Garlic extract addition for soil improvement at various temperatures using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method

Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging technique to improve the soil and most studies are carried out at room temperature. However, considering some foundations are in high-temperature environments (>40 ℃), the higher urease activity at high temperature results in the solidification inhomogeneity, limiting the application of EICP. The higher urease activity at high temperature hampers the application of EICP because of solidification inhomogeneity. The garlic extract has been used as a type of urease inhibitor in medical science and food engineering. Here, we propose to use it to control urease activity for sand solidification at high temperature. The effects of garlic extract addition on urease activity and precipitation rates for calcium carbonate (CaCO_(3)) were studied. Extra tests were conducted to study the effect of garlic extract addition on the solidification homogeneity. The results showed that the garlic extract addition significantly decreased urease activity. To reduce the rate of CaCO3 precipitation at different temperatures, a suitable concentration of garlic extract was necessary to obtain a suitable urease activity. In the sand solidification test, garlic extract addition resulted in a smaller difference in sonic time values or CaCO_(3) contents at different parts of samples. The improved solidification homogeneity can achieve higher strength. The correlation between sonic time values and CaCO_(3) content was higher than that between CaCO3 content and strength. Appropriate concentrations of garlic extract were obtained at 35 ℃, 40℃, 45 ℃, 50 ℃, and 55 ℃. The proposed garlic extract addition method was significant to improve the homogeneity of solidified soil in practical engineering applications.

Aged Garlic Extract and One of the Constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol, Inhibits Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Induced by Inflammation Factors in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Previous clinical study showed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a preventive effect of vascular calcification in patients with coronary artery diseases. It has been reported that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and inflammatory cells including macrophages and lymphocytes migrate to sub-intimal region where atherosclerotic plaques are formed, and VSMC can differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, which are represented by the induction of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). We found that primary human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) showed the increased ALP activity, when cultured in the medium containing ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (IM), and supplemented with conditioned medium from macrophages (MCM). Then we tested the effect of AGE subdivided fractions and several compounds found in AGE, and then found that ((+)-(2S,3R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, a dilignol compound existed in hydrophobic fraction of AGE, inhibited ALP activity in HCASMC.

Influence of Polyphenolic Contents on the Antioxidant Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract (HSE), Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) and Garlic Tablet (GT) in Vitro

This study compared the antioxidant properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract (HSE), commercial aged garlic extract (AGE, Kyolic) and garlic tablet (GT). The results indicate that HSE, AGE and GT are effective antioxidant as xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated superoxide ions are significantly inhibited in the presence of 20% (v/v) diethyl ether extract of HSE, AGE and GT by 100%, 66.39% and 18.61% respectively, while uric acid production is not affected byAGEand GT. However, at 2.5% and 5.0% (v/v) reaction volumes,HSEsignificantly inhibits uric acid production by 9.5% and 33.0% respectively, and this suggests that components ofHSEinhibit xanthine oxidase activity while AGE and GT scavenge superoxide. In addition, it is also found that the three extracts scavenge ABTS radical cations in dose-dependent manner. In all cell free assays, HSE is found to be more effective as an antioxidant when compared with AGE and GT under the same experimental conditions. Chromatographic and colorimetric analyses suggest thatHSEhas numerous different types of phenolic compounds with higher amount of phenolic compounds (14.9 mg/g) when compared withAGE(2.8 mg/g) and GT (3.6 mg/g) catechin equivalent respectively. Therefore, the effectiveness of antioxidant activities of these three extracts may be related to their phenolic content.

Enhancing Effect of Aged Garlic Extract on Induction of Morphological Differentiation with Neurite Outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 Cells

Background: We have been searching effective compounds that can stimulate the growth and differentiation of nerve cells. We found previously that fulleren derivatives enhanced induction of morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated PC12 cells. In the course of our further search for other effective compounds, we found the aged garlic extract (AGE) has the activity similar to fulleren. Methods: PC12 cells were used to examine the effectiveness of test compound. Results: AGE enhanced the stimulating effect of NGF to induce morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. In order to examine the active constituents of AGE, it was fractionated into several components. The activity was mainly localized in the F1 fraction that contains low molecular weight polar compounds. S-Allymercaptocysteine (SAMC) is one of the sulfur components of AGE present in F1 fraction and found to exhibit the enhancing effect similar to AGE. Conclusion: AGE had the ability to induce morphological differentiation with neurite outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 cell and SAMC was one of its active constituents.

Aged Garlic Extract Reduces ROS Production and Cell Death Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine through Activation of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in SH-SY5Y Cells

Many degenerative or pathological processes, such as aging, cancer and coronary heart disease, are related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and radical-mediated reactions. We examined the effectiveness of aged garlic extract (AGE), a garlic preparation rich in water-soluble cysteinyl moieties, for protection of cells from ROS produced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Concomitant treatment of cells with AGE (2 and 4 mg/ml) showed the dose-dependent protective effect on the cell death induced by 6-OHDA. In addition, the AGE treatment significantly suppressed the increase of ROS generation by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, the protective effect of AGE was accompanied by activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and the increase of mRNAs of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. These two enzymes are important in the cellular antioxidant system. These results indicated that AGE protected cells from ROS damage by not only capturing ROS directly but also activating the cellular antioxidant system by stimulating antioxidant gene expression via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. The present study suggested that AGE may be useful for prevention and treatment of cell damage caused by ROS.

Immunomodulatory effect of garlic oil extract on Schistosoma mansoni infected mice

Objective:To assess the effect potency,and the immunomodulatory response of garlic oil extract in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by Schistosoma mamoni(S.mamoni) in mice at different stages of worm maturation.Methods:A total of 70 male CD-I Swiss albino mice were divided into 7 groups.Group Ⅰ:healthy control.Group Ⅱ:garlic oil group orally administrating 100 mg garlic oil extract /kg b.wt.3 d a week for 6 weeks.Group Ⅲ:infected with S.inansoni cercariae and left untreated for 42 d.Group Ⅳ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 1 to day 7 post infection(PI).Group Ⅴ:treated with garlic oil extract from day 14 till day 21 PI.Group Ⅵ:administrating garlic oil extract from day 35 until day 42 PI.Group Ⅶ received oil extract from the first day of infection for 42 d.Results:Garlic oil extract showed changes in the parasite tegument with a significant decrease in worm burden,hepatic and intestinal ova count with a decline in granuloma number and diameter.These alterations were accompanied with a reduction in serum TNF- α,ICAM-1,IgG and IgM after 7 and 42 d post S.mamoni cercarial infection.Conclusions:Results obtained confirmed the effect of garlic oil extract on the larval and mature stage of the parasite and in enhancing the host's immune system against the disorders caused by 5.mansoni in mice.

Survival Rate and Biochemical Parameters in Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Fed Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract in fish diet on survival rate, digestive enzymes and some biochemical parameters of Mugil cephalus larvae. Three hundred and sixty fish with mean weight 0.45 g were randomly divided into equal four groups;each one contained 3 replicates. Fish was fed with diets containing 0% (control), 0.5%, 1% and 3% concentrations of garlic extract (GE) in diet. 30 days after feeding, survival rate, different biochemical (larvae extract total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride) parameters and digestive enzyme activity (lipase, protease and amylase) were evaluated. There was a significant increase in survival rate of all groups fed with GE as compared to the control diet (P < 0.05). The administration of A. sativum in all levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the content of cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose in larvae extract. Also total protein, albumin and globulin levels had significantly increased in all groups fed GE (P < 0.05). The highest total protein (2.13 ± 0.12 g/dL), albumin (0.37 ± 0 g/dL), globulin (1.76 ± 0.12 g/dL), amylase (9.25 ± 0.14 U/mg protein), protease (4.20 ± 0.08 U/mg protein) and lipase (2.62 ± 0.14 U/mg protein) and the lowest serum triglyceride (22.78 ± 0.20 mg/dL), glucose (8.76 ± 0.09 mg/dL), cholesterol (3.69 ± 0.07 mg/dL) levels were observed in fish fed 3% GE in diet. Garlic inclusion in fish diet at 3% concentration is therefore beneficial for use in aquaculture to improve the general health and digestive enzyme activity of M. cephalus larvae.

Foliar spraying of aqueous garlic bulb extract stimulates growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in eggplant(Solanum melongena L.)

Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.

黑蒜多酚的提取方法及应用研究进展

在国家经济高速发展的今天,人们对食物的需求也在逐步提高,对健康和保健的认识也在逐渐增强。目前,黑蒜的食用价值与经济价值被逐渐挖掘,黑蒜多酚在食品行业的研究提取已成为诸多研究热点。对黑蒜多酚的功效、提取方法及未来的市场发展进行了综述,为提高人们对黑蒜多酚的认识,以及在各领域黑蒜多酚物质的创新开发和利用提供参考和思路。

大蒜多糖提取、结构测定、化学修饰及生物活性研究进展

作为大蒜的主要活性成分之一,大蒜多糖具有增强免疫力、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、保肝、降血脂、降血糖等多种生物活性,应用前景广阔。大蒜多糖的提取方法以热水法、酶法和超声辅助法最为常见,大蒜多糖是由果糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸等组成的杂多糖,乙酰化、硒化和磷酸化等化学修饰可以增加大蒜多糖抗氧化等生物活性。本文从大蒜多糖的提取、结构测定、化学修饰及生物活性的角度出发,系统总结了大蒜多糖的研究现状,未来应关注多糖结构与生物活性的构效关系,深入探讨大蒜多糖的功效机理,以期为大蒜多糖作为功能性产品的开发利用提供理论参考。

Salinity Stress Alleviation by Foliar Bio-Stimulant, Proline and Potassium Nutrition Promotes Growth and Yield Quality of Garlic Plant

Soil salinity is one of the major yield-limiting factors for crop production in many agricultural regions all over the world. Besides following efficient management practices at the field scale to reduce accumulation of salts in the effective root-zone, the effective use of treatments to alleviate the effects of salinity stress and improve crop salt tolerance is a promising solution to ensure crop production in such adverse conditions. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of foliar spray with plant-based biostimulant (i.e. with and/or without 3% yeast extract), three levels of proline (0, 25, and 50 mM), and combined with potassium fertilizers, as potassium sulfate, 48% K2O (0, 50, and 100 kg/fed.) on growth promotion, chemical composition of garlic leaves, bulb quality parameters as well as yield and its components of garlic plant grown under moderate saline soil. Results revealed that the interaction between foliar spray with yeast extract at 3% and proline at 50 mM combined with proper K level at 100 kg/fed., was the best interaction treatment for increasing vegetative growth parameters, i.e. plant height, number of leaves per plant, and mineral contents (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg in leaves), and proline content of garlic leaves after 135 days from planting time, total yield/fed., and garlic yield quality parameters at harvesting time. In conclusion, the detrimental effects of salinity stress can be alleviated by stress tolerance-inducing compounds, such as yeast extract and proline with proper application rate of K fertilization during the growing season of garlic crop.

A Clinical Investigation on Garlicin Injectio for Treatment of Unstable Angina Pectoris and Its Actions on Plasma Endothelin and Blood Sugar Levels

To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of garlicin for treatment of unstable angina pectoris (UAP), garlicin injectio was intravenously dripped 60 mg/day in 34 cases for 10 days. Nitroglycerine was used in 21 cases of the control group. The results showed that the total effective rates in improving symptoms and electrocardiogram after garlicin treatment were respectively 82% and 62%, and that the plasma endothelin and blood sugar levels were markedly lowered in cases with hyperglycemia.

基于神经网络算法的蒜秸秆蒜素提取工艺优化

以山东莱芜白皮蒜秸秆为主要原料,以蒜素主要成分二烯丙基二硫醚含量为指标,考察提取时间、提取温度、液料比3个因素对蒜秸秆蒜素提取效果的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,进行响应面优化试验,通过反向传播神经网络和遗传算法,对优化试验结果进行模拟分析并寻优,结果表明:蒜秸秆蒜素提取最优工艺为提取温度38.5℃,提取时间1.5 h,液料比2.4∶1。在该工艺下蒜素主要成分二烯丙基二硫醚含量为657.21μg/mL。

大蒜活性成分提取优化及对直肠功能影响的研究

为优化大蒜活性成分大蒜素和大蒜多糖的提取工艺,并对直肠功能影响进行初步探究。通过单因素实验结果进行正交组合设计,确定溶剂、料液比、温度和时间对提取大蒜活性成分的影响,通过小鼠直肠切片观察大蒜活性成分对小鼠直肠组织形态结构的影响。结果表明:大蒜素最佳提取条件为料液比1∶8(g∶m L)、80%乙醇85℃下提取2次,2.0 h/次,大蒜多糖最佳提取条件为料液比1∶8(g∶mL)、60%乙醇65℃下提取2次,1.0 h/次,该条件下提取的大蒜素和大蒜多糖含量理论最大值分别为50.36和479.47 mg/g,与实际值50.23和480.90 mg/g基本一致;药物组有明显的直肠功能改善。大蒜活性成分的最佳提取工艺可靠,大蒜素和大蒜多糖可使直肠损伤小鼠的绒毛长度、隐窝深度得以显著性提高,改善小鼠的消化吸收能力。

紫皮大蒜多酚分离纯化及体外降血糖活性研究

研究以新鲜紫皮大蒜为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验对紫皮大蒜多酚提取工艺进行研究。结果表明,紫皮大蒜多酚最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数60%、料液比1∶5、提取时间40 min、提取温度30℃,此时紫皮大蒜多酚提取量为2.92 mg/g。利用XDA-7大孔树脂纯化紫皮大蒜多酚,并研究其体外降血糖活性。纯化条件为紫皮大蒜多酚浓度2.5 mg/mL,吸附时间2 h;解吸时间1 h,乙醇溶液作为解吸液,解吸液浓度为60%,pH为5.0,纯化后的紫皮大蒜多酚含量为5.32 mg/g,提高了1.82倍。以阿卡波糖为阳性对照组,研究了紫皮大蒜对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的抑制作用。结果表明,紫皮大蒜多酚对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度IC50值分别为5.076 mg/mL和5.501 mg/mL,紫皮大蒜多酚可以通过抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性从而达到降血糖的作用。

黑蒜类黑精提取、结构分析及功能活性研究进展

黑蒜是由大蒜发酵产生的,因为发酵过程中的美拉德反应,让黑蒜含有大量的类黑精,类黑精的生物活性则让黑蒜拥有了更高的营养价值。近年来,类黑精的研究在国内外引起了极大的关注。然而,对黑蒜类黑精的提取、结构分析和功能特性的研究仍然很少。因此,本文对黑蒜类黑精的提取、结构和功能的研究进展进行综述,对黑蒜类黑精研究的现状和局限性进行了全面的总结和分析,以期为黑蒜类黑精潜在应用的进一步开发和探索提供有价值的参考和见解。类黑精的提取主要有水提法、有机溶剂提取法、尺寸排阻色谱法、大孔吸附树脂法等方法。而在结构方面,研究人员利用光谱和质谱技术研究了黑蒜类黑精的结构特征。黑蒜类黑精的功能特性则主要从其抗氧化活性、抗肥胖作用及其改善肠道微生物群的潜力等方面进行了探索。虽然在这些领域已经取得了重大进展,但对黑蒜类黑精的其他潜在功能活性的研究却很少,可以参照其他来源类黑精的研究朝着抗菌、抗肿瘤方向深入探索。

超声波大蒜提取物抑菌性及挥发性成分分析

以乙醇为提取剂,采用超声波辅助提取大蒜,考察了不同条件下(乙醇浓度、超声波提取时间、温度、料液比)大蒜提取物对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用。实验结果表明,不同条件下的大蒜提取物对3种细菌的抑制作用不同。在超声波提取时间25 min、乙醇浓度80%、温度25℃、料液比1∶10的条件下,大蒜提取物对大肠杆菌的抑制作用最大;在超声波提取时间10 min、乙醇浓度75%、温度30℃、料液比1∶20的条件下,大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最大;在超声波提取时间30 min、乙醇浓度75%、温度20℃、料液比1∶30的条件下,大蒜提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用最大。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪,对温度30℃、料液比1∶20、乙醇浓度75%、超声波提取时间30 min条件下大蒜浸出物中的挥发性成分进行测定,其成分多达27种以上,主要是酸、酯、酮、烯、硫等化合物,其中硫化物占总化合物成分的9%。该研究为大蒜的有关研究提供了一定参考。

黑蒜类黑精的超声提取工艺优化及其稳定性和抗氧化性研究

以黑蒜为原料,采用超声法提取黑蒜中的类黑精,并对提取工艺条件进行优化。选取乙醇体积分数、料液比、超声时间和超声温度四个影响因素进行单因素实验,在此基础上,采用正交试验优化最佳提取工艺,同时对黑蒜类黑精的稳定性和抗氧化活性进行研究。结果表明,超声法提取黑蒜类黑精的最佳工艺参数为:乙醇体积分数为10%、料液比为1:7、超声时间为40 min、超声温度为70℃,此条件下得率为3.465%。稳定性研究结果表明,温度高于50℃时,类黑精稳定性不好,而-15℃冷冻和4℃冷藏条件下,类黑精呈现较好的稳定性。氧化剂H2O2和还原剂Na2SO3、甜味剂、暗光对黑蒜类黑精稳定性无显著影响,直射光、酸味剂、强酸pH2~4和弱碱pH8~10,则会使其稳定性降低,而金属离子Zn2+和Fe2+会与其发生络合反应。质量分数小于2%时的山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠会降低类黑精的稳定性,而0.05%的苯甲酸钠和0.1%的山梨酸钾对类黑精稳定性影响很小,可作为类黑精食品的防腐剂。黑蒜类黑精的DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率与浓度呈正相关,原提取液稀释10倍时(0.842 mg/mL),分别高达92%和76%,说明黑蒜类黑精有较强的抗氧化性。超声提取有利于类黑精的溶出,节约提取时间,提取率高,提取的类黑精抗氧化性强,具有较大的应用前景。

大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌抑制作用的初步研究

本研究采用研磨法、萃取法和索式提取法制备大蒜提取物,采用滤纸片法抑菌实验,探究大蒜提取物在不同条件下对烟草青枯菌的抑制影响。实验结果表明:一是采用不同方法获得大蒜提取物,索式提取法获得的大蒜提取物抑菌作用最佳;二是体积分数影响大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌的抑制效果,抑菌效果随着提取物体积分数升高而增强;三是梯度温度下大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌有抑制作用,温度在15℃~25℃范围内时,抑菌效果随温度升高而增强,温度为30℃时,抑菌效果略微减弱;四是梯度pH值下大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌有抑制作用,在弱酸性(pH=6.0)至偏碱性(pH=8.0~10.0)时,大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌抑制效果明显,当pH<6.0时,大蒜提取物对烟草青枯菌基本无抑制效果。

大蒜秸秆提取工艺响应面法优化及粗提物杀螨毒力测定

为加强对农田废弃物大蒜秸秆的综合利用,应用不同有机溶剂对大蒜秸秆进行粗提,不同溶剂的提取效果评价及对提取液进行杀螨活性测定。以提取温度、时间、次数、料液比为影响因素,大蒜秸秆粗提物的质量为结果指标进行单因素试验并采用响应面法对提取工艺进行优化。结果显示以95%乙醇作为提取剂的粗提物质量为3.54 g,比丙酮、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、石油醚、乙醚提取剂的效果更好,大蒜秸秆提取物具有杀螨活性。由响应面分析得到最佳提取温度为33℃,提取时间为50 min,提取次数为5次,料液比为1:10,由最佳工艺得到的粗提物溶出量为3.68 g。以二斑叶螨和山楂叶螨供试昆虫,进行室内毒力测定,结果显示对二斑叶螨的LC50为5.9403 g/L,对山楂叶螨的LC50为5.1001 g/L,经过提取工艺优化的大蒜秸秆粗提物表现出良好的杀螨活性。为农田废弃物大蒜秸杆的综合利用提供了参考和借鉴。