Evolution of Xanthomonas Gene Content:Gene Gain/Loss History and Species Divergence

Horizontal gene transfer （HGT） plays key roles in the evolution of pathogenetic bacteria, especially in pathogenetic associated genes. In this study, the evolutionary dynamics of Xanthomonas at species level were determined by the comparative analysis of the complete genomes of 15 Xanthomonas strains. A concatenated multiprotein phyletic pattern and a dataset with Xanthomonas clusters of orthologous genes were constructed. Mathematical extrapolation estimates that the core genome will reach a minimum of about 1 547 genes while the pan-genome will increase up to 22 624 genes when sequencing 1 000 genomes. The HGT extent in this genus was assessed by using a Markov-based probabilistic method. The reconstructed gene gain/loss history, which contained several features consistent with biological observations, showed that nearly 60% of the Xanthomonas genes were acquired by HGT. A large fraction of variability was in the clade ancestor nodes and ＂leaves of the tree＂. Coexpression analysis suggested that the pathogenic and metabolic variation between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae might due to recently-transferred genes. Our results strongly supported that the gene gain/loss may play an important role in divergence and pathogenicity variation of Xanthomonas species.

Gain/loss effect on a bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential

Taking into account both gain/loss and time-dependent atomic scattering length, this paper analytically derives an exact bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential. Due to the balance of the scattering length and gain/loss, the bright solitary wave is shown to have constant amplitude. Especially, it is found that the bright solitary wave is accelerated by expulsive force, whose velocity can be modulated by changing the axial and transverse angular frequencies. The results are in good agreement with the experimental observations by Khaykovich et al （2002 Science 296 1290）.

Control of gain and thermal carrier loss profiles for mode optimization in 980-nm broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Optical gain and thermal carrier loss distributions regarding current diffusion and various electric contact areas are investigated to improve the near-field modes from the ring-shape to a Gaussian-like configuration for extra-broad-area and oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In this work an equivalent circuit network model is used. The resistance of the continuously-graded distributed Bragg reflectors （DBRs）, the current diffusion and the temperature effect due to different electric-contact areas are calculated and analyzed at first, as these parameters affect one another and are the key factors in determining the gain and thermal carrier loss. Finally, the gain and thermal carrier loss distributions are calculated and discussed.

大风扰动对深空探测大天线指向的影响分析

深空测控通信通常采用提高载波频率、增大抛物面天线口径等措施来增强设备的跟踪性能,但同时带来了天线的半功率波束宽度变窄、动态特性降低和天线抗阵风扰动能力变弱等问题。大风扰动引起的天线变形和指向偏差会导致深空探测的增益损失,增益下降会引起测控跟踪不稳定、数据误码率增加、接收机失锁和遥控无法完成等情况,影响测控任务的正常执行。针对大风扰动对我国某深空站转台式35 m A-E座架双反射面天线执行深空探测任务的影响,通过实测数据统计分析了场区全年风速、风向的变化特点,对跟踪弧段内风速与天线指向角度误差数据进行了对比分析,仿真计算了在不同风速、风向情况下天线指向角度误差及对上下行测控链路增益的影响,结合设备现有技术设施,提出了在执行实时任务中的应对策略,降低了大风扰动对测控任务的影响,提高了设备任务执行能力。

输入电压波动下变模态宽增益谐振变换器研究

针对传统LLC谐振变换器在宽输入下开关损耗过大、增益范围较窄、难以保持输出稳定的问题,研究一种变模态宽增益谐振变换器。该变换器及其控制策略能够依据输入电压的大小,在全桥和半桥两种模态之间自由切换,有效拓宽电压增益范围。通过对变换器谐振腔结构的优化,进一步拓宽增益,减小能量循环、降低开关管损耗,同时能够在电流传输中引入三次谐波,降低损耗。利用基波近似法对电压增益进行推导,绘制增益曲线图,分析谐振参数对电压增益的影响,根据需求设计合适的参数,并运用变频控制,通过调节输入电压,使得变换器运行在不同模态,实现电压平稳输出。搭建一台55~220 V输入、30 V输出的300 W实验样机,实验结果证明了所提变换器控制策略的有效性。

InGaN/GaN量子阱悬空微盘发光二极管

设计并制备了三种不同结构的电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱微盘发光器件,对其光增益和光损耗进行了分析和优化。以p型层的结构为分类标准,器件Ⅰ为圆柱形;器件Ⅱ为器件Ⅰ的悬空结构;器件Ⅲ是悬空的圆环形结构。实验和仿真结果表明,三种器件结构中,器件Ⅱ的结果最好。电极布局为内p外n型的圆柱形器件表面电流分布能够保证发光区和微腔高增益区重合,悬空结构能够降低微盘在垂直方向上的光损耗,有利于更好的光学增益。考虑到共振模式,器件Ⅱ在注入电流大于0.7 mA时,器件Ⅱ实现了峰值波长为408.2 nm、半峰宽为2.62 nm的振荡模式输出。这种电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱悬浮微盘二极管器件的设计思路对电泵浦微盘或微环激光器的研制具有重要参考意义。

非流动资产处置损益对企业盈余管理的影响研究

对财政部发文新增的“资产处置损益”科目和利润表“资产处置收益”列报项目给企业盈余管理带来的影响进行探究。新准则的实行细化了会计核算的程度;提高了各类非流动资产处置损益列报的一致性,但扰乱了利润的构成逻辑;赋予了上市公司利用非流动资产处置损益进行盈余管理更大的空间,对整个市场和单个企业的净利润都有影响。提出会计准则应明确资产处置损益的属性、信息使用者应排除非经营性损益的干扰、企业应重视可持续发展能力的建议。

高年级小学生决策框架效应及其影响因素

以336名五年级和六年级学生为被试,探索其在具体决策领域(英语课外阅读)的决策框架效应及其影响因素。研究结果显示:在英语课外阅读决策领域,五年级和六年级学生的决策均呈现出经典的框架效应,在获得框架下表现出风险规避,在损失框架下表现出风险寻求。同时,成长型思维模式的被试,其决策框架效应与固定型思维模式被试相比,表现出更多的风险寻求。此外,自我评估英语能力、性别和所在年级均对框架效应产生显著影响。这些研究结果表明,高年级小学生已经表现出决策框架效应,并且框架效应受个体思维模式类型等因素的影响。

路易·艾黎汉诗翻译得失论析

路易·艾黎先生一生共翻译中国诗歌13部,在西方世界产生了积极的影响,获得了广泛的赞誉。丰富多样的选诗标准、自由体的翻译风格、直白流畅的语言特色、再加工创造的翻译方式,这些都是其汉诗翻译的优势所在。同时,受语言的不对等性、译者的翻译理念、译者的翻译目的及译者的个人原因等因素的制约,他的翻译也出现了一些误差,存在不足。比如:内容上,翻译失真,误读原作;形式上,随意分行,失去美感。对其翻译成绩,我们应充分肯定;对于失误,我们也要客观指出。只有这样,才能找到一条更适合中国诗歌尤其是古诗的翻译路径,从而为中国诗歌及更多作品的外译提供借鉴和帮助。

铸牢中华民族共同体意识入法的实证考察——以305部法律规范为分析对象

针对一定数量的法律规范开展的实证考察,开辟了铸牢中华民族共同体意识入法的中观研究路径。基于“语词嵌入”和“内涵融入”两种判断标准,铸牢中华民族共同体意识入法存在“直接入法”和“间接入法”两种情形,前者包括嵌入八类立法条款中,后者包括民族工作立法在“求同—存异—发展”三个方面的相关规定。通过数据分析发现,“直接入法”情形体现了相关立法在不同的位阶、领域、地域和时期方面的独特需求;“间接立法”情形反映出民族工作立法的共同追求与结构差异,同时证明了当前学界对铸牢中华民族共同体意识入法时间的判断需要进一步修正。铸牢中华民族共同体意识的入法实践,蕴含着孵化型立法、普遍性内容、合比例手段等智慧,也存在着缺乏直接表述和专项立法、入法简单化粗糙化、规定与现实脱节、“共同性”与“差异性”关系待完善等局限。上述发现,均应成为提升铸牢中华民族共同体意识入法质效的养料。

财务报表格式调整的真实经济后果——基于“资产处置损益”列报的准自然实验

自2017年,我国利润表中开始增加列报“资产处置损益”,对原列报于“营业外收支”中的部分项目在“营业利润”之上予以反映。文章利用这一准自然实验,实证考察财务报表格式调整在企业资产处置行为中的真实经济后果性。研究发现,“资产处置损益”列报后,企业资产处置行为显著减少,且资产处置收益与损失均表现出显著减少。在执行一系列稳健性检验后,上述结论依然成立。研究也发现,这一影响主要通过约束企业真实盈余管理行为来实现,且主要集中在“十大”会计师事务所审计的公司组。文章从会计信息披露制度完善视角为会计信息披露准则变化在规范企业资产处置行为中的作用提供经验证据与现实参考。

思无邪:《酌雅诗话》的诗学思想及其得失

陈伟勳《酌雅诗话》以“思无邪”为言诗极则,所得与所失亦因其对“思无邪”之说的推崇而形成。《酌雅诗话》谨奉孔子“思无邪”一语以为论诗圭臬,极力主张诗歌思想的纯粹端正,虽然于具体讨论中常有拘陋之弊,但崇儒守正的基本思想保证了其有所得。与此同时,正因为《酌雅诗话》过度注重诗人的儒家主体人格修养、过度重视文学作品的儒家思想、过度阐释一些诗学概念,因此确确实实又让《酌雅诗话》形成了“固执”的弊病,甚至由此导致许多评论和判断的失误。《酌雅诗话》的诗学思想及其得失是清代中后期主流诗歌思想的缩影。

伴牙源性上颌窦炎患牙拔除后行上颌窦底提升术种植修复的效果评价

目的探讨伴有牙源性上颌窦炎(odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,OMS)患牙拔除后因骨量不足行上颌窦底提升术及种植修复的临床效果,为临床提供参考。方法本研究已通过单位伦理委员会审查批准,并获得患者知情同意。上颌后牙区患牙无保留价值且确诊为OMS,拔牙后6~8个月骨高度不足行上颌窦底提升术及同期种植45例作为研究组。同期随机纳入上颌后牙区患牙无保留价值但未诊断为OMS,拔牙后6~8个月因种植区域骨高度不足行上颌窦底提升术及同期种植48例作为对照组。研究组中部分上颌窦底骨质不连续及上颌窦底剩余牙槽骨高度<4 mm的病例行侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术共13例,其余32例行穿嵴顶上颌窦底提升术。对照组上颌窦底剩余牙槽骨高度<4 mm的病例行侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术共8例,其余40例行穿嵴顶上颌窦底提升术。种植术后6~8个月行二期修复治疗。种植术后21 d、3个月、8个月及修复后每6个月进行随访,修复后24个月比较2组上颌窦内成骨高度(sinus bone gain,SBG)、种植体尖端成骨高度(apical bone height,ABH)和种植体边缘骨吸收(marginal bone loss,MBL)情况。结果研究组45例种植术前上颌窦黏膜厚度均值(1.556±0.693)mm,大于对照组(1.229±0.425)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),但上颌窦底提升术均无上颌窦黏膜穿孔。修复后24个月,研究组SBG、ABH和MBL与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论伴OMS的患牙拔除后,上颌窦炎症减退、缺牙区骨质高度和密度得到一定程度的恢复,通过上颌窦底提升手术及种植修复,可以达到与非OMS患牙拔除后上颌窦底提升术及种植修复同样的效果。

A Traceable Cancer Model: DNA Damage, Fragile Site-SMGs, Mitotic Slippage, 4n-Genome-Reduction to Fitness-Gained, Initiating, 2n First Cells

We have known since 1976 that cancer evolves clonally from one initiated normal human cell, the first cell. Today we see that this fact has been overshadowed from federal funding choice of the mutation theory (MT), which not yet has shown tumorigenesis-initiation in normal human cells. Our suggested, death signaled, stress model from time delayed S-period (replication slowness), causing repair instability from under-replicated lesions in repetitive DNAs, herein has the objective of revealing, significant literature support from a mini-review. We reasoned that early versus late S-period stress would have different outcomes: early the slowness affecting mitotic slippage with diploid re-replication to 4n cells whereas late-S, with milder stress effect, producing diploid cells. In cancer burden, near-half is diploid, but tetraploid solid tumors have the attention. The initial 4n cells were special with orderly genomic reductive division to diploid first cells with measurable fitness-gain from hours-reduced total cell cycle time. Experimental data from Coxsakie-B3 virus infected normal fibroblasts, reiterated 4n cell production from death-signaled recovery-cells with progressive cell-phenotypic changes to polygonal and roundness cell-shapes, indistinguishable from diagnostic/prognostic cancer morphology. The 4n cells showed a self-inflicted 90° turn of the 4n nucleus before division, affecting a perpendicular orientation of the fitness-gained first cells relative to neighboring cells. In an illustrated cell cycle drawing with early and late S-period stress, it became clear that coding genes on borders of repair unstable satellite, repetitive DNA regions, could become mutated. We found these mutations to be tumor SMGs (significantly mutated genes). Evidential material was presented for loss of function genetics driving tumorigenesis to a parasitic lifestyle.

Quadratic Boost Converter: An Analysis with Passive Components Losses

The Cascaded Connected Single Switch Quadratic Boost (C2S2-QB) is studied first from its ideal model, then with semi-real model taking into account resistive losses through the inductors and the capacitor. The continuous conduction mode equations, describing these different models are established, taking into account losses through passive components. From these equations, the voltage gain and the efficiency are determined for the semi-real model. The voltage gain and the efficiency are then analyzed versus duty cycle and the influence of passive component losses on the performance of the quadratic boost converter is carried out for the semi-real model. It has been showed that the quality of the passive components of a converter plays an important role in the quality of the conversion. However, not all passives components affect the converter in the same way.

人何以要服从于法律?——基于一种社会与文化本体性的法人类学思考

基于人性的法律才有可能获得完全的理解。在人所创制的法律中,它首先有着社会性的存在感,而一种守法的文化,也需要在社会互动中基于彼此相互性的关系而生成。法律是一种文化,是对自然说“不”的规则生产,由规则进而演变成为成文的法律。人服从于法律,有赖于人群间的持续互动。同时,人自身的不一致性,使得法律的规则根基于人的规则认同,而这种认同的生成有赖于社会之中的得失平衡的互惠。总体而言,社会秩序的出现是作为法律副产品而存在的,法律的问题必然会触及到对一和多这一社会与文化本体论的讨论。

Determination of Array Gain of Single Hop to Achieve the Performance of a 2-Hop Wireless Link

In adaptive beamforming system adaptive algorithm of digital filter is applied to update the weighting vector of the antenna elements to get antenna gain along the desired direction and attenuation along the jammer. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the threshold gain of the adaptive beam former along the line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and the receiver (including jammer suppression) to make the single hop link comparable with 2-hop link. The single hop and 2-hop communication systems are compared in context of symbol error rate (SER) under fading condition theoretically and verified by simulation. Finally we evaluate the numerical value of threshold gain of adaptive beamformer of two antenna elements under Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading conditions.

Sensori-Neural Hearing Loss Client’s Performance with Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) Hearing Aids

Background: Individuals fitted with hearing aids complain of the unnatural sound quality of their voice, other internally generated sounds such as chewing and swallowing sounds “hollow”, “muffled” sounds. Receiver-In-Canal hearing aids are favored due to small size, discrete appearance and ability to minimize occlusion. Aim: To compare the performance of Receiver-In-Canal (RIC) to traditional ear tip (ET), ear moulds (EM) fittings using Functional gain measures. Method: Ten subjects with flat moderately severe sensori neural hearing loss participated in the study. Subjective unaided and aided measures for digital BTE hearing aids with ear tip, ear mould or Receiver-In-Canal for pure tones of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz were obtained. Results and Discussion: Higher scores were obtained with Receiver-In-Canal fitting on Functional gain measures. No significant difference between all the three conditions was obtained at low frequencies especially at 500 Hz, as Receiver-In-Canal hearing aids attenuate low frequency sounds automatically when the ear is left open (up to 30 dB less amplification at 500 Hz) especially for hearing in noisy situations. Conclusion: The results suggest that Receiver-In-Canal fittings are an effective means of overcoming the major barriers to the acceptance of amplification and further suggest the clinical importance of subjective measures in measuring aided benefit of open-fit devices in the rehabilitation of person’s with moderately severe to severe SN hearing loss.

基因得失与猴痘及其他正痘病毒的遗传变异研究进展

2022年,猴痘在全球多个国家流行和传播,并于当年7月被世卫组织宣布为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”,使得猴痘病毒及其他正痘病毒传染病在全球范围内引起了极大的关注与重视。包括猴痘病毒在内的正痘病毒属病毒是双链DNA病毒,在其进化过程中常会通过水平基因转移和基因重组的方式捕获新基因,通过基因缺失、移码突变、无义突变丢失基因。随着病毒基因的捕获和丢失,病毒不断变异,并逐渐进化为适应当前宿主环境的进化支。基于当前的研究进展,本文对正痘病毒进化过程中基因的捕获和丢失相关文献进行梳理,为研究正痘病毒的进化方式提供参考。