BACKGROUND： Gamma-aminobutyric acid A （GABAA） and N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptors are significant receptors in the central nervous system. An understanding of GABAA and NMDA receptor expression in spiral ga...BACKGROUND： Gamma-aminobutyric acid A （GABAA） and N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptors are significant receptors in the central nervous system. An understanding of GABAA and NMDA receptor expression in spiral ganglion neurons （SGN） provides information for the functional role of these receptors in the auditory system. OBJECTIVE： To investigate mRNA expression of GABAA receptor （GABAAR） and NMDA receptor （NMDAR） subunits in the rat SGN. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This in vitro, molecular biological study was performed at the Laboratory of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangxi Medical University, China from July 2007 to May 2008. MATERIALS： Reverse Transcriptase Kit and Taq DNA polymerase were purchased from Fermentas Burlington, ON, Canada; GABAAR and NMDAR primers were purchased from Shanghai Sangon, Shanghai, China. METHODS： SGN from 3-5 day postnatal Wistar rats was collected for primary cultures, mRNA expression of GABAAR and NMDAR subunits in the SGN was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Expression levels of GABAAR and NMDAR subunits were determined by quantitative analysis. RESULTS： GABAAR subunits （αl 6, β1 3, and y1 3） and NMDAR subunits （NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B） were detected in the SGN. In α subunit genes of GABAAR, α1 and α3 expression was similar （P 〉 0.05） and greater than the other subunits. Of the β subunit genes, β1 subunit mRNA levels were greater than β2 and β3. Of the y subunit genes, y2 subunit mRNA levels were greater than y1 and y3. NR1 mRNA expression was the greatest of NMDAR subunits. CONCLUSION： GABAAR subunits （α1 6, β1-3, and y1-3） and NMDAR subunits （NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B） were expressed in the rat SGN. Through comparison of GABAAR and NMDAR subunit expression, possible GABAAR combinations, as well as highly expressed subunit combinations, were estimated, which provided information for pharmacological and electrophysiological characteristics of GABAAR in the auditory system.展开更多
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible bronchial constriction, pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Current standard therapies for asthma provide symptomatic control, ...Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible bronchial constriction, pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Current standard therapies for asthma provide symptomatic control, but fail to target the underlying disease pathology. Furthermore, no therapeutic agent is effective in preventing airway remodeling. A substantial amount of evidence suggests that statins have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of rosuvastatin on airway inflammation and its inhibitory mechanism in mucus hypersecretion in a murine model of chronic asthma. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin to induce asthma. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and the lung tissues were measured by Diff-Quik staining and hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） staining. ELISA was used for measuring the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-a in BALE Periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining was used for mucus secretion. Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor （GABAAR） β2 expression was measured by means of immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blotting. Results Rosuvastatin reduced the number of total inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils recruited into BALF, the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-a in BALF, along with the histological mucus index （HMI） and GABAAR 132 expression. Changes occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Based on its ability to reduce the inflammatory response and mucus hypersecretion by regulating GABAAR activity in a murine model of chronic asthma, rosuvastatin may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of asthma.展开更多
Background:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of baicalein on chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction in a mouse model.Methods:Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows...Background:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of baicalein on chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction in a mouse model.Methods:Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows:the normal saline group(control,n=10),the daily stress group(daily stress,n=10),the baicalein group(baicalein,n=10),and the daily stress+baicalein group(daily stress+baicalein,n=10).For the daily stress model,we used a restricted stress model.Baicalein(10 mg/kg)was administered by gavage every day,and control mice received normal saline equivalently.Biopsy specimens were harvested after 4 weeks.Measurement of norepinephrine(NE)in serum was performed to assess the psychological stress level of the mice.In addition,histological changes of the uterus and ovaries and the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)in serum were assessed to evaluate changes in ovarian function.To detect the underlying mechanisms of the amelioration of baicalein in chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction,immunohistochemical methods,and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied to determine the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)receptors.Results:Compared with values in the control group,serum NE concentrations were significantly increased(P<0.001),AMH concentrations were markedly decreased(P<0.01),the thickness of the endometrium was clearly reduced,and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly increased in the daily stress group(P<0.001),indicating that the chronic stress model was successfully established.In contrast,compared with values in the daily stress group,serum NE concentrations were significantly reduced(P<0.001),AMH concentrations were significantly enhanced(P<0.05),the thickness of the endometrium was clearly increased,and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly reduced(P<0.001)in the daily stress+baicalein group,indicating that baicalein clearly attenuated the ovarian dysfunction mediated by chronic stress.Moreover,the expression of the GABAB2 receptor in the daily stress group was significantly reduced(P<0.01).In contrast,treatment with baicalein resulted in increased expression of the GABAB2 receptor(P<0.01).Conclusions:Treatment with baicalein ameliorates the enhancing effect of chronic stress on ovarian dysfunction,and the mechanism can be attributed,in part,to the increased expression of the GABAB2 receptor.展开更多
Encephalitis associated with antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric-acid B(GABA-B)is a subgroup of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis with typical features of limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer(SCLC).We report a c...Encephalitis associated with antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric-acid B(GABA-B)is a subgroup of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis with typical features of limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer(SCLC).We report a case of anti-GABA-B receptor encephalitis in a 57-year-old man who presented with seizures,memory loss,and abnormal behavior.He developed partially neurological responses to immunotherapy,but refused comprehensive tumor screening.The symptoms were aggravated again 4 months later.Workup showed antibodies to GABA-B receptors and tumor screening revealed SCLC.It highlights the importance of early screening of underlying tumor and anti-tumor treatment in paraneoplastic cases.展开更多
Although it has been more than 165 years since the first introduction of modern anesthesia to the clinic, there is surprisingly little understanding about the exact mechanisms by which general anesthetics induce uncon...Although it has been more than 165 years since the first introduction of modern anesthesia to the clinic, there is surprisingly little understanding about the exact mechanisms by which general anesthetics induce unconsciousness. As a result, we do not know how general anesthetics produce anesthesia at different levels. The main handicap to understanding the mechanisms of general anesthesia is the diversity of chemically unrelated compounds including diethyl ether and halogenated hydrocarbons, gases nitrous oxide, ketamine, propofol, benzodiazepines and etomidate, as well as alcohols and barbiturates. Does this imply that general anesthesia is caused by many different mechanisms? Until now, many receptors, molecular targets and neuronal transmission pathways have been shown to contribute to mechanisms of general anesthesia. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most likely candidates for general anesthesia, in particular γ-aminobutyric acid type A, potassium and sodium channels, as well as ion channels mediated by various neuronal transmitters like acetylcholine, amino acids amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the involvement in general anesthesia of other ion channels with distinct gating properties suchas hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic- nucleotide-gated channels. The main aim of the present review is to summarize some aspects of current knowledge of the effects of general anesthetics on various ion channels.展开更多
目的探讨儿童抗γ-氨基丁酸B(GABAB)受体脑炎的发病机制、临床特点、辅助检查以及诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院随诊15个月的1例抗GABAB受体(GABABR)脑炎患儿的临床资料,总结患儿临床特征、影像学改变、血清(脑脊液)免疫学检查及...目的探讨儿童抗γ-氨基丁酸B(GABAB)受体脑炎的发病机制、临床特点、辅助检查以及诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院随诊15个月的1例抗GABAB受体(GABABR)脑炎患儿的临床资料,总结患儿临床特征、影像学改变、血清(脑脊液)免疫学检查及临床诊疗经过,并分别以“自身免疫性脑炎”“γ-氨基丁酸B受体”“autoimmune encephalitis”“anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor”为检索词,分别在中国知网、万方、Pubmed数据库查询建库至2023年1月的相关文献,总结分析儿童抗GABABR脑炎的临床特点及影像学改变。结果本研究中患儿急性起病,以肌张力障碍、情绪异常为主要表现,头颅MRI提示基底节区对称性损害,血清抗GABABR抗体阳性,脑脊液抗GABABR抗体阴性,诊断为“抗GABABR脑炎”,经丙球加类固醇免疫治疗后病情缓解。检索到8篇文献,结合本研究,共11例患儿,男性居多,一线治疗主要是皮质类固醇、静注免疫球蛋白、血浆置换。11例患儿中,除1例自发缓解外,其余患儿均接受一线治疗,2例死于严重感染,其余均预后良好。结论临床上对于单纯头颅MRI基底节区对称性损害的患者,排除感染、代谢、肿瘤等常见病因后需注意鉴别抗GABABR脑炎,尽早完善自身免疫性脑炎抗体检测,及早发现并积极治疗能改善患者预后。展开更多
目的热性惊厥(febrile se izure,FS)是婴幼儿时期最常见的惊厥性疾患之一,阐明其发生机制一直是该领域的重要研究课题。该课题前期的研究证明,γ-氨基丁酸B受体(-γam inobutyric ac id B receptor,GABABR)亚基和气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S...目的热性惊厥(febrile se izure,FS)是婴幼儿时期最常见的惊厥性疾患之一,阐明其发生机制一直是该领域的重要研究课题。该课题前期的研究证明,γ-氨基丁酸B受体(-γam inobutyric ac id B receptor,GABABR)亚基和气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)均在反复热性惊厥中发挥了重要作用。该文使用GABABR激动剂ba-c lofen,抑制剂Phac lofen,探讨GABABR对FS大鼠硫化氢/胱硫醚-β-合成酶(cystath ion ine--βsynthase,CBS)体系表达的影响。方法大鼠随机分为对照组,FS组,FS+bac lofen组,FS+phac lofen组。采用热水浴诱导大鼠FS,隔日诱导1次,共10次。采用分光光度计法测定大鼠血浆中H2S含量;用原位杂交方法观察CBS mRNA表达情况;用免疫组化方法观察CBS蛋白表达情况。结果FS+bac lofen组H2S含量较FS组升高427.45±15.91μmol/L vs362.14±19.71μmol/L,同时CBS表达也较FS组增强;而FS+phac lofen组H2S含量较FS组降低189.72±21.53μmol/L vs 362.14±19.71μmol/L,同时CBS表达也较FS组减弱。结论反复热性惊厥过程中,GABABR的改变可影响H2S/CBS体系的表达。展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30560162the Natural Scientific Foundation of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,No.0542087Guangxi Health and Medical Community Scientific Research,No.200512
文摘BACKGROUND： Gamma-aminobutyric acid A （GABAA） and N-methyl-D-aspartate （NMDA） receptors are significant receptors in the central nervous system. An understanding of GABAA and NMDA receptor expression in spiral ganglion neurons （SGN） provides information for the functional role of these receptors in the auditory system. OBJECTIVE： To investigate mRNA expression of GABAA receptor （GABAAR） and NMDA receptor （NMDAR） subunits in the rat SGN. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This in vitro, molecular biological study was performed at the Laboratory of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangxi Medical University, China from July 2007 to May 2008. MATERIALS： Reverse Transcriptase Kit and Taq DNA polymerase were purchased from Fermentas Burlington, ON, Canada; GABAAR and NMDAR primers were purchased from Shanghai Sangon, Shanghai, China. METHODS： SGN from 3-5 day postnatal Wistar rats was collected for primary cultures, mRNA expression of GABAAR and NMDAR subunits in the SGN was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Expression levels of GABAAR and NMDAR subunits were determined by quantitative analysis. RESULTS： GABAAR subunits （αl 6, β1 3, and y1 3） and NMDAR subunits （NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B） were detected in the SGN. In α subunit genes of GABAAR, α1 and α3 expression was similar （P 〉 0.05） and greater than the other subunits. Of the β subunit genes, β1 subunit mRNA levels were greater than β2 and β3. Of the y subunit genes, y2 subunit mRNA levels were greater than y1 and y3. NR1 mRNA expression was the greatest of NMDAR subunits. CONCLUSION： GABAAR subunits （α1 6, β1-3, and y1-3） and NMDAR subunits （NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B） were expressed in the rat SGN. Through comparison of GABAAR and NMDAR subunit expression, possible GABAAR combinations, as well as highly expressed subunit combinations, were estimated, which provided information for pharmacological and electrophysiological characteristics of GABAAR in the auditory system.
基金This study was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30971303）.
文摘Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible bronchial constriction, pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Current standard therapies for asthma provide symptomatic control, but fail to target the underlying disease pathology. Furthermore, no therapeutic agent is effective in preventing airway remodeling. A substantial amount of evidence suggests that statins have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of rosuvastatin on airway inflammation and its inhibitory mechanism in mucus hypersecretion in a murine model of chronic asthma. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin to induce asthma. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and the lung tissues were measured by Diff-Quik staining and hematoxylin and eosin （H＆E） staining. ELISA was used for measuring the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-a in BALE Periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining was used for mucus secretion. Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor （GABAAR） β2 expression was measured by means of immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blotting. Results Rosuvastatin reduced the number of total inflammatory cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils recruited into BALF, the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-a in BALF, along with the histological mucus index （HMI） and GABAAR 132 expression. Changes occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Based on its ability to reduce the inflammatory response and mucus hypersecretion by regulating GABAAR activity in a murine model of chronic asthma, rosuvastatin may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of asthma.
基金supported by the Shanghai Science&Technology Commission(18140902502)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC1303100)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81472423)the Shanghai Clinical and Medical Center of Key Program(2017ZZ01016)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYKC201701020).
文摘Background:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of baicalein on chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction in a mouse model.Methods:Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows:the normal saline group(control,n=10),the daily stress group(daily stress,n=10),the baicalein group(baicalein,n=10),and the daily stress+baicalein group(daily stress+baicalein,n=10).For the daily stress model,we used a restricted stress model.Baicalein(10 mg/kg)was administered by gavage every day,and control mice received normal saline equivalently.Biopsy specimens were harvested after 4 weeks.Measurement of norepinephrine(NE)in serum was performed to assess the psychological stress level of the mice.In addition,histological changes of the uterus and ovaries and the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)in serum were assessed to evaluate changes in ovarian function.To detect the underlying mechanisms of the amelioration of baicalein in chronic stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction,immunohistochemical methods,and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were applied to determine the expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)receptors.Results:Compared with values in the control group,serum NE concentrations were significantly increased(P<0.001),AMH concentrations were markedly decreased(P<0.01),the thickness of the endometrium was clearly reduced,and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly increased in the daily stress group(P<0.001),indicating that the chronic stress model was successfully established.In contrast,compared with values in the daily stress group,serum NE concentrations were significantly reduced(P<0.001),AMH concentrations were significantly enhanced(P<0.05),the thickness of the endometrium was clearly increased,and the percentage of atretic follicles was significantly reduced(P<0.001)in the daily stress+baicalein group,indicating that baicalein clearly attenuated the ovarian dysfunction mediated by chronic stress.Moreover,the expression of the GABAB2 receptor in the daily stress group was significantly reduced(P<0.01).In contrast,treatment with baicalein resulted in increased expression of the GABAB2 receptor(P<0.01).Conclusions:Treatment with baicalein ameliorates the enhancing effect of chronic stress on ovarian dysfunction,and the mechanism can be attributed,in part,to the increased expression of the GABAB2 receptor.
文摘Encephalitis associated with antibodies to gamma-aminobutyric-acid B(GABA-B)is a subgroup of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis with typical features of limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer(SCLC).We report a case of anti-GABA-B receptor encephalitis in a 57-year-old man who presented with seizures,memory loss,and abnormal behavior.He developed partially neurological responses to immunotherapy,but refused comprehensive tumor screening.The symptoms were aggravated again 4 months later.Workup showed antibodies to GABA-B receptors and tumor screening revealed SCLC.It highlights the importance of early screening of underlying tumor and anti-tumor treatment in paraneoplastic cases.
文摘Although it has been more than 165 years since the first introduction of modern anesthesia to the clinic, there is surprisingly little understanding about the exact mechanisms by which general anesthetics induce unconsciousness. As a result, we do not know how general anesthetics produce anesthesia at different levels. The main handicap to understanding the mechanisms of general anesthesia is the diversity of chemically unrelated compounds including diethyl ether and halogenated hydrocarbons, gases nitrous oxide, ketamine, propofol, benzodiazepines and etomidate, as well as alcohols and barbiturates. Does this imply that general anesthesia is caused by many different mechanisms? Until now, many receptors, molecular targets and neuronal transmission pathways have been shown to contribute to mechanisms of general anesthesia. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most likely candidates for general anesthesia, in particular γ-aminobutyric acid type A, potassium and sodium channels, as well as ion channels mediated by various neuronal transmitters like acetylcholine, amino acids amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid or N-methyl-D-aspartate. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the involvement in general anesthesia of other ion channels with distinct gating properties suchas hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic- nucleotide-gated channels. The main aim of the present review is to summarize some aspects of current knowledge of the effects of general anesthetics on various ion channels.
文摘目的探讨儿童抗γ-氨基丁酸B(GABAB)受体脑炎的发病机制、临床特点、辅助检查以及诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院随诊15个月的1例抗GABAB受体(GABABR)脑炎患儿的临床资料,总结患儿临床特征、影像学改变、血清(脑脊液)免疫学检查及临床诊疗经过,并分别以“自身免疫性脑炎”“γ-氨基丁酸B受体”“autoimmune encephalitis”“anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor”为检索词,分别在中国知网、万方、Pubmed数据库查询建库至2023年1月的相关文献,总结分析儿童抗GABABR脑炎的临床特点及影像学改变。结果本研究中患儿急性起病,以肌张力障碍、情绪异常为主要表现,头颅MRI提示基底节区对称性损害,血清抗GABABR抗体阳性,脑脊液抗GABABR抗体阴性,诊断为“抗GABABR脑炎”,经丙球加类固醇免疫治疗后病情缓解。检索到8篇文献,结合本研究,共11例患儿,男性居多,一线治疗主要是皮质类固醇、静注免疫球蛋白、血浆置换。11例患儿中,除1例自发缓解外,其余患儿均接受一线治疗,2例死于严重感染,其余均预后良好。结论临床上对于单纯头颅MRI基底节区对称性损害的患者,排除感染、代谢、肿瘤等常见病因后需注意鉴别抗GABABR脑炎,尽早完善自身免疫性脑炎抗体检测,及早发现并积极治疗能改善患者预后。
文摘目的热性惊厥(febrile se izure,FS)是婴幼儿时期最常见的惊厥性疾患之一,阐明其发生机制一直是该领域的重要研究课题。该课题前期的研究证明,γ-氨基丁酸B受体(-γam inobutyric ac id B receptor,GABABR)亚基和气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)均在反复热性惊厥中发挥了重要作用。该文使用GABABR激动剂ba-c lofen,抑制剂Phac lofen,探讨GABABR对FS大鼠硫化氢/胱硫醚-β-合成酶(cystath ion ine--βsynthase,CBS)体系表达的影响。方法大鼠随机分为对照组,FS组,FS+bac lofen组,FS+phac lofen组。采用热水浴诱导大鼠FS,隔日诱导1次,共10次。采用分光光度计法测定大鼠血浆中H2S含量;用原位杂交方法观察CBS mRNA表达情况;用免疫组化方法观察CBS蛋白表达情况。结果FS+bac lofen组H2S含量较FS组升高427.45±15.91μmol/L vs362.14±19.71μmol/L,同时CBS表达也较FS组增强;而FS+phac lofen组H2S含量较FS组降低189.72±21.53μmol/L vs 362.14±19.71μmol/L,同时CBS表达也较FS组减弱。结论反复热性惊厥过程中,GABABR的改变可影响H2S/CBS体系的表达。
