB is repelled to stator and air-gap PM-flux is intensified, or is partially bypassed by AlNiCo in the rotor, so the air-gap PM-flux is weakened. The internal magnetic field distribution in two ultra magnetized situations is analyzed by finite element method. The dimension of PMs and magnetic structure are demonstrated. Especially when the q-axis magnetic resistance is larger and the q-axis inductance is smaller, the result of flux-weakening is better and the influence of armature reaction on air-gap PM-flux is weakened.

Failure analysis and control measures of deep roadway with composite roof:a case study

There is great variation in the lithology and lamination thickness of composite roof in coal-measure strata;thus,the roof is prone to delamination and falling,and it is difficult to control the surrounding rock when developing roadway in such rock strata.In deep mining,the stress environment of surrounding rock is complex,and the mechanical response of the rock mass is different from that of the shallow rock mass.For composite-roof roadway excavated in deep rock mass,the key to safe and efficient production of the mine is ensuring the stability of the roadway.The present paper obtains typical failure characteristics and deformation and failure mechanisms of composite-roof roadway with a buried depth of 650 m at Zhaozhuang Coal Mine(Shanxi Province,China).On the basis of determining a reasonable cross-section shape of the roadway and according to the failure characteristics of the composite roof in different regions,the roof is divided into an unstable layer,metastable layer,and stable layer.The controlled unstable layer and metastable layer are regarded as a small structure while the stable layer is regarded as a large structure.A superimposed coupling support technology of large and small structures with a multi-level prestressed bearing arch formed by strong rebar bolts and highly prestressed cable bolts is put forward.The support technology provides good application results in the field.The study thus provides theoretical support and technical guidance for ground control under similar geological conditions.

Halloysite Nanotube Composited Thermo-responsive Hydrogel System for Controlled-release

Halloysite 合成 nanotube 的 thermo 应答的 hydrogel 系统被 N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM ) 的 copolymerization 成功地与修改 silane 的 halloysite nanotubes (HNT ) 为控制的药版本开发了通过热地开始的免费激进分子的聚合。与象模型药蓝的甲又， thermo 应答的药版本结果证明从在 composited hydrogel 的 nanotubes 的药版本能是操作环境温度控制的井。当 hydrogel 网络在在更低的批评答案温度(LCST ) 下面的温度是肿的时，药稳定地免除嵌入的 nanotubes 的腔，而当 hydrogel 在 LCST 上面在温度缩小时，药版本停止。从合成 HNT 的 hydrogel 的模型药的版本与它的 thermo 应答的卷阶段转变匹配很好，并且显示出很好控制的版本的特征。建议小说的设计策略和版本结果合成 HNT 的 thermo 应答的 hydrogel 系统为为活跃代理人的控制版本设计应答的 nanocomposites 提供珍贵指导。

Alveolar Ridge Preservation Utilizing Composite (Bioceramics/Collagen) Graft: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Assessment in a Randomized Split-Mouth Controlled Trial

Background: The vast percentage of the alveolar bone resorption process happens within the first 12 to 24 weeks post extraction;however, this phenomenon is chronic, and the alveolar ridge continues to resorb. In order to prevent this reduction or at least recompense the loss of bone dimensions, the alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) technique was developed. Objectives: This research studied the vertical and horizontal bone dimensional changes as a result of non-molar teeth extraction alone against extraction with alveolar ridge preservation utilizing composite (bioceramics/collagen) graft by cone-beam computed tomography radiographies analyses. Material and Methods: This research was a randomized split-mouth controlled trial. 12 patients need extraction of the maxillary non-molar teeth were enrolled and allocated into 2 groups. 12 sockets after atraumatic extraction were filled with a composite graft in the role of the test group, 12 sockets left to unassisted healing after atraumatic extraction without any graft materials in the role of the control group. Two CBCT radiographs were taken at baseline and at 4 months after extraction for comparison. Both vertical and horizontal resorptions of the alveolar ridge were analyzed between test and control group by CBCT radiographs. Results: 4 months after extraction, there was a mean of vertical alveolar bone resorption compared with the baseline (0.56 ± 0.15 mm) in the test group and (1.47 ± 0.30 mm) in the control group. Whereas it was a mean of horizontal alveolar bone resorption compared with the baseline (0.90 ± 0.16 mm) in the test group and (2.26 ± 0.30 mm) in the control group. Therefore, there was a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this research, we demonstrated that the osteogen-plug technique significantly decreased the reduction of the bone dimensional in comparison to the tooth extraction alone, and showed that the dimensional change of the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction was minimized by using an osteogen-plug.

Thermal Activation of Asymetrical Composites for Vibration Control

The CBCM (Controlled Behaviour Composite Material) is a thermal active composite, which has been developed for morphing applications. The thermal activation is made by a source of heating generated within the composite structure. The coupling between the induced thermal field and the thermomechanical properties of the various components of the composite structure leads to the change of the structure shape. The heat source is generated by Joule effect, Carbon yarns inserted in the composite, are connected to a power supply. The application field of CBCM technology is the domain of shape modification and active assembly. The objective of this work is to illustrate the capabilities of CBCM in the domain of vibration control. We will study several reference plates with different constitution. The influences of these different constitutions, of the CBCM effect and the loss of stiffness for the matrix will be highlighted, for two boundary conditions, free/free and embedded/embedded.

Research on the Control Method of Electromechanical Composite Brake Based on Electric Wheel Drive Vehicle

Facing the increasingly serious environmental pollution and oil crisis,the development of automobile industry is facing a very serious challenge.For the sustainable development of automobile industry,the electric vehicle using motor as driving equipment can realize“pollution-free”,which has become the focus of automobile research and development in many countries.In the research and development of electric vehicles,the electric vehicles driven by electric wheels have attracted the attention of all walks of life because of their ideal control characteristics and broad application prospects.In this paper,the electric wheel drive vehicle as the research object,the electromechanical composite brake control system is studied and analyzed.

Control of Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Pitch-based CarbonMatrix Composites with Microspace Modification Concept

Theoretical consideration was conducted on a relation between pore diameter and interfacialarea between pores and fibers when pores uniforinly distribute in C/C composites. It was shownthat bonding at the fiber/matrix interface apparently decreased with decreasing a pore diameter,and consequently a new idea of microspace modification concept was proposed for controllingfracture behavior of C/C composites. Four types of C/C composites with various pore structureswere fabricated by hot-pressing, and their fracture behavior was investigated by three pointbending tests. The fracture behavior of the C/C composites was changed from brittle one topseudo ductile one with decreasing the pore diameter. This result supported the validity of themicrospace modification concept proposed in this paper.