A bi-directional gap model for simulating the directional thermal radiance of row crops

Row crops are a kind of typical vegetation canopy between discrete canopy and continuous canopy.Kimes et al.studied the directional thermal radiation of row crops using the geometrical optical model,which simplified row structure as'box'and neglected the gap among foliage and did not consider the emissivity effects.In this work we take account of the gaps along illumination and viewing directions and propose a bi-direction gap model on the basis of the idea of gap probability of discrete vegetation canopy introduced by'Li-Strahler'and inter-correlation of continuous vegetation developed by Kuusk.It can be used to explain'hot spot'effects in thermal infrared region.The gap model has been validated by field experiment on winter wheat planted in shape of rows and results show that the gap model is better than Kimes'model in describing the directionality of thermal infrared emission for row crops.

Gap Model for Dual Customer Values

The customer value, the key problem in customer relationship management （CRM）, was studied to construct a gap model for dual customer values. A basic description of customer values is given, and then the gaps between products and services in different periods for the customers and companies are analyzed based on the product or service life-cycle. The main factors that influence the perceived customer value were analyzed to define the ＂recognized value gap＂ and a gap model for the dual customer values was constructed to supply companies with a tool to analyze existing customer value gaps and improve customer relationship management.

A novel refined dynamic model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system for random vibration and running safety assessment

Running safety assessment and tracking irregularity parametric sensitivity analysis of high-speed maglev train-bridge system are of great concern,especially need perfect refinement models in which all properties can be well characterized based on various stochastic excitations.A three-dimensional refined spatial random vibration analysis model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system is established in this paper,in which multi-source uncertainty excitation can be considered simultaneously,and the probability density evolution method(PDEM)is adopted to reveal the system-specific uncertainty dynamic characteristic.The motion equation of the maglev vehicle model is composed of multi-rigid bodies with a total 210-degrees of freedom for each vehicle,and a refined electromagnetic force-air gap model is used to account for the interaction and coupling effect between the moving train and track beam bridges,which are directly established by using finite element method.The model is proven to be applicable by comparing with Monte Carlo simulation.By applying the proposed stochastic framework to the high maglev line,the random dynamic responses of maglev vehicles running on the bridges are studied for running safety and stability assessment.Moreover,the effects of track irregularity wavelength range under different amplitude and running speeds on the coupled system are investigated.The results show that the augmentation of train speed will move backward the sensitive wavelength interval,and track irregularity amplitude influences the response remarkably in the sensitive interval.

Comparative Research on Prediction Model of China's Urban-rural Residents' Income Gap

By using the data concerning China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 1978 to 2010,this paper mainly researches the application of several kinds of models in predicting China's urban-rural residents' income gap.By conducting empirical analysis,we establish ARIMA prediction model,grey prediction model and quadratic-polynomial prediction model and conduct accuracy comparison.The results show that quadratic-polynomial prediction model has excellent fitting effect.By using quadratic-polynomial prediction model,this paper conducts prediction on trend of China's urban-rural residents' income gap from 2011 to 2013,and the prediction value of income gap of urban-rural residents in China from 2011 to 2013 is 14 173.20,15 212.92 and 16 289.67 yuan respectively.Finally,on the basis of analysis,corresponding countermeasures are put forward,in order to provide scientific basis for energy planning and policy formulation:first,strengthen government's function of public service,coordinate resources,and strive to provide an equal opportunity of development for social members,so as to promote people's welfare and promote social equality;second,breach industrial monopoly and bridge income gap between employees in monopoly industry and general industry;last but not the least,support,encourage and call for government to establish social relief fund,adjust residents' income distribution from the non-governmental perspective,and endeavor to promote the income level of low-income class.

The AMSAA-BISE Model with Gap Intervals

In this paper, the AMSAA-BISE model with missing data is discussed. The ML estimates of model parameters and current MTBF are given, and the chi-squared test and a plot for cumulative number of failures versus cumulative testing time are used to test the goodness of fit for the model. This paper concludes with a numerical example to verify the model.

The Additive-multiplicative Hazards Model for Multiple Type of Recurrent Gap Times

Recurrent event gap times data frequently arise in biomedical studies and often more than one type of event is of interest. To evaluate the effects of covariates on the marginal recurrent event hazards functions, there exist two types of hazards models： the multiplicative hazards model and the additive hazards model. In the paper, we propose a more flexible additive-multiplicative hazards model for multiple type of recurrent gap times data, wherein some covariates are assumed to be additive while others are multiplicative. An estimating equation approach is presented to estimate the regression parameters. We establish asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators.

Using Test Employee Capability Maturity Model for Supporting Gaps Bridging in Software Testing

This study addresses the challenge of assessing gaps among the differences of test people in eight groups by matching them based on four scenarios. The proposed model called Test Employee Capability Maturity Model (TEC-MM) helps find the gaps and measure the capability and maturity levels of each sub-maturity models in four dimensions as technicality, management, business, and personality. We applied TEC-MM to a software company which has instituted test people improvement strategy and plans to be a front runner in software testing industry. The findings reveal that gaps existed and consequently affect software testing process quality.

Study on Stack Effect of Stairwell by Numerical Model of Leakage Flow through Gap of Door

Since stack effect that occurs in high-rise buildings has an effect on the indoor environment of the buildings, energy loss and smoke control in case of a fire, there is a need to conduct research on this. For an analysis of the stack effect, analysis methods on the leakage flow through gap of interior door shall be formulated. Until now, studies related to the gap leakage flow in buildings have mainly analyzed flow field and pressure in the buildings one-dimensionally using pressure difference-leakage flowrate relations of Orifice Equation and a network numerical analysis algorithm that as- sumes each compartment in the buildings as a single point. In this study, the Momentum Loss Model which enables pressure drop to be proportional to the flow velocity through the gap of door in computational domain of 3-dimensional numerical analysis was proposed to reflect the gap flow phenomenon effectively in 3-dimensional numerical analysis. Using the proposed model, 3-dimensional numerical analysis of the stack effect on the stairs in buildings was performed, and the effects of separation door and lobby between stair and accommodation on the stack effect were investigated.

气候变化下中国珍稀濒危拟单性木兰属适生区模拟及GAP分析

【目的】为明晰中国珍稀濒危植物拟单性木兰属地理分布对气候变化的响应,为其管理和保护提供参考。【方法】基于拟单性木兰属常绿乔木的地理分布信息及38个环境变量数据,利用R语言优化的最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测各物种适生区变化趋势,分析物种在自然保护区内的保护空缺(GAP)。【结果】MaxEnt优化预测后,各树种的AUC值均大于0.9,说明模型预测准确。中国珍稀濒危拟单性木兰属主要分布在秦岭—淮河以南地区。影响各拟单性木兰属分布的主导环境因子主要为气温和降水,其中影响峨眉拟单性木兰的主要因子为最干月降水量,最适范围为15~210 mm,同时还受海拔因素影响;影响光叶拟单性木兰生长的最主要因子为温度年较差,最适范围为9~26℃;乐东拟单性木兰生长的最主要影响因子为昼夜温差月均值,其适宜范围为6~8℃;云南拟单性木兰生长主要受到最干季均温影响,适宜范围在7~14℃,同时还受土壤因素影响。2061—2080年气候情景下,峨眉拟单性木兰和光叶拟单性木兰总适生区面积缩减11%~33%,乐东拟单性木兰和云南拟单性木兰总适生区面积分别扩增15%~28%,各树种迁移距离54~296 km。各拟单性木兰属常绿乔木在保护空缺面积较大,基准期及未来气候情景下,自然保护区内物种总适生区和高适生区面积分别在6%和11%以下。【结论】珍稀濒危拟单性木兰属分布最易受到最干月降水量、温度年较差、昼夜温差月均值等因素影响。在基准期时,各拟单性木兰属乔木高适生区面积分布较为零散。未来,随着气候变暖,峨眉拟单性木兰和光叶拟单性木兰高适生区面积缩减29%~51%;乐东拟单性木兰和云南拟单性木兰高适生区面积扩增21%~49%。未来自然保护区内各拟单性木兰的总适生区和高适生区面积在2%以内波动。建议在西南、华中、华东及华南等适生热度值高地区,增加自然保护区,以增强对中国珍稀濒危拟单性木兰属乔木的保护。

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Dynamic development model for long gap discharge streamer-leader system based on fractal theory

Establishing a long air gap discharge model considering the streamer-leader transition and randomness of the discharge path is of great signiflcance to improve the accuracy of discharge characteristic prediction and optimize external insulation design.Based on fractal theory and thermal ionization theory of streamer-leader transition,this work establishes a dynamic development model for the long air gap discharge streamer-leader system,which includes streamer inception,streamer development,leader inception,development of streamer-leader system and flnal jump.The positive discharge process of a 3 m rod plate is simulated to obtain the fractal distribution of the discharge path and the law of leader development for comparison with the discharge test results.The results show that the simulation model is similar to test results in the development characteristics of leader path distribution,each stage time and leader velocity.Finally,a simulation calculation of a 50%breakdown voltage of the rod-plate gap and ball-plate gap is carried out,with results fairly consistent with test data,proving the effectiveness and practicality of the model.

A Model of Grand Unified Theory: Suggested Solution for CP-Violation Using Ideas of Phase Paths

This study demonstrates that beyond standard model (BSM) cosmic fundamental interactions—weak, strong, and electromagnetic forces—can be unified through a common basis of representation. This unification allows for the derivation of the fine structure constant with running points of α(t) ≈ 1/(136.9038) at high energy scales, based on electroweak interactions. Through the application of the Ising model, the running point of the elementary charge e at high energy scales is determined, and Coulomb’s law is actually derived from the Yukawa potential. Theoretically, based on S. Weinberg’s electroweak interaction theory, this study unifies the strong and electromagnetic forces by representing them with rYuka, and further advances the reconstruction of the SU(3)C×SU(1)L×U(1)EMframework on the basis of electroweak interaction concepts. In fact, the cosmic fundamental forces can interchange at the mass gap, defined as the Yukawa turning phase at rYuka ≃1.9404 fm, with the SU(3)Diag structural constant fijk on glueballs calculated, estimating a spectrum mass gap of ∆0 > 0.

林隙(Gap)模型研究进展

林隙（Ｇａｐ）模型研究进展于振良赵士洞（中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会，北京１００１０１）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｏｆＧａｐＭｏｄｅｌ．ＹｕＺｈｅｎｌｉａｎｇ，ＺｈａｏＳｈｉｄｏｎｇ（ＣｏｍｍｉｓｉｏｎｆｏｒＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄＳｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＮａｔｕｒａ...

基于Info-Gap理论的地下结构稳健性分析方法

围绕基于Information-Gap(I-G)理论的地下结构稳健性方法展开研究。首先,根据地下结构输出响应模型中不确定参量可能的取值范围及不同波动幅度对结构安全性能的影响,采用I-G模型量化处理不确定参量;其次,通过地下结构失效准则确立输出模型响应值与临界值之间的关系,由此构建稳健函数,并将结构发生失效前能够容许的不确定参量之最大波动幅度值定义为稳健可靠性指标来度量地下结构的可靠程度,从而形成了基于I-G理论的地下结构稳健性分析方法。最后,以某隧道衬砌稳健性分析为例,详细展示了地下结构稳健性分析的具体实施流程。工程算例表明,稳健可靠性指标反映了结构性能主动抵抗不确定性参量变化的能力。稳健性方法为不易得到不确定性因素足够信息的地下结构可靠性分析开辟了一条新途径。

基于info-gap理论的结构非概率可靠性方法研究

在info-gap(information gap)模型中引入分散度参数,使其更适用于结构可靠性分析。基于info-gap理论,用引入分散度参数的info-gap模型描述参数的不确定性,建立一种统一的结构非概率可靠性模型。非概率可靠性指标可通过优化方法求解。通过数学推导,揭示新建非概率可靠性模型与传统概率可靠性模型的内在联系和相容性。

图像边缘检测的多尺度灰度Gap统计模型

汲取Hastie和Tibshiran i等人提出的“Gap statistic”的思想方法,利用样本灰度数据分布的差别定义多尺度的图像灰度间隙,在提出反分布函数概念的基础上,建立了图像边缘检测的多尺度灰度Gap统计模型。通过分析分布间隙和灰度间隙的一致性,优化了Gap统计模型的边缘检测算法。分析不同尺度下的检测结果,并比较了灰度Gap统计模型与Prew itt和Sobel边缘算子之间的相互关系。通过实例与分析,证明了该模型具有抗噪声、多尺度的特点。

基于GAP模型的轿车售后服务质量评价研究

在汽车售后服务质量理论研究的基础上,结合"GAP模型"和"SERVQUAL测量工具",采用层次分析法建立轿车售后服务质量评价模型。应用该模型对上海通用轿车售后服务质量进行评价。研究表明,售后服务质量与相应的服务费用是影响顾客满意度的主要因素。

图像分割的Gap统计模型

基于Hastie T.和Tibshirani R.等提出的"Gap statist"的思想,通过分析样本灰度数据分布的差别,提出了函数特征、间隙、总间隙及全间隙等概念,建立了图像分割的Gap统计模型,并给出了较为详细的算法。分析了图像分割Gap统计模型中正则部分和奇异部分的特点,导出了区域特征自相似函数的分割结果与模型调节参数的关系。比较了用于图像分割的Gap统计模型与 Mumford-Shah模型,结果表明图像分割Gap统计模型的复杂度明显低于Mumford-Shah模型。

The Altitudinal Belts of Subalpine Virgin Forest on Mt.Gongga Simulated by a Succession Model

How to accurately simulate the distribution of forest species based upon their biological attributes has been a traditional biogeographical issue.Forest gap models are very useful tools for examining the dynamics of forest succession and revealing the species structure of vegetation.In the present study,the GFSM(Gongga Forest Succession Model) was developed and applied to simulate the distribution,composition and succession process of forests in 100 m elevation intervals.The results indicate that the simulated results of the tree species,quantities of the different types of trees,tree age and differences in DBH(diameter at breast height) composition were in line with the actual situation from 1400 to 3700 MASL(meters above sea level) on the eastern slope of Mt.Gongga.Moreover,the dominant species in the simulated results were the same as those in the surveyed database.Thus,the GFSM model can best simulate the features of forest dynamics and structure in the natural conditions of Mt.Gongga.The work provides a new approach to studying the structure and distribution characteristics of mountain ecosystems in varied elevations.Moreover,the results of this study suggest that the biogeochemistry mechanism model should be combined with the forestsuccession model to facilitate the ecological model in simulating the physical and chemical processes involved.

A succession and silviculture model for the broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai Mountain Area

A succession and silviculture model (ZELIG.CBA) for broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Moutain Area was developed based on the framework of ZELIG model and characteristics of Broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai area. ZELIG.CBA model consists four sub-models: growth model simulating annual increment of individual tree in forest, regeneration model simulating annual establishment of different tree species, mortality model simulating annual agerelated and stress-related morality; and silviculture model simulating the forest response to different silviculture scenario. The validation of the ZELIG.CBA showed that the accuracy of the model for the forest growth was more than 95%. The succession from clear cutting site simulating showed that the ZELIG.CBA model was stable for long term simulation. And selective cutting experiment showed that the optimal scenario for broad-leaved Korean pine forests was removal volume 30% combining with 30a rotation.