A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Paths for the Coordinated Development of Rural Economy and Environment in Economically Underdeveloped Areas——A Case of Huaian,China

Taking Huaian as an example,the rural economic and environmental problems in economically underdeveloped areas are expounded.The results show that rural areas in economically underdeveloped areas confront with lagged economic development,serious environmental pollutionand scarce shortage of equipments for treating environmental pollution.The causes of problems are analyzed,including inadequate fiscal supportfrom the local government;unscientific system for assessing government officers' performances;backward ideas in environmental protection and im-perfect laws and regulations on environmental protection.Based on these causes,the strategy of employing the circular economy to promote the co-ordinated development of rural environment and economy in economically underdeveloped areas is put forward.The strategy covers transformingthe way of agricultural production;adjusting agricultural production structure;positively collecting funds and increasing the input on handling rural en-vironmental problems;strengthening the efforts on promotion and education,and forming the healthy habits of consumption;enforcing supervisionand establishing a professional administration team for protecting rural environment;laying stress on rural technological innovation and strengtheningthe force of expansion;accelerating the path of industrialization and promoting the industrialization of villages and towns vigorously.

Granger Causality Test of Urban-rural Income Gap and Employment of Rural Labor Forces——A Case Study of Shouguang City

Taking Shouguang City in Shandong Province as an example, this article researches the mutual relationship between urban-rural income and employment of rural labor forces, and conducting cointegration test and Granger causality test on the variable sequences using statistical data. The results show that the average annual income of rural labor forces influences the income per capita of rural residents, and there is a Granger causality relationship between the income per capita of rural residents and urban employees' average wage. Engaging in production concerning agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery makes the total income per capita in rural areas of Shouguang City higher than the average wage of urban residents in Shouguang City, even in Weifang City. The comparative advantage in terms of income causes the city to loose attraction to rural residents in Shouguang City. The comparative advantage drives more rural labor forces in Shouguang City to engage in primary industry, thereby greatly reducing the pressure of employment and transfer of rural labor forces. Finally important following measures are put forward to promote employment and on-the-spot transfer of rural labor forces: vigorously propel agricultural industrialization; increase rural residents' income; improve the living conditions for rural residents.

The Practice of Planning and Design of Characteristic Rural Areas in Jiangsu Province: A Case Study of Shiye Town, Zhenjiang City

Based on the theory of three living spaces,taking the characteristic rural areas of Shiye Town in Zhenjiang City as the research object,the study analyzed its constituent elements in production,life and ecological space (three living spaces) and put forward the strategy of space optimization.The overall optimization design of the village is made according to the problems by combining with the current situation of pilot villages such as Yongmaowei,Huanqingzhou and group 1 of Xianfeng Village.In addition,special reconstruction measures were formulated for the existing problems of agricultural houses and public spaces in various typical villages.

Spatial Development Explorations of Middle- and Small-sized Mountainous Cities: A Case Study of Shangluo City, China

Spatial structural features of middle- and small-sized mountainous cities in China were analyzed. Taking Shangluo City for example, problems in the spatial planning of middle- and small-sized mountainous cities were explored, it was stressed that local characteristics should be respected to make plans reasonably, and handle the spatial transition between urban and rural areas properly, so as not to lose the originality of rural areas during the urbanization. The study aimed at providing useful experience for the urbanization.

Registration of Rural Collective Land:A Case Study of Ma'anshan City in Anhui Province

Making unified registration of rural collective land and granting legal rights of rural collective and farmer land are necessities for protecting the fundamental interests of farmers,implementing the party's rural policies,and the source of unified real estate registration,and will lay a solid foundation for smooth implementation of registration of real estate. According to requirements of Notice of the General Office of the People's Government of Anhui Province on Implementing the Confirmation and Registration of Ownership of Rural Collective Land,in order to integrate urban and rural development and safeguard the rights and interests of farmers,since January 2010,Ma'anshan Municipal Government has made an overall deployment in the whole city to carry out the confirmation and registration of rural collective land. However,complex property situation of the collective land and the problems of existing registration system have brought about many problems. Through the research and analysis,we came up with recommendations for improving the registration of rural collective land.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

Study on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in Beijing City

In recent years,the construction of rural sewage treatment in Beijing City has developed rapidly,but there are still many problems in some rural domestic sewage treatment. In this paper,the current situation of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City is combed,and its characteristics are summarized. Meanwhile,the current situation of rural domestic sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province,Hunan Province and Shandong Province is summarized by consulting relevant data. By comparing with current situation of rural domestic sewage treatment in Beijing City,it is found that there are some problems in the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City,such as unsuitable treatment mode,unreasonable discharge requirements and inadequate treatment technology. Therefore,some countermeasures and suggestions are proposed,such as strengthening the investigation,research and planning,and differential formulation of the sewage treatment discharge standards,and establishing modular treatment technology system. It is hoped that this paper will be helpful to the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Beijing City.

Idle School Buildings in Rural Areas: Will they Be Useful?

Taking the case of Enshi City,we survey the supply of public services in rural areas from education,health,culture and social security; reveal the relationship between the use of idle school buildings in rural areas and the improvement of public services in rural areas. On the basis of expounding the status quo of idle school buildings and public services in rural areas of Enshi City,the following recommendations are put forward: using the idle school buildings to develop rural public education; using the idle school buildings to develop rural public health and medical services; using the idle school buildings to develop public cultural undertakings in rural areas; using the idle school buildings to develop social security undertakings in rural areas.

城市外围地区农村物流设施空间分布演变及影响因素--以广州市为例

城市外围地区农村物流设施是保障城乡物资双向流通和农村产业发展的重要支撑。以广东省广州市为例,综合使用多源空间数据和空间回归模型等分析方法,探索城市外围地区农村物流设施空间分布演变特征及影响因素。在空间分布演变方面,城市外围地区农村物流设施从单核转向多核,具有圈层化、等级化特征,与广州市空间发展方向和空间格局相一致,最外围地区物流设施建设短板突出;受村级设施分布变化影响,物流设施集聚性呈现“增强—减弱—增强”的波动。影响因素方面,人口因素、交通因素和工业因素对物流设施分布有显著正向影响,农业因素对其有显著负向影响,区位因素对其无明显影响。研究结果能够丰富对农村物流设施分布演变规律的认识,为城市尺度的农村物流设施的布局优化和支撑要素的建设等提供参考。

中国式现代化进程中的乡村人口:问题、挑战及应对——与城市、镇的比较分析

乡村人口问题给中国式现代化带来五大挑战:劳动年龄人口减少可能造成乡村产业发展劳动力资源不足,教育水平与城市的差距扩大可能导致乡村高质量发展人才短缺,男性婚姻挤压日渐突出可能引发乡村婚姻与家庭建设问题,老龄化进程加快可能加剧乡村养老困境,文化建设人才不足可能影响乡村精神文明建设。应对这些挑战,可从以下方面着手:有序引导外出农民工回流、稳步推进农业现代化,提高乡村人口教育水平、盘活用好现有人才,促进乡村性别平等、提升婚姻家庭幸福感,扩大乡村养老服务供给、提升养老服务质量,动员多方资源、推进乡村精神文明建设。其政策启示是:中国式现代化任重道远,其短板是农业农村现代化;推进中国式现代化,需要探索和创新乡村的省域实践,也需要关注镇这一区域层级。

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

现代化产业体系构建与农民农村共同富裕:影响机理与实证检验

基于2008—2021年中国31个省、市、自治区(不包含港澳台)面板数据,运用主成分分析法与优序图分析相结合的方法测算现代化产业体系构建水平,并研判现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕的影响。实证分析结果显示:现代化产业体系构建可有效赋能农民农村共同富裕。传导机制分析显示,现代化产业体系构建能够通过扩大财税规模、增加创业活动、缩小城乡数字鸿沟,赋能农民农村共同富裕。异质性检验证实,现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕的赋能作用在东部地区更为显著。空间效应分析显示,现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕具有正向空间溢出效应。针对于此,未来应构建现代乡村产业体系、激发农村创业创新活力、推动区域产业协调发展,加速推进农民农村共同富裕。

江苏省农村惊厥性癫痫患者治疗缺口分析

目的探讨江苏省农村地区惊厥性癫痫的治疗缺口以及影响因素。方法对2005—2020年筛查的7836例农村惊厥性癫痫患者的临床资料进行统计,分析癫痫患者的治疗现状、治疗缺口以及相关的影响因素。结果本研究共入组7836例惊厥性癫痫患者。江苏省农村地区惊厥性癫痫的治疗缺口为69.05%。不同性别间的治疗缺口差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同年龄段(χ^(2)=12.196,P=0.007)、不同首发年龄患者(χ^(2)=58.658,P<0.001)、不同病程(χ^(2)=65.430,P<0.001)、不同发作次数(χ^(2)=171.276,P<0.001)、不同就诊医院级别(χ^(2)=122.076,P<0.001)的治疗缺口差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,首发年龄越大、病程越短、发作越频繁,癫痫患者的治疗缺口越大(均P<0.05)。在患病年龄和就诊医院上,45~59岁(P=0.012)以及就诊于市县级医院(P<0.001)的患者更倾向于接受正规抗癫痫治疗。结论江苏省农村地区惊厥性癫痫患者的治疗缺口较大。主要原因可能是对癫痫的认识不足以及基层医院建设滞后。

农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响研究

教育差距是中国城乡收入差异最主要的影响因素之一,而高等教育是培养优秀人力资源的重要途径,在提高农民文化水平与劳动技能中,教育资源的投入起到了显著作用,并且有效提高了其劳动生产率,促进农民增收就业,进而缩小城乡人均收入的差异。利用我国2008—2020年的31个省(市)的省级面板数据,运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)探究农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响,利用中介效应模型检验了农村人力资本投入在粮食安全提高的影响下是否能有效缩小城乡收入差距。研究表明:①农村人力资本投入对缩小城乡收入差距起到了显著作用,其中中部地区的作用最大,而东、西部地区相较于中部地区的效果较弱。②在农村人力资本与城乡收入差距产生的效应中,粮食生产起到了积极的中介作用,这一点在中部地区最为明显。据此,提出相应的政策建议,以期为推动农业发展水平进步、农村地区振兴、农民收入切实提高提供参考,最终促进中国经济的快速、均衡和可持续发展。