Sand-dust storms in China: temporal-spatial distribution and tracks of source lands

Sand-dust storm is a special natural disaster that frequently occurs in deserts and their surrounding areas. With the data published onSurface Meteorological Monthly Bulletin andSurface Chart during 1971–1996, the temporal-spatial distribution and annual variation of sand-dust storms are analyzed on the basis of the case study of atmospheric processes. Furthermore, the tracks and source areas of sand-dust storms are determined with the aid of GIS. The results show that except some parts of Qinghai Province and Inner Mongolia as well as Beijing, sand-dust storms decrease apparently in time and space in recent decades in China. Sand-dust storms occur most frequently in spring, especially in April. According to their source areas, sand-dust storms are classified into two types, i.e., the inner-source and outer-source sand-dust storms. Most of the outer-source sand-dust storms move along the north and west tracks. The north-track outer-source sand-dust storms always intrude into China across the Sino-Mongolian border from Hami, a city in the eastern part ofXinjiang, to Xilin Gol, a league in Inner Mongolia, while the west-track ones intrude into China from both southern and northern Xinjiang. The source lands of inner-source sand-dust storms concentrate in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas in southern Xinjiang, southern part of the Junggar Basin in north of Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor in western Gansu Province, the dry deserts of Inner Mongolia and the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai.

The influence of different underlying surface on sand-duststorm in northern China

In this paper, a quantitative research on the relationship between different underlying surface and sand-dust storm has been made by using 40 years meteorological data of five different types of underlying surface in northern China, which include farmland, grassland, sandland, gobi and salt crust. These metrological data comprise sand-dust storm days and strong wind days. By analyzing, we can find that there are certain correlations between the days of sand-dust storm and strong wind for different underlying surface, which has great influence on sand-dust storm. But there are pronounced differences in different types of underlying surface. The sand-dust storm days of grassland, gobi and salt crust, with smaller interannual variation are obviously less than strong wind days. On the other hand, the sand-dust storm days of farmland and sandland increase evidently, even in many years, are much more than strong wind days. The differences are mainly induced by the influencing mechanism of different underlying surface on sand-dust storm. Grassland, gobi and salt crust with stable underlying surface are not prone to sand-dust storm under strong wind condition. Whereas, the underlying surface of farmland and sandland is unstable, that is easy to induce sand-dust storm under strong wind condition.

The atmospheric circulation patterns influencing the frequency of spring sand-dust storms in the Tarim Basin

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the sand-storm frequency data fi＇om 37 weather stations in the Tarim Basin for the period 1961-2009, the relationship between the frequency of spring sandstorms in the Tafim Basin and the associated atmospheric circu- lation pattems is analyzed in this study. We found significantly negative correlations between sandstorm frequency and the 500-hPa geopotential height over the Paris Basin and midwestem Mongolia, while there were positive correlations over the Ural River region. The rising of the 500-hPa geopotential height in midwestem Mongolia and its falling over the Ural region corre- spond to a weakening of the large-scale wave patterns in the Eurasian region, which directly causes the frequency of the sand-dust storms in the Tarim Basin to decline. Also, the abrupt decline in the spring sandstorm frequency in the Tarim Basin observed in the last half-century is associated with profound changes in the atmospheric circulation in these key regions. At the interannual scale, the strengthened cyclonic atmospheric circulation patterns in the western part of Mongolia and the anticyclonic patterns over the East European plains at 500-hPa geopotential height, are responsible for frequent sandstorm occurrences in the Tarim Basin.

Detecting sand-dust storms using a wind-profiling radar

Sand-dust storm is a type of disastrous weather, typically occurring in arid and semi-arid climates. This study selected a region in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, called the Tazhong region, as the experimental area to quantitatively estimate the particle concentrations of sand-dust storms using the boundary layer wind-profiling radar. We thoroughly studied the radar echo signals and reflectivity factor features during the sand-dust storms. The results indicate that（1） under sand-dust storm conditions, boundary layer wind-profiling radar cannot capture the complete information regarding horizontal wind velocity and direction, but it can obtain the backscattering intensity of sand-dust storms; and（2） during sand-dust storms particle size distributions in the surface layer closely resemble log-normal distributions, with sand-dust particles sizes of 90–100 μm accounting for the maximum particle probability. Retrieved particle size distributions at heights of 600, 800, and 1000 m follow log-normal distributions, and the expected value of particle diameter decreases gradually with increasing height. From the perspective of orders of magnitude, the retrieved results for particle number concentrations and mass concentrations are consistent with previous aircraft-detected results, indicating that it is basically feasible to use boundary layer wind-profiling radar to quantitatively detect the particle concentrations of dust storms.

Sand-dust Storm, Population and Environment in Northwest China

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.

A Simulation Study on Channel Estimation for Cooperative Communication System in Sand-dust Storm Environment

There are many factors that influence the propagation of electromagnetic wave in the sand-dust storm environment, the scattering effect of dust particle is one of the major factors, so this paper focuses on the dust particles scattering function. The scattering of dust particles inevitably brings the multipath transmission of the signal, multipath propagation will bring the multipath fading of the signal. In this paper, we first investigate the use of AF and DF modes in a sand-dust storm environment. Secondly, we present a low-order modulation method should be used in cooperative communication system. Lastly, we evaluate the system performance for both of the moving nodes and power allocation. Experimental results validate the conclusion of theoretical derivation: the multipath fading is one of the main factors that affect the quality of signal transmission. Cooperative communication technology has good anti-fading ability, which can guarantee the signal transmission timely and correctly.

PROBLEMS CONCERNING SAND-DUST STORMS IN NORTHWEST CHINA

This paper describes an exceptionally severe sand-dust storm that occurred in Northwest China in 1993, and outlines the damage, characteristics and formative factors of the sand-dust storm and the demarcation of its prone zones, laying emphasis on the countermeasures to prevent and reduce such disasters. Finally the authors suggest setting up protective systems for oases and taking action to rehabilitate the blown sand-land on the northern side of the Great Wall on the Loess Plateau.

Features of Sand-dust Deposits in Harbin City,China

From the sedimentologic view, this paper analyses the grain-size distribution and the chemical composition of the deposits from sand-dust storm, occurring in Harbin on March 20, 2002. The result indicates that there exist plentiful coarse matters in the sand-dust deposits in Harbin, and the sand-dust composition presents obvious three peak distribution characteristics, indicating that the sand-dust in Harbin is composed of multi-origin components. The grain-size composition consists of silt （4-8Φ）, accounting for 71.18% of the total, sand （〉4Φ）, 21.70%, and clay （〈8Φ）, only 7.13%. The average grain size （Mz） is 5.14Φ. The chemical elements of the deposits are mainly SiO2 and A1203 and Fe203, totally occupying 77.8%. The enrichment factors （EF） of Mg, K, Si, Fe, Mn, P, Ti, Co, Ni and V elements are all about 1, which mainly come fi＇om lithosphere source, while parts of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Se elements are from pollution sources out of lithosphere source, and As, Cd and Sb elements are mainly from pollution sources. Based on the comprehensive analysis of grain-size, chemical composition, enrichment factor （EF）, discriminant function （DF） and matter source index （PI）, this paper points out that the grain-size distribution and element composition of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin are evidently different from the loess and sand-dust in Lanzhou, and that matter source of the sand-dust in Harbin is different from the loess in Northwest China and the sand-dust in Lanzhon. The sand-dust deposits in Harbin are an admixture of coarse grains transmitted in short distance and fine grains transported in long distance. The plentiful coarse grains of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin origin from sand of local spot, and are the near-souroe deposits transported by low altitude airflow.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON SAND - DUST STORM DISASTER AND COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

As a kind of natural disasters, sand dust storms frequently occur in deserts and their surrounding areas. The occurrence of this disaster in China′s northwest and north China has exerted an extremely adverse effect upon the environment in China. The management of sand dust storms is of a systematic project closely related with the environment such as agriculture, ecosystem, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and other aspects. Therefore, studies of the formation, the basic features, causes, temporal spatial distribution, developing trend and related disasters of sand dust storms in China are conducted based on satellite data. The experience of sand dust storms control and countermeasures in the United States and some other countries are referred. Meanwhile, preliminary countermeasures relating to sand dust storms in China are proposed.

An Extreme Gale Event in East China under the Arctic Potential Vorticity Anomaly through the Northeast China Cold Vortex

Arctic changes influence not only temperature and precipitation in the midlatitudes but also contribute to severe convection.This study investigates an extreme gale event that occurred on 30 April 2021 in East China and was forced by an Arctic potential vorticity(PV)anomaly intrusion.Temperature advection steered by storms contributed to the equatorward propagation of Arctic high PV,forming the Northeast China cold vortex(NCCV).At the upper levels,a PV southward intrusion guided the combination of the polar jet and the subtropical jet,providing strong vertical wind shear and downward momentum transportation to the event.The PV anomaly cooled the upper troposphere and the northern part of East China,whereas the lower levels over southern East China were dominated by local warm air,thus establishing strong instability and baroclinicity.In addition,the entrainment of Arctic dry air strengthened the surface pressure gradient by evaporation cooling.Capturing the above mechanism has the potential to improve convective weather forecasts under climate change.This study suggests that the more frequent NCCV-induced gale events in recent years are partly due to high-latitude waviness and storm activities,and this hypothesis needs to be investigated using more cases.

A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GALE REGION OVER OCEANSURFACE BY TROPICAL CYCLONE USING T_(BB)

With black-body temperature (TBB) from GMS infrared cloud imagery for 16 tropical cyclones in 1996 -- 1997 and domestic and overseas reports of gale by tropical cyclones as well as some conventional andshipboard wind reports, a number of conceptual charts are statistically summarized to determine ranges of galesOn near gale and 10 of the storm. A method by which the radius of gale is operationally useful has beed tested.

北京一次大风和强降水天气过程形成机理的数值模拟

利用 3维强风暴冰雹分档模式 (IPA- HBM)对 2 0 0 1年 8月 2 3日北京的一次伴有大风、暴雨和冰雹的强对流天气过程进行模拟和分析 ,并与部分观测资料进行了比较分析。结果表明 ,该模式对此次强风暴的生命史、降水分布、降雹的大小等要素做了较好的模拟 ,并能够模拟出伴随强风暴过程所产生的强下沉气流和及地面强风速切变 (下击暴流 )。从云微物理学角度分析了此次局地性大风的形成原因 ,认为由高空冰雹粒子的拖曳产生的负浮力作用是促发强下沉气流产生的主要原因 ,其次是冰雹的融化和雨水蒸发冷却对下沉气流起加速作用 ,冰雹的拖曳和融化作用对下沉气流具有决定性作用。

安徽一次局地极端大风观测与成因探讨

利用地面、雷达、卫星、探空等资料,从精细化观测角度对发生在安徽一次局地极端大风进行分析,并从不稳定、动力、负浮力、拖曳等角度探讨其形成原因。研究结果主要有:近地层的垂直风切变很大,对流指数表明大气有较强不稳定性;地面辐合线是产生局地大风的触发条件;超级单体风暴由1个分裂成2个,湿下击暴流就是由2个超级单体风暴所产生的;降水和冰雹粒子的共同拖曳作用,促进下沉气流的快速下冲;短时间内气温的迅速下降,近地层冷池密度流现象出现,引起的负浮力作用非常明显;超级单体风暴质心高度或者最强回波高度的不断下降,加剧了下沉气流速度。在降水和冰雹的拖曳作用,中层干层和气温的负浮力作用,加上风暴质心高度和最强回波高度的下降作用,这些共同为局地大风的产生因素,导致地面产生极端大风;绘制了下击暴流的概念模型,解释下击暴流的形成机理。

黄骅港外航道整治工程对风暴潮流下泥沙输运的影响

2003年10月黄骅港海区的一次强寒潮风暴潮造成了港口和外航道泥沙淤积严重,为减少外航道淤积保证外航道正常通航,2004年5月开始实施外航道整治工程。本文建立了黄骅港海域二维水动力和泥沙输运数学模型,模拟在ENE向8级大风作用下整治工程前后风暴增水引起的潮流动力和含沙量变化过程。分析表明:大风作用使黄骅港海区潮流动力失衡,涨落潮输沙不等,同时沿堤流及沿岸流作用加强;整治工程后涨落潮过程中水体交换大幅减少,防波堤的阻水效应增强,阻碍了两侧区域的悬沙输运,近岸区域悬沙浓度相比一期工程有了明显的降低。

京津冀地区雷暴大风天气的统计分析

根据灾情观测资料、重要天气报告资料,从多角度对京津冀地区雷暴大风进行了统计分析,结合MICAPS资料、NCEP资料、自动站资料以及多普勒天气雷达资料,讨论了雷暴大风形成的天气条件、类型和风暴特征,结果表明:雷暴大风主要分布在北京西北部山区、沿海地区以及西北部高原,平原相对较少,近30 a演变趋势为振荡减少。雷暴大风最早始于3月中旬,最晚终于11月上旬,6月下旬达到顶峰,6、7月份为最多月份,14—20时为日高峰期。雷暴大风的旬、月分布与冷空气活动、南支急流的位置有关;雷暴大风的形成,5、9月份需要更高的热力条件和动力条件,6、7、8月份需要更高的不稳定条件和能量条件;西北气流型和低涡型是产生雷暴大风日数最多的天气类型。各类型天气系统的月分布与冷空气活动、副热带高压位置以及南支急流的强度、位置有关;雷暴大风的范围与影响系统的尺度和强度有关,冷锋和低涡出现区域性雷暴大风天气的几率最高,且级别越高,冷锋的优势越明显;雷暴大风过程多单体风暴最多,飑线次之。雷暴大风的范围与风暴的强弱有关,飑线、超级单体风暴是出现区域性雷暴大风几率最高的对流风暴,且级别越高,飑线的优势越明显。

“0613”华北飑线过程的多普勒雷达回波特征

利用常规气象观测和新型监测资料,分析了2016年6月13—14日华北飑线过程的卫星云图、雷达回波、自动站极大风速风场等特征。结果表明:(1)"0613"飑线过程发生在"上干下湿"的水汽垂直分布环境条件下;在蒙古冷涡影响背景下,河套地区生成的对流云团在前倾结构700 h Pa与850 h Pa冷式切变线之间发展合并,形成有组织的飑线系统。(2)在强盛阶段,飑线具有明显的弱回波通道,飑线西段为偏西风与偏东风形成的气旋式切变,东段为强的反气旋式切变;弓形回波顶点处风向、风速辐合显著,飑线内部后侧倾斜向下的入流急流将中层高动能的干冷空气向地面引导,加强了对流风暴的下沉运动,并与后侧倾斜向下的冷空气入流共同作用加强了飑线前侧的气压梯度,是地面大风形成的主要原因。(3)飑线前部低压暖区生成的对流云泡在自动站极大风速风场切变线附近发展合并形成超级单体风暴,其后侧中高层入流将高动能的干冷空气向地面引导,促使地面出流及风暴前沿辐合抬升运动增强,使得超级单体风暴生命维持较长,是山西长治大冰雹持续近4 h的主要原因。(4)同一飑线系统在不同环境条件下其垂直结构、移速及带来的强天气有明显差异。(5)自动站极大风速切变线的生成较雷暴大风带的出现提前30~40 min,这对飑线大风预警有指示意义。

应用云迹风资料同化的江南飑线模拟试验

运用WRF模式对2006年6月10日发生在浙江地区的一次飑线过程进行了数值模拟及云迹风资料同化实验研究.将常规测站、自动站资料同化试验和加入了云迹风资料的试验进行比较,结果表明,用WRF模式进行同化模拟,较好地再现了此次江南地区飑线的发生、发展、维持和消亡过程.主要分布在对流层高层的云迹风资料能有效地改善高空风场质量,在模式中增加了云迹风资料之后,使模拟的雷达反射率图像增加了清晰度,原来有些地段较为零星逗点状的反射率图像可被连成带状,尤其明显的是模拟的主降水强度和落区与实际降水分布更加接近;模拟也改变了后半程的大风区的分布并增强了风速,比控制试验稍接近于实况,且略缩小了降水和大风的虚假区域.同时,通过不同质量控制阈值的云迹风模拟试验比较发现,进入模式的云迹风数量与模拟效果并不是简单的线性正相关,因此,在云迹风资料的运用上,质量控制对模拟有一定的影响,恰当地应用云迹风资料同化能在一定程度上改善强对流系统的数值模拟,对提高降水、大风等预报质量是较有效的途径.

1210号台风大风和渤海湾天津沿岸风暴潮分析

1210号台风"达维"尺度极小,地面气压场和高空位势高度场无闭合等值线存在;风场呈不对称分布,东侧东北大风明显;西侧西北和西南风明显偏弱;"达维"对渤海湾的增水作用,前期主要表现为双台风产生的黄海中部东南大风使水体向北输送的作用;后期当受"达维"影响,渤海产生东北大风并持续期间,虽然实况潮位曲线呈下降趋势,增水值仍持续增大;由于"达维"尺度较小,当它移出渤海湾向渤海东北方向移动时,渤海湾转为受西北风影响,东北风影响减弱,渤海湾天津附近增水值迅速回落。

天津港气象水文综合预报系统

天津港气象水文综合预报系统是针对天津港安全生产特点和需求,集气象、水文要素监测实况和预报于一体、信息量大、获取及时、使用方便的一个具有行业特色的实用专业平台。该系统采用WRF大气模式和ECOM、ADI两种海洋模式以及计算浪高的半经验半理论的公式对海上大风、能见度、风暴潮、风浪进行了模拟计算,并依据自动站的观测数据进行了验证,从而实现了港口大雾、大风、风浪和风暴潮这四个方面的预报模拟,并提供了相关的可视化产品。

与直线型对流大风相关的强风暴形态结构和热动力学过程

从预报预警业务的视角,重点讨论了直线型对流大风形成机理与对流风暴形态结构演变、风暴内部热动力学与云-水微物理过程之间的科学逻辑关系,以及它们在现代业务观测体系中的“显性表征”,对一些存在不同观点或解释的科学问题进行了探讨,以期帮助相关人员科学理解“观测现象”背后的物理逻辑、提高科学预警能力。主要结论:对流风暴引发的直线型地面强风,直接驱动因子来自于风暴内部的垂直运动,而垂直运动的主要贡献来自于“热力学作用造成的扰动气压垂直变化”和对流冷池效应强迫,它们又与风暴内部的蒸发(凝结)、融化(凝华)等云-水微物理过程直接相关;这些热动力学和云-水微物理过程的演变可以通过一系列的“观测现象”表征出来,例如雷达观测到的弱回波槽口、后侧入流急流、中层径向强辐合、中气旋、阵风锋等,以及地面气象要素随时间的剧烈变化。线型风暴系统的形态变化特征是由于风暴系统内部的动力学过程或者风暴系统与环境大气相互作用导致的,并不是所有的线型风暴系统都会演变为弓状回波特征的飑线;RKW理论本质上解释了整体飑线系统与环境风垂直切变之间的相互作用问题,实质上环境风场更多是在主导飑线移动和传播,而飑线的发展、维持可能主要是由风暴内部的热动力学过程控制的。