Technical standard is typically characterized by network effect.The key point for a technical standard is the consumers' choice,which is based on consumers' maximum benefits.When a technical standard becomes a...Technical standard is typically characterized by network effect.The key point for a technical standard is the consumers' choice,which is based on consumers' maximum benefits.When a technical standard becomes a national standard,its interests have been integrated into the national interests.National interests are divided into economic profits and security factors.From the perspective of consumers' choice,this paper deals with the main factors which affect the result of technical standard competition- the risk and profits of intellectual property based on the assumption of bounded rationality and dynamic game theory.展开更多
Through using game theory,a game model of lendingand borrowing money between banks and individuals isestablished to explain how the risks come into being and are transferred in the dynamic point of view.Some sug-gesti...Through using game theory,a game model of lendingand borrowing money between banks and individuals isestablished to explain how the risks come into being and are transferred in the dynamic point of view.Some sug-gestions about how to avoid the risks are proposed.展开更多
[ Objective] In order to construct the specific equine disease-free zone of of the Guangzhou Asian Games, to ensure that the equestrian events of Guangzhou Asian Games be smoothly held. [Methods] The species, quantiti...[ Objective] In order to construct the specific equine disease-free zone of of the Guangzhou Asian Games, to ensure that the equestrian events of Guangzhou Asian Games be smoothly held. [Methods] The species, quantities, distribution and seasonal variations of insects and wild animals in related zones were investigated from 2008 to 2010, and the collected samples of the insects and wild animals were tested in laboratory for related equine diseases. [Results] The investigations indicated that there were some mosquitoes, flies, horseflies, punkies, ticks, bats, wild birds and wild bears in equastrianism venue and peripheral regions of disease-free zone of the Guangzhou Asian Games, the laboratory results of Japa- nese encephalitis, vesicular stomatitis, Nipah virus disease, West Nile fever, and Trypanosomiasis evansi, were all negative. According to the in- vestigations and test results, the risk assessments of insect and wild animal vectors in the prevalence of related equine diseases were made to con- firm that the risk was relatively low or very low, and comprehensive prevention and control measures with prevention as major measures and insecti- cides application and environment managements as supplementary means were made on the basis of the risk assessment conclusions. [ Conclu- sions] This research has laid a solid foundation for the successful building of the first specific equine disease-free zone in our country, ensured the smooth holding of the 16th equastdan competition in Guangzhou Asian Games.展开更多
We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and ...We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.展开更多
On account of the lack of monetary unit sampling( MUS), an extended audit game model based on uncertainty information,which centers on audit risk and combines audit game with statistical sampling,is established to imp...On account of the lack of monetary unit sampling( MUS), an extended audit game model based on uncertainty information,which centers on audit risk and combines audit game with statistical sampling,is established to improve the effectiveness of audit risks analysis and sampling errors control. In this paper,an example concerning practical problems is given to demonstrate the process of extended audit game and confirm the truth of the effectiveness of the method. Not only does this method enhance the role of audit technology and the extension of audit procedures in deterring material irregularities,but also helps the auditors measure and control audit risk and sample sizes under uncertainty,conducive to improving the effect of cost control,risk evaluation,and decisionmaking optimization in audit sampling.展开更多
The Construction project green risks (CPGRs) refer to those threats to environment, energy sources and material re-sources during the entire life-cycle of a construction project. The emergent green risks in exploiting...The Construction project green risks (CPGRs) refer to those threats to environment, energy sources and material re-sources during the entire life-cycle of a construction project. The emergent green risks in exploiting these resources are of varying concern to all. In this paper, evolutionary game is introduced to make about impacts of strategy choices from interactions among the choices developers, and between the choices developers and EPDs on project green risk. The results show that CPGRs will occur if either developers find that not managing CPGRs has a better payoff than opting for CPGR management, or if monitors impose only mild fines even when they find CPGRs within construction projects of developer’s firms. The study also shows that there is a prohibitively expensive cost incurred by EPDs in monitoring CPGRs. Finally, some strategies are given for EPDs to help them make policies to regulate the strategies of developers.展开更多
In China,a more strict approval system has been introduced against urban stock land use alteration,but the uncertainty of this system,due to its unclear statement on disposition,restraints and profit sharing,makes lan...In China,a more strict approval system has been introduced against urban stock land use alteration,but the uncertainty of this system,due to its unclear statement on disposition,restraints and profit sharing,makes landuse alteration come along with risks of return loss of state-owned real property,recycling of stock land,imbalance of interest sharing,embezzlement of public land and pollution of industrial land. Causes of risks are directly linked to behaviors and decisions of major interest holders. In this paper,those causes are studied through the analysis of interest game between local governments,original land users,and property developers. The prevention and control of those risks requires balance of interest between interest holders to make possible multiple parties' engagement and interest sharing.展开更多
文摘Technical standard is typically characterized by network effect.The key point for a technical standard is the consumers' choice,which is based on consumers' maximum benefits.When a technical standard becomes a national standard,its interests have been integrated into the national interests.National interests are divided into economic profits and security factors.From the perspective of consumers' choice,this paper deals with the main factors which affect the result of technical standard competition- the risk and profits of intellectual property based on the assumption of bounded rationality and dynamic game theory.
文摘Through using game theory,a game model of lendingand borrowing money between banks and individuals isestablished to explain how the risks come into being and are transferred in the dynamic point of view.Some sug-gestions about how to avoid the risks are proposed.
基金the help and strong support of Departments the Chinese Animal Health and Epidemic Center,Guangdong Rsearch Institute of Entomology,Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,the Agriculture,Fisheries and Conservation Department of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Jockey Club etc.,during the entomophily and wild animals prevention and control in the disease-free zone of Guangzhou Asian Games
文摘[ Objective] In order to construct the specific equine disease-free zone of of the Guangzhou Asian Games, to ensure that the equestrian events of Guangzhou Asian Games be smoothly held. [Methods] The species, quantities, distribution and seasonal variations of insects and wild animals in related zones were investigated from 2008 to 2010, and the collected samples of the insects and wild animals were tested in laboratory for related equine diseases. [Results] The investigations indicated that there were some mosquitoes, flies, horseflies, punkies, ticks, bats, wild birds and wild bears in equastrianism venue and peripheral regions of disease-free zone of the Guangzhou Asian Games, the laboratory results of Japa- nese encephalitis, vesicular stomatitis, Nipah virus disease, West Nile fever, and Trypanosomiasis evansi, were all negative. According to the in- vestigations and test results, the risk assessments of insect and wild animal vectors in the prevalence of related equine diseases were made to con- firm that the risk was relatively low or very low, and comprehensive prevention and control measures with prevention as major measures and insecti- cides application and environment managements as supplementary means were made on the basis of the risk assessment conclusions. [ Conclu- sions] This research has laid a solid foundation for the successful building of the first specific equine disease-free zone in our country, ensured the smooth holding of the 16th equastdan competition in Guangzhou Asian Games.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70471034, A0324666)
文摘We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.JUSRP1071)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.11CGL086)
文摘On account of the lack of monetary unit sampling( MUS), an extended audit game model based on uncertainty information,which centers on audit risk and combines audit game with statistical sampling,is established to improve the effectiveness of audit risks analysis and sampling errors control. In this paper,an example concerning practical problems is given to demonstrate the process of extended audit game and confirm the truth of the effectiveness of the method. Not only does this method enhance the role of audit technology and the extension of audit procedures in deterring material irregularities,but also helps the auditors measure and control audit risk and sample sizes under uncertainty,conducive to improving the effect of cost control,risk evaluation,and decisionmaking optimization in audit sampling.
文摘The Construction project green risks (CPGRs) refer to those threats to environment, energy sources and material re-sources during the entire life-cycle of a construction project. The emergent green risks in exploiting these resources are of varying concern to all. In this paper, evolutionary game is introduced to make about impacts of strategy choices from interactions among the choices developers, and between the choices developers and EPDs on project green risk. The results show that CPGRs will occur if either developers find that not managing CPGRs has a better payoff than opting for CPGR management, or if monitors impose only mild fines even when they find CPGRs within construction projects of developer’s firms. The study also shows that there is a prohibitively expensive cost incurred by EPDs in monitoring CPGRs. Finally, some strategies are given for EPDs to help them make policies to regulate the strategies of developers.
基金the preliminary achievements of the social science key research projects of Anhui Province:research on Risks of Urban Stock Land use Alteration(No:SK2014A212)the preliminary achievements of open subjects of the Center for Urban Management Research of Anhui Jianzhu University:research on Risks of Urban Stock Land use Alteration
文摘In China,a more strict approval system has been introduced against urban stock land use alteration,but the uncertainty of this system,due to its unclear statement on disposition,restraints and profit sharing,makes landuse alteration come along with risks of return loss of state-owned real property,recycling of stock land,imbalance of interest sharing,embezzlement of public land and pollution of industrial land. Causes of risks are directly linked to behaviors and decisions of major interest holders. In this paper,those causes are studied through the analysis of interest game between local governments,original land users,and property developers. The prevention and control of those risks requires balance of interest between interest holders to make possible multiple parties' engagement and interest sharing.