It is well established that Nash equilibrium exists within the framework of mixed strategies in strategic-form non-cooperative games. However, finding the Nash equilibrium generally belongs to the class of problems kn...It is well established that Nash equilibrium exists within the framework of mixed strategies in strategic-form non-cooperative games. However, finding the Nash equilibrium generally belongs to the class of problems known as PPAD (Polynomial Parity Argument on Directed graphs), for which no polynomial-time solution methods are known, even for two-player games. This paper demonstrates that in fixed-sum two-player games (including zero-sum games), the Nash equilibrium forms a convex set, and has a unique expected payoff. Furthermore, these equilibria are Pareto optimal. Additionally, it is shown that the Nash equilibrium of fixed-sum two-player games can theoretically be found in polynomial time using the principal-dual interior point method, a solution method of linear programming.展开更多
There are currently three different game strategies originated in economics: (1) Cooperative games (Pareto front), (2) Competitive games (Nash game) and (3) Hierarchical games (Stackelberg game). Each gam...There are currently three different game strategies originated in economics: (1) Cooperative games (Pareto front), (2) Competitive games (Nash game) and (3) Hierarchical games (Stackelberg game). Each game achieves different equilibria with different performance, and their players play different roles in the games. Here, we introduced game concept into aerodynamic design, and combined it with adjoint method to solve multi- criteria aerodynamic optimization problems. The performance distinction of the equilibria of these three game strategies was investigated by numerical experiments. We computed Pareto front, Nash and Stackelberg equilibria of the same optimization problem with two conflicting and hierarchical targets under different parameterizations by using the deterministic optimization method. The numerical results show clearly that all the equilibria solutions are inferior to the Pareto front. Non-dominated Pareto front solutions are obtained, however the CPU cost to capture a set of solutions makes the Pareto front an expensive tool to the designer.展开更多
on the basis of linguistics, psychology and other related theory, we should carry outgame teaching method to make students learn easily and happily because of the lack of interestand other problems in some parts of ou...on the basis of linguistics, psychology and other related theory, we should carry outgame teaching method to make students learn easily and happily because of the lack of interestand other problems in some parts of our country.展开更多
The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to...The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to increase understanding of civics education for being able to create the best generation and condition in the future life, study on this issue is becoming a very crucial manner. In general, methods like discussion and dialogue are used to allow students to express themselves. However, cooperative learning in particular addresses many of the needs and concerns facing by educational systems and Team Game Tournament (TGT) method is one of the preferable methods of cooperative learning. This study was aiming to increase civics learning achievements by using cooperative learning based on TGT method on secondary school students of Jatisari of Indonesia. The action research procedure was also used so as to be able to evaluate the influent, impact, and result of TGT. Accordingly, cooperative learning with TGT method has successfully given positive contribution to increasing student learning civics achievement.展开更多
There are a few studies that focus on solution methods for finding a Nash equilibrium of zero-sum games. We discuss the use of Karmarkar’s interior point method to solve the Nash equilibrium problems of a zero-sum ga...There are a few studies that focus on solution methods for finding a Nash equilibrium of zero-sum games. We discuss the use of Karmarkar’s interior point method to solve the Nash equilibrium problems of a zero-sum game, and prove that it is theoretically a polynomial time algorithm. We implement the Karmarkar method, and a preliminary computational result shows that it performs well for zero-sum games. We also mention an affine scaling method that would help us compute Nash equilibria of general zero-sum games effectively.展开更多
A novel cooperative sensing method is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme adopts sensing creditability degree to characterize the impact of the distance and the channel parameters on the sensing result,and con...A novel cooperative sensing method is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme adopts sensing creditability degree to characterize the impact of the distance and the channel parameters on the sensing result,and considers that each user has different average SNR and different decision threshold,by using General Nash Bargaining Solution (GNBS) strategy in Cooperative Game Theory (CGT),the detection performance for two-user case are derived. For multi-user case,the sensing performance is obtained with Hungarian method. Compared with the traditional schemes such as Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) and AND,the proposed scheme covers all the factors mentioned above,and enhances the sensing rationality and reliability. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can further improve the sensing performance and creditability.展开更多
为解决基坑坍塌风险评价等级问题,优化模糊综合评价模型以提高基坑风险等级评估的准确性,从而采取有效治理措施控制基坑风险。首先,采用层次模型建立基坑坍塌风险评价指标体系,定性指标采用量化等级进行定量转化,然后引入模糊集理论建...为解决基坑坍塌风险评价等级问题,优化模糊综合评价模型以提高基坑风险等级评估的准确性,从而采取有效治理措施控制基坑风险。首先,采用层次模型建立基坑坍塌风险评价指标体系,定性指标采用量化等级进行定量转化,然后引入模糊集理论建立评价指标模糊关系,针对传统层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)不能处理模糊性及不完整性信息的缺点,采用D数理论改进层次法(D-AHP)确定一级指标主观权重,提高了在赋权过程中专家对指标的偏好性;为提高评价体系中风险指标权重的精确性,综合熵权法(entropy weight method,EWM)和指标相关性权重确定法(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation,CRITIC)的赋权优点,利用改进博弈论对熵权法和CRITIC法求出的二级指标权重进行组合赋权,得到二级指标客观权重,线性耦合主客观权重得到最终权重,从而建立基坑坍塌风险评价模型,根据最大隶属度原则确定基坑风险等级;同时,建立基于施工监测数据结合改进博弈论组合赋权的逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an idea solution,TOPSIS)评价模型进行对比验证。结合昆明5号线某地铁基坑为例进行风险评价,结果表明:模型评价结果与实际工程情况相吻合,验证了改进博弈论组合赋权结合模糊集评价模型的正确性和可靠性,同时验证了组合赋权的合理性,为基坑风险评估提供新的参考方法。展开更多
文摘It is well established that Nash equilibrium exists within the framework of mixed strategies in strategic-form non-cooperative games. However, finding the Nash equilibrium generally belongs to the class of problems known as PPAD (Polynomial Parity Argument on Directed graphs), for which no polynomial-time solution methods are known, even for two-player games. This paper demonstrates that in fixed-sum two-player games (including zero-sum games), the Nash equilibrium forms a convex set, and has a unique expected payoff. Furthermore, these equilibria are Pareto optimal. Additionally, it is shown that the Nash equilibrium of fixed-sum two-player games can theoretically be found in polynomial time using the principal-dual interior point method, a solution method of linear programming.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10372040)Scientific Research Foundation (SRF) for Returned Oversea's Chinese Scholars (ROCS) (2003-091). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen
文摘There are currently three different game strategies originated in economics: (1) Cooperative games (Pareto front), (2) Competitive games (Nash game) and (3) Hierarchical games (Stackelberg game). Each game achieves different equilibria with different performance, and their players play different roles in the games. Here, we introduced game concept into aerodynamic design, and combined it with adjoint method to solve multi- criteria aerodynamic optimization problems. The performance distinction of the equilibria of these three game strategies was investigated by numerical experiments. We computed Pareto front, Nash and Stackelberg equilibria of the same optimization problem with two conflicting and hierarchical targets under different parameterizations by using the deterministic optimization method. The numerical results show clearly that all the equilibria solutions are inferior to the Pareto front. Non-dominated Pareto front solutions are obtained, however the CPU cost to capture a set of solutions makes the Pareto front an expensive tool to the designer.
文摘on the basis of linguistics, psychology and other related theory, we should carry outgame teaching method to make students learn easily and happily because of the lack of interestand other problems in some parts of our country.
文摘The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to increase understanding of civics education for being able to create the best generation and condition in the future life, study on this issue is becoming a very crucial manner. In general, methods like discussion and dialogue are used to allow students to express themselves. However, cooperative learning in particular addresses many of the needs and concerns facing by educational systems and Team Game Tournament (TGT) method is one of the preferable methods of cooperative learning. This study was aiming to increase civics learning achievements by using cooperative learning based on TGT method on secondary school students of Jatisari of Indonesia. The action research procedure was also used so as to be able to evaluate the influent, impact, and result of TGT. Accordingly, cooperative learning with TGT method has successfully given positive contribution to increasing student learning civics achievement.
文摘There are a few studies that focus on solution methods for finding a Nash equilibrium of zero-sum games. We discuss the use of Karmarkar’s interior point method to solve the Nash equilibrium problems of a zero-sum game, and prove that it is theoretically a polynomial time algorithm. We implement the Karmarkar method, and a preliminary computational result shows that it performs well for zero-sum games. We also mention an affine scaling method that would help us compute Nash equilibria of general zero-sum games effectively.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program,No.2009AA01-Z241)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60772062)
文摘A novel cooperative sensing method is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme adopts sensing creditability degree to characterize the impact of the distance and the channel parameters on the sensing result,and considers that each user has different average SNR and different decision threshold,by using General Nash Bargaining Solution (GNBS) strategy in Cooperative Game Theory (CGT),the detection performance for two-user case are derived. For multi-user case,the sensing performance is obtained with Hungarian method. Compared with the traditional schemes such as Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) and AND,the proposed scheme covers all the factors mentioned above,and enhances the sensing rationality and reliability. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can further improve the sensing performance and creditability.
文摘为解决基坑坍塌风险评价等级问题,优化模糊综合评价模型以提高基坑风险等级评估的准确性,从而采取有效治理措施控制基坑风险。首先,采用层次模型建立基坑坍塌风险评价指标体系,定性指标采用量化等级进行定量转化,然后引入模糊集理论建立评价指标模糊关系,针对传统层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)不能处理模糊性及不完整性信息的缺点,采用D数理论改进层次法(D-AHP)确定一级指标主观权重,提高了在赋权过程中专家对指标的偏好性;为提高评价体系中风险指标权重的精确性,综合熵权法(entropy weight method,EWM)和指标相关性权重确定法(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation,CRITIC)的赋权优点,利用改进博弈论对熵权法和CRITIC法求出的二级指标权重进行组合赋权,得到二级指标客观权重,线性耦合主客观权重得到最终权重,从而建立基坑坍塌风险评价模型,根据最大隶属度原则确定基坑风险等级;同时,建立基于施工监测数据结合改进博弈论组合赋权的逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an idea solution,TOPSIS)评价模型进行对比验证。结合昆明5号线某地铁基坑为例进行风险评价,结果表明:模型评价结果与实际工程情况相吻合,验证了改进博弈论组合赋权结合模糊集评价模型的正确性和可靠性,同时验证了组合赋权的合理性,为基坑风险评估提供新的参考方法。