Energy Spectra,g Factors and Their Pressure—Induced and ／or Thermal Shifts of SrTiO3：Cr^3＋ and SrTiO3：Mn^4＋ I：energy Spectra and g Factors at Normal Pressure

With the strong-field scheme and cubic bases, the complete d3 energy matrix in a tetragonally distorted cubic-field has been constructed. By diagonalizing this matrix, the energy spectra of SrTiO3:Cr3+ and SrTiO3:Mn4+ at normal pressure and various temperatures have been calculated. Correspondingly, the FORTRAN program calculating the g factor of the ground state has been worked out. By using the program and the wavefunction obtained from diagonalizing the complete energy matrix, the g factors of the ground state of SrTiO3:Cr3+ and SrTiO3:Mn4+ at normal pressure and room temperature have been evaluated. The calculated results are in good agreement with the optical-spectral and EPR experimental data. The comparison and analysis of the results of two crystals have been made. It is demonstrated that the covalency of the bonding between Mn4+ and ligands (O2-) in SrTiO3:Mn4+ is stronger than the one of the bonding between Cr3+ and ligands (O2-) in SrTiO3:Cr3+. It is shown that the obtained wavefunctions and values of parameters are reasonable.

Energy Spectrum, g Factors, Strain-Induced Level-Splittings and R-Line Thermal Shift of MgO:V^(2+)

Traditional ligand-field theory has to be improved by taking into account both pure electronic contribution and electron-phonon interaction one （including lattice-vibrational relaxation energy）. By means of improved ligand-field theory, the R line, t^322T1 and t^322T2 lines, t^22（^3T1）e^4T2, t^22（^3T1）e^4T1 and t2e^2（^4A2）4T1 bands, g factors of t^32 ^4A2 and t32E, four strain-induced level-splittings and R-line thermal shift of MgO：V^2＋ have been calculated. The results are in very good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that for MgO：V^2＋, the contributions due to electronphonon interaction （EPI） come from the first-order term; the contributions from the second-order and higher terms are insignificant. In thermal shift of R line of MgO：V^2＋, the temperature-dependent contribution due to EPI is dominant. The results obtained in this work may be used in theoretical calculations of other effects of EPI.

Theoretical Studies of Energy Spectra and g Factors of Cr3＋-Doped YAl3（BO3）4

With the strong-field scheme and trigonal bases, by diagonalizing the complete d^3 energy matrix in a trigonally distorted cubic-field, the energy spectra and wavefunctions of YAl3（BO3）4：Cr^3＋ have been calculated. The rates of change of levels with respect to various parameters and the contributions to levels from various parameters are calculated, and the physical origins of various levels or splittings have been clearly and quantitatively shown. By using the wavefunctions obtained from diagonalizing the complete energy matrix, the g factors of the ground state of YAl3 （BO3 ）4;Cr^3＋ have been evaluated. The calculated results are in good agreement with the optical-spectral and EPR experimental data. It is demonstrated that the bonding between Cr^3＋ and ligands （O^2-） is ionic.

Effect of the Density of Molten Metal on the Raining Phenomenon in Horizontal Centrifugal Casting

In this work the influence of the density of the molten metal on the emergence of the raining phenomenon in the horizontal centrifugal casting process is numerically studied. Transient 2D numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Three molten metals with different density, namely aluminum, iron and lead, and three angular frequencies, namely 50, 66 and 77 rad/s were considered. It is found that the density of the molten metal significantly affects the emergence, transient or permanent, of the rain phenomenon. However, the magnitude and duration of the rain phenomenon depend on the angular frequency of the rotating mold. Likewise, since gravitational forces affect the metal according to its density, the value of the critical rotation speed of the mold is also affected.

g factors of nuclear low-lying states:A covariant description

The g factors and spectroscopic quadrupole moments of low-lying excited states 2+1,…,81+ in 24Mg are studied in a covariant density functional theory.The wave functions are constructed by configuration mixing of axially deformed mean-field states projected on good angular momentum.The mean-field states are obtained from the constraint relativistic point-coupling model plus BCS calculations using the PC-F1 parametrization for the particle-hole channel and a density-independent delta-force for the particle-particle channel.The available experimental g factor and spectroscopic quadrupole moment of 21+ state are reproduced quite well.The angular momentum dependence of g factors and spectroscopic quadrupole moments,as well as the effects of pairing correlations are investigated.

The ferroptosis activity is associated with neurological recovery following chronic compressive spinal cord injury

Chronic compressive spinal cord injury in compressive cervical myelopathy conditions can lead to rapid neurological deterioration in the early phase,followed by partial self-recovery,and ultimately an equilibrium state of neurological dysfunction.Ferroptosis is a crucial pathological process in many neurodegenerative diseases;however,its role in chro nic compressive spinal cord injury remains unclear.In this study,we established a chronic compressive spinal cord injury rat model,which displayed its most severe behavioral and electrophysiological dysfunction at 4 wee ks and partial recovery at 8 weeks after compression.Bulk RNA sequencing data identified enriched functional pathways,including ferroptosis,presynapse,and postsynaptic membrane activity at both 4 and 8 wee ks following chro nic compressive spinal co rd injury.Tra nsmission electron microscopy and malondialdehyde quantification assay confirmed that ferroptosis activity peaked at 4 weeks and was attenuated at 8 weeks after chronic compression.Ferro ptosis activity was negatively correlated with behavioral score.Immunofluorescence,quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and western blotting showed that expression of the anti-ferroptosis molecules,glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) and MAF BZIP transcription factor G(MafG),in neuro ns was suppressed at 4 weeks and upregulated at 8 weeks following spinal co rd compression.There was a positive correlation between the expression of these two molecules,suggesting that they may work together to contribute to functional recovery following chronic compressive spinal cord injury.In conclusion,our study determined the genome-wide expression profile and fe rroptosis activity of a consistently compressed spinal cord at different time points.The results showed that anti-fe rroptosis genes,specifically GPX4 and MafG,may be involved in spontaneous neurological recovery at 8 weeks of chronic compressive spinal cord injury.These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic compressive spinal cord injury and may help identify new therapeutic targets for compressive cervical myelopathy.

The Influence of Mesoscopic Characteristics of Mineral Powders Fillers on the Rutting Factor(G^(*)/sinδ)of Asphalt Mortar

This study aims to investigate the efiect of the mesoscopic characteristics of mineral powder fillers on the rutting resistance of asphalt mortar.Extraction and sieving tests were used to obtain the buton rock asphalt(BRA)ash with particle size smaller than 0.075 mm,which is consistent with that of the conventional mineral powder.The mesoscopic characteristics of BRA ash and conventional mineral powder were measured by SEM image analysis and the osmotic free pressure water method.Mesoscopic structure models of structural and free asphalts in mortar were obtained.The 70#matrix asphalt was used to prepare two kinds of asphalt mortar with BRA ash and conventional mineral powders fillers.The rutting factor of the two asphalt mortars was tested by dynamic shear test(DSR).Test results show that the ash extracted from BRA has a similar mesoscopic classification with the conventional mineral powder.Still,its fractal dimensions are larger,indicating the particles in BRA ash have more complex shapes and rougher surfaces,which is beneficial for forming structural asphalt and subsequently increasing the rutting factor(G*/sinδ),i e,improving the rutting resistance of the asphalt mortar.

Improved Ligand-Field Theory with Effect of Electron-Phonon Interaction

Traditional ligand-field theory has to be improved by taking into account both 'pure electronic' contribution and electron-phonon interaction one (including lattice-vibrational relaxation energy). By means of improved ligand-field theory, R1, R2, R'3, R'2, and R'1 lines, U band, ground-state zero-field-splitting (GSZFS), and ground-state g factors of ruby and/or GSGG: Cr3+ as well as thermal shifts of GSZFS, R1 line and R2 line of ruby have been calculated.The results are in very good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, it is found that the value of cubic-field parameter given by traditional ligand-field theory is inappropriately large. For thermal shifts of GSZFS, R1 line and R2 line of ruby, several conclusions have also been obtained.

Theoretical Calculation of Energy Spectrum of YGG:Cr^(3+)and Thermal Shifts of Its R-Lines

With the strong-field scheme and trigonal bases, the complete d3 energy matrix in a trigonally distorted cubic-field has been constructed. By diagonalizing this matrix, the energy spectrum of YGG：Cr^3＋ at normal pressure and low temperature has been calculated. The g factor of the ground-state has been evaluated in terms of the energy spectrum. At the same time, by using the wavefunctions obtained from diagonalizing the complete d^3 energy matrix and Thermal Shifts theory, we calculate the thermal shifts of the sharp lines of YGG：Cr^3＋ and determine the relevant parameters. The calculated results are all in good agreement with the optical-spectrum and EPR experimental data. It is demonstrated that the obtained wavefunctions and the values of parameters are reasonable.

Improved Ligand-Field Calculation of Energy Spectrum and R-Line Thermal Shift of MgO：Cr^3＋

Traditional ligand-field theory has to be improved by taking into account both pure electronic contribution and electron-phonon interaction one （including lattice-vibrational relaxation energy）. By means of improved ligand-field theory, the R-line, t^3 2^2 T1 lines, t^2 2（^3 T1）e^4 T2, and t^2 2（^3T1）e^4T1 bands, ground-state g factor, four strain-induced level- splittings, and R-line thermal shift of MgO：Cr^3＋ have been calculated. The results are in very good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that for MgO：Cr^3＋, the contributions due to electron-phonon interaction （EPI） come from the first-order term. In thermal shift of R-line of MgO：Cr^3＋, the temperature-dependent contribution due to EPI is dominant.

Theoretical Calculations of Optical Spectra and Their Pressure-Induced Shifts of MgAl_2O_4:Cr^(3+)

The energy levels of spectrum, wavefunetions and crystal-field parameters of MgAl2O4：Cr^3＋ at normal pressure have been calculated by the means of diagonalizing the complete d^3 energy matrix （DCEM）. With these results, the g factor of the ground state at normal pressure and the pressure-induced shift （PS） of the spectra1 levels are also calculated uniformly, and the calculated results are all in good agreement with the experimental ones. And the contributions of various crystal-field parameters to the energy levels at normal pressure and the variational rates of the R1 line shifting with the pressure are calculated, from which the physical origin of the red shift of the R1 line shifting with increasing pressure have been clearly shown.

Determining the sign of g factor via time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy with a rotatable magnetic field

Time-resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy is used to determine the sign of the g factor of carriers in a semiconductor material, with the help of a rotatable magnetic field in the plane of the sample. The spin precession signal of carriers at a fixed time delay is measured as a function of the orientation of the magnetic field with a fixed strength B. The signal has a sine-like form and its phase determines the sign of the g factor of carriers. As a natural extension of previous methods to measure the （time-resolved） photoluminescence or time-resolved Kerr rotation signal as a function of the magnetic field strength with a fixed orientation, such a method gives the correct sign of the g factor of electrons in GaAs. Furthermore, the sign of carriers in a （Ga, Mn）As magnetic semiconductor is also found to be negative.

Two-dimensional transport and strong spin-orbit interaction in SrMnSb_2

We have carried out magneto-transport measurements for single crystal SrMnSb2. Clear Shubnikov-de Haas oscil- lations were resolved at relatively low magnetic field around 4 T, revealing a quasi-2D Fermi surface. We observed a development of quantized plateaus in Hall resistance （Rxy） at high pulsed fields up to 60 T. Due to the strong 2D confine- ment and layered properties of the samples, we interpreted the observation as bulk quantum Hall effect that is contributed by the parallel 2D conduction channels. Moreover, the spin degeneracy was lifted leading to Landau level splitting. The presence of anisotropic g factor and the formation of the oscillation beating pattern reveal a strong spin-orbit interaction in the SrMnSb2 system.

Ferromagnetic resonance in Co/Pt multilayers

Out-of-plane angular dependence of ferromagnetic resonance spectra was measured in sputtered Co/Pt multilayers and analyzed with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The effective demagnetizing field 4πMeff is found to increase with decreasing tPt and decreasing 1/tco, which can be considered as a result of interplay between the interlayer coupling and a lowdimensional effect. The g factor increases with increasing tpt and decreasing tCo, indicating contribution of spin-polarization of Pt atoms and additional contribution of orbital moment of Co atoms. The in-plane resonance line-width increases with decreasing too and increases with increasing tPt.

Stomatal maturomics:hunting genes regulating guard cell maturation and function formation from single-cell transcriptomes

Stomata play critical roles in gas exchange and immunity to pathogens.While many genes regulating early stomatal development up to the production of young guard cells(GCs)have been identified in Arabidopsis,much less is known about how young GCs develop into mature functional stomata.Here we perform a maturomics study on stomata,with“maturomics”defined as omics analysis of the maturation process of a tissue or organ.We develop an integrative scheme to analyze three public stomata-related single-cell RNAseq datasets and identify a list of 586 genes that are specifically up-regulated in all three datasets during stomatal maturation and function formation.The list,termed sc_586,is enriched with known regulators of stomatal maturation and functions.To validate the reliability of the dataset,we selected two candidate G2-like transcription factor genes,MYS1 and MYS2,to investigate their roles in stomata.These two genes redundantly regulate the size and hoop rigidity of mature GCs,and the mys1 mys2 double mutants cause mature GCs with severe defects in regulating their stomatal apertures.Taken together,our results provide a valuable list of genes for studying GC maturation and function formation.

Negative regulation of resistance protein-mediated immunity by master transcription factors SARD_1 and CBP60g

Summary Salicylic acid （SA） is an essential defence hormone in plants. Upon pathogen infection, induced biosynthesis of SA is mediated by Isochorismate synthase 1 （ICS1）, whose gene transcription is controlled mainly through two redundant transcription factors, SAR Deficient 1 （SARD0 and Calmodulin- binding protein 6o-like g （CBP60g）.

Overexpressing HRS1 Confers Hypersensitivity to Low Phosphate-Elicited Inhibition of Primary Root Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Phosphate （Pi） deficiency causes dramatic root system architecture （RSA） changes in higher plants. Here we report that overexpression of HRS1 leads to enhanced sensitivity to low Pi-elicited inhibition of primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Bioinformatic investigations uncovered that HRS1 and its six homologs encode putative G2-like transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Analysis of promoter：：GUS reporter lines revealed that HRS1 transcripts were present mainly in the root hair region and root hair cells under Pi-sufficient conditions. Pi deprivation increased HRS1 expression level and expanded its expression domain. Although HRS1 knockout mutant did not differ from wild type （WT） control irrespective of Pi status, its overexpression lines were significantly more susceptible to low Pi-elicited primary root shortening. In both WT and HRS1 overexpression seedlings, low Pi-induced primary root shortening was accompanied by enhanced root hair cell differentiation, but this enhancement occurred to a greater extent in the latter genotype. Collectively, our data suggest that HRS1 may be involved in the modulation of primary root and root hair growth in Pi-deprived Arabidopsis seedlings, and provide useful clues for further research into the function of HRS1 and its homologs and the mechanisms behind RSA changes under Pi-deficient conditions.

G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR(SlGCR)is a positive regulator of lutein biosynthesis in tomato

Lutein is an oxygen-containing carotenoid synthesized in plant chloroplasts and chromoplasts.It plays an indispensable role in promoting plant growth and maintaining eye health in humans.The rate-limiting step of lutein biosynthesis is catalyzed by the lycopeneε-cyclase enzyme(LCYE).Although great progress has been made in the identification of transcription factors involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway,many systematic molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated.Here,using co-expression analysis,we identified a gene,G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR(SlGCR),encoding a GARP G2-like transcription factor,as the potential regulator of SlLCYE in tomato.Silencing of SlGCR reduced the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of carotenoids in tomato leaves.By contrast,overexpression of SlGCR in tomato fruit significantly increased the expression of relevant genes and enhanced the accumulation of carotenoids.SlGCR can directly bind to the SlLCYE promoter and activate its expression.In addition,we also discovered that expression of SlGCR was negatively regulated by the master regulator SlRIN,thereby inhibiting lutein synthesis during tomato fruit ripening.Taken together,we identified SlGCR as a novel regulator involved in tomato lutein biosynthesis,elucidated the regulatory mechanism,and provided a potential tool for tomato lutein metabolic engineering.

Dysregulation of glutathione synthesis in liver disease

Glutathione(GSH),a tripeptide that is present in all mammalian tissues,is especially highly concentrated in the liver.GSH synthesis occurs via two adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-requiring enzymatic steps:the first is rate-limiting,catalyzed by glutamate-cysteine ligase,generates g-glutamylcysteine from gluta-mate and cysteine;the second is catalyzed by GSH synthetase,generates GSH from g-glutamylcysteine and glycine.GSH defends against oxidative stress,participates in detoxification of xenobiotics,de-termines the redox status of the cell,and regulates vital processes such as growth and apoptosis.Hepatic GSH plays a central role in the interorgan GSH homeostasis because sinusoidal efflux of hepatic GSH determines plasma GSH level.In liver diseases GSH homeostasis is perturbed by multiple mechanisms.Hepatic GSH biosynthesis is impaired in cholestatic liver injury,endotoxemia,and fibrotic injury largely because the expression of the GSH synthetic enzymes falls.Lower hepatic GSH level further exacerbates and perpetuates ongoing liver injury.However,in hepatocellular carcinoma GSH synthetic enzymes are upregulated and this may play a role in chemoresistance.This review focuses on the current under-standing of hepatic GSH synthesis in health and disease.

Magnetic properties and magnetic exchange interactions in Gd_(1–x)RE_x(RE=Pr,Nd) alloys

The effect of Pr,Nd addition on the magnetic properties and magnetic exchange interaction of gadolinium alloys was systematically studied.Curie temperature TC and magnetic moment of Gd（1–x）REx（RE=Pr,Nd）systems with x〈0.05 were investigated.When x〈0.05,Pr and Nd formed respectively with Gd continuous solid solution which has the crystalline structure HCP.Study on the magnetic behavior indicated that at near room temperature,the simple ferromagnetism prevailed in these two systems of alloy.The Curie temperature and magnetic moment of Gd（1–x）REx alloy decreased with RE（RE= Pr,Nd）content x increasing.The de Gennes factor of Gd（1–x）REx alloy which was associated with the exchange interaction between magnetic spin components also decreased with RE content increasing.The above results showed that the magnetic exchange interaction between magnetic atoms in gadolinium could be effectively changed by the Pr,Nd addition.