Magnetic Properties of Y_3-2xCa_2xFe_5-xV_xO₁₂Garnets

A comprehensive study of the magnetic properties of Y3-2xCa2xFe5-xVxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has been performed. The garnet ferrites samples were prepared by the ceramic technique, and X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the formation of single cubic phase. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and a superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID) were used to measure the magnetic properties, especially the magnetization and thermo-magnetic behavior. The magnetization curves exhibit the typical characteristics of ferrimagnetic materials at both 4.2 K and at room temperature. The samples have a low coercivities (between 20 and 40 Oe) and saturation magnetizations as high as 36 emu/g at 4.2 K. The saturation magnetization decreases with V and Ca contents, reaching about 8 emu/g at 4.2 K (x = 1). For all samples, the saturation magnetization decreases with increasing temperature, whereas the Curie temperature increases for small values of x, from 557 K for x = 0 to a maximum of 590 K for x = 0.2. For larger values of x, it decreases and reaches 525 K for x = 1.0. The basic experimental trends reflect the occupancy of the tetrahedral 24d sites by vanadium in combination with the predominant intersublattice exchange constant Jad, although the nonzero magnetization at x = 1.0 indicates that about 10% of the substituted V atoms goes onto the octahedral 16a sites.

The Discovery of Phlogopite Exsolution Lamellae in Garnets of Eclogite Inclusions, Liaoning Province

In No. 50 kimberlite pipe of Fuxian County, Liaoning Province, an eclogite inclusion(nodule), which is extremely rare in kimberlites, was discovered and phlogopite exsolutionlamellae were found in garnets of the inclusion. Microscopic, TEM and energy spectral observa-tions and studies confirmed that these lamellae are phlogopite. They are colourless and acicularin section, generally 0.5-5μm in width and 10-100μm in length. Nevertheless, fine lamellae,0.05-0.1μm wide and 1-2μm long, are also well developed. Along [111] of the garnet, three setsof phlogopite lamellae show oriented arrangement approximately at angles of 60°-70°, indi-cating that these lamellae might be the product of exsolution from garnet as a result ofpressure-release when eclogite ascended from the relatively deep level to the relatively shallowlevel of the mantle. Tiny acicular exsolution minerals (or inclusions) are commonly found ingarnet and pyroxene in eclogite inclusions of kimberlites all over the world and it has been re-ported that the identified exsolution minerals include pyroxene and rutile. This is the first timethat phlogopite exsolution lamillae were found in eclogite inclusions in the world.

Microstructural Features of Garnets in Jadeite Quartzite from Dabie Mountains, China

Garnet is an important rock forming mineral of high pressure and ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks. Its popular isomorphism complicates its chemical composition and crystal structure. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and the high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) are used in this work to study the microstructures and ultrastructures of garnets in the jadeite quartzite from Dabie Mountains, China. The microstructures of the garnet occur mainly as free dislocations, dislocation walls, stacking faults, dislocation networks and sub grain boundaries. The dislocation density is ρ=n ×10 8/cm 2 ( n =1.7—7.5) and the deformation mechanism is the dislocation glide and dynamic recovery. The superstructures of the garnet crystal revealed by HREM occur mainly as dislocations, faults, domain structures and lattice deformations, indicating the strong stress during the formation of the jadeite quartzite.

Synthesis and Ferrimagnetic Behaviour of Mn Doped Rare Earth Iron Garnets

Rare earth iron garnets R3Fe5-xMnxO12（R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu） were prepared through mild hydrothermal me- thod. The initial alkalinity of solutions was thought to play an important role in governing the content of Mn. The effect of substitution Fe^3＋ ions by Mn^3＋ ions on magnetic properties was investigated. The saturation magnetizations of Mn-doped samples are larger than that of corresponding parent compounds due to the moment of Mn^3＋ ion being smaller than that of Fe^3＋. It is clearly shown that incorporation of Mn^3＋ gives rise to significant variations in the Curie temperature. With increasing of Mn content x, Curie temperatures reduced sharply for the garnets, which could be explained by the exchange interaction between a-d Fe^3＋ being reduced in these compounds.

Hydrothermal Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Iron Garnets Sm_3Fe_5O_(12) and Eu_3Fe_5O_(12)

The rare earth iron garnets R3Fe5O12（R=Sm, Eu） were synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions, and their crystal growth was found to be sensitive to alkalinity, reaction temperature and time. The as-prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, infrared spectra（IR） and Raman spectrum. The M vs. H loops and magnetic parameters have been traced with a vibrating sample magnetometer（VSM） and superconducting quantum interference devices（SQUIDs） magnetometer. We proposed the formation mechanisms and formulated a reasonable explanation for their growth habits. Different morphologic characteristics were observed by changing alkalinity in the reaction systems. The magnetic studies gave saturation magnetization（Ms） and Curie temperature（TC）. The magnetic behaviors of Sm3Fe5O12 and Eu3Fe5O12 in mild hydrothermal systems are comparable with those in high temperature solid state reactions.

Tectonic evolution of the Karakoram metamorphic complex(NW Himalayas)reflected in the 3D structures of spiral garnets:Insights from X-ray computed micro-tomography

Spiral garnet porphyroblasts are known to record lengthy periods of deformation and metamorphism by preserving single or multiple FIAs(Foliation Intersection Axis)formed normal to tectonic shortening directions.Thanks to technological advances in X-ray computed micro-tomography(XCMT),FIAs can now be readily determined in relatively large samples in contrast to previous methods that require the preparation of a set of radial vertical and horizontal thin sections of samples.XCMT scanning not only alleviates tedious thin section based procedures but also illuminates the complete internal architecture of a rock sample allowing three-dimensional(3D)quantitative shape analysis of an individual porphyroblast as well as precise measurement of FIAs.We applied the technique to a sample from the Hunza Valley in the Karakoram metamorphic complex(KMC),NW Himalayas,containing numerous garnet porphyroblasts with spiral-shaped inclusion trails.The XCMT imaging reveals an E-W trending FIA within the sample,which is consistent with orthogonal N-S collision of the India-Kohistan Island Arc with Asia.Garnet long axes(X_(GT))have variable plunges that define a broad sub-vertical maximum and a small sub-horizontal maximum.The X_(GT) principle maxima lie at N-090 and N-120.Smaller maxima lie at N-020 and N-340.Geometric relationships between X_(GT) axes and FIA orientation in the sample suggest that porphyroblast shapes are controlled by the geometry of the lens-shaped microlithons in which they tend to nucleate and grow.The orientation of inclusion trails and matrix foliations in the sample are correlated with three discrete tectono-metamorphic events that respectively produced andalusite,sillimanite and kyanite in the KMC.Late staurolite growth in the sample reveals how the rocks extruded to the surface via a significant role of roll-on tectonics,which can be correlated with the Central Himalayas.

Chemical composition of oscillatory zoned garnets from the largescale Mengya'a Pb–Zn skarn deposit: implications for fluid physicochemical conditions and formation

The Mengya’a Lead–zinc deposit is a large skarn deposit in the north of the eastern segment of Gangdese metallogenic belt.The garnet is the main altered mineral in the Mengya’a area.The color of the garnet varies from chartreuse to dark yellow brown and to russet.The brown garnet(Grt1)is related to pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite,and the green garnet(Grt2)is associated with lead–zinc mineralization.LA-ICP-MS is the induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry.This paper has used this technique to investigate Grt1 and Grt2.Grt1 develops core–rim textures with strong oscillation zone occurring in rim,whereas Grt2lacks core–rim textures and featured by oscillation zone.LA–ICP–MS analysis shows that garnets of Mengya’a are rich in CaO(29.90–37.52%)and FeO(21.17–33.35%),but low in Al_(2)O_(3)(0.05–4.85%).The calculated end members belong to grandite(grossular–andradite)garnets andradite.The negative Al(IV)versus Fe^(3+),positive Al(IV)versus total Al stoichiometric number,the positive Al(IV)versus Fe^(3+),and the negative Al(IV)versus total REE,all indicate that the substitution of REEs in garnets is controlled by YAG.All Garnets are depleted in large lithophile elements(e.g.,Rb=0.00–4.01 ppm,Sr=0.03–8.56 ppm).The total REE in Grt1 core is high(ΣREE=233–625 ppm),with HREE enriched pattern(LREE/HREE=0.33–1.69)and weak negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.21–0.47).In contrast,the total REEs in the Grt1 rim and Grt2 are low(ΣREE=12.4–354 ppm;ΣREE=21.0–65.3 ppm),with LREE enriched pattern(LREE/HREE=0.54–34.4;LREE/HREE=11.4–682)and positive Eu anomalies(δEu=0.35–27.2;δEu=1.02–30.7).After data compilation of garnet chemicals,we found that the early fluid responsible for the core of Grt1 was a relatively closed and chloride-depleted fluid system.It was close-to-neutral,with a low water–rock ratio.The core of garnet was formed by fluid diffusion in metasomatic processes.The fluid was changed into a relatively open system with reduced,chloride-rich,and weakacid fluid.It was fluid infiltration and metasomatism that resulted in the formation of Grt1 rim and Grt2.

Electromagneto-Optical Scanning of the Magnetic Domains Local Areas of Bismuth-Substituted Yttrium Iron Garnets

Magneto-electric properties of the magnetic domains local areas of bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet films are investigated. The electromagneto-optical (EMO) scanning method was used in our experiments when probing by laser beam various sites of separate magnetic domains of the film. Registered in our experiments the nonlinear and linear components of EMO effect does not remain to constants at optical scanning of various points of the magnetic domain. I.e. the local EMOE picture from the separate sites of the domain must be more informative than an averaged one in the multidomain case.

Fe-Mn interdiffusion in aluminosilicate garnets

Precise determination of cation diffusivity in garnet can provide critical information for quantitatively understanding the timescales and thermodynamics of various geological processes,but very few studies have been performed for Fe-Mn interdiffusion.In this study,Fe-Mn interdiffusion rates in natural single crystals of Mn-bearing garnet with 750 ppm H2O are determined at 6 GPa and 1273-1573 K in a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus.Diffusion profiles were acquired by electron microprobe and fitted using Boltzmann-Matano equation.The experimental results show that the Fe-Mn interdiffusion coefficient(DFe-Mn)slightly decreases with increasing XFe.The experimentally determined DFe-Mn in Mn-bearing garnet can be fitted by the Arrhenius equation:DFe-Mn(m2/s)=D0XFenexp(-E*/RT),where E*=(1-XFe)E*Mn+XFeE*Fe,D0=8.06-6.04+9.87×10-9 m2/s,E*Mn=248±27 KJ/mol,E*Fe=226±59 KJ/mol,n=-1.36±0.51.The comparing the present results with previous experimental data suggest that water can greatly enhance the DFe-Mn in garnet.Our results indicate that the time required for homogenization of the compositional zoning of a garnet is much shorter than previously thought.

Compositions of Jurassic detrital garnets in Hefei Basin and its implication to provenance reconstruction and stratigraphic correlation

The compositions of Jurassic detrital garnets in Hefei Basin are complicated. Contents of the end member are from zero to 43% for pyrope, from less than 1% to 50% for grossular, from 2% to 92% for almandine, and from zero to 88% for spessartine. Part of relatively pyrope-rich detrital garnets might be originated from high pressure-ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks. Contents of spessartine in garnets from the present metamorphic rocks of the Dabie Mountains, including the greenschists of Foziling Group, are lower than 30%. Therefore, they would not be the source of the spessartine-rich detrital garnets in the Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the Hefei Basin. Chemical compositions of the Jurassic detrital garnets in the Hefei Basin have some characteristics in the distribution with strata, which can be applied to study of the sedimentary filling sequence and stratigraphic correlation.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of novel Ce^3＋-doped Yb3Al5-xGaxO12 garnets with very fast decay time

A novel series of Ce^3＋-doped Yb3 Al（5-x）GaxO（12）（x = 0, 1,2, 3,4, 5） powders of ytterbium aluminum gallium garnets were synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction in a carbon reducing atmosphere. The ytterbium aluminum garnets were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, photoluminescence spectra and decay curves. Moreover, the substitution effect for the Al^3＋ sites with Ga^3＋ in 0.5 at%Ce：Yb3 Al（5-x）GaxO（12）（x = 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5） garnets were discussed. With the increase of Ga^3＋ ion concentration, the visible absorption peaks within 400-450 nm have blue shift phenomenon,while the absorption peaks in the range of 330-350 nm and the absorption band edge red shifts.Furthermore, the short decay times are very short with less than 10 ns due to the Yb^3＋ ＋ Ce^3＋→ Yb^2＋ ＋ Ce^4＋ electron transfer reaction.

Recent advances in solving Li_(2)CO_(3) problems in garnet-based solid-state battery: A systematic review(2020-2023)

Garnet solid electrolytes are one of the most promising electrolytes for solid-state batteries.However,Li_(2)CO_(3) is a critical issue that hinders the practical application of garnet-based solid-state lithium-ion batteries.There are two sources of Li_(2)CO_(3) contamination.The main one is the aging of garnet electrolytes in the atmosphere.Garnet electrolytes can react with H_(2)O and CO_(2) in the air to form Li_(2)CO_(3),which reduces ion conductivity,increases electrode/garnet electrolyte interface resistance,and deteriorates the electrochemical performance of the battery.Various strategies,such as elemental doping,grain boundary manipulation,and interface engineering,have been suggested to address these issues.The other is the passivation layer(Li_(2)CO_(3),Li_3N,LiOH,Li_(2)O) formed on the surface of the lithium foil after long-term storage,which is ignored by most researchers.To better understand the current strategies and future trends to address the Li_(2)CO_(3) problem,this perspective provides a systematic review of journals published in this field from 2020-2023.

Garnet and Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geochemistry Reveal Genesis of the Dafang Au-Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit,Southern Hunan

Garnet is a primary mineral in skarn deposits and plays a significant role in recording copious mineralization and metallogenic information.This study systematically investigates the geochemistry and geochronology of garnet and zircon in the Dafang Au-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit,which represents prominent gold mineralization in southern Hunan,China.Garnet samples with distinct zoning patterns and compositional variations were identified using various analytical techniques,including Backscattered Electron(BSE)imaging,Cathodoluminescence(CL)response,textural characterization,and analysis of rare-earth elements(REE),major contents,and trace element compositions.The garnet was dated U-Pb dating,which yielded a lower intercept age of 161.06±1.93 Ma.This age is older than the underlying granodiorite porphyry,which has a concordia age of 155.13±0.95 Ma determined by zircon U-Pb dating.These results suggest that the gold mineralization may be related to the concealed granite.Two groups of garnet changed from depleted Al garnet to enriched Al garnet,and the rare earth element(REE)patterns of these groups were converted from light REE(LREE)-enriched and heavy REE(HREE)-depleted with positive europium(Eu)anomalies to medium REE(MREE)-enriched from core to rim zoning.The different REE patterns of garnet in various zones may be attributed to changes in the fluid environment and late superposition alteration.The development of distal skarn in the southern Hunan could be a significant indicator for identifying gold mineralization.

Fabrication of YAG:Ce^(3+) and YAG:Ce^(3+),Sc^(3+) Phosphors by Spark Plasma Sintering Technique

In this study,a single-doped phosphors yttrium aluminum garnet(Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12),YAG):Ce^(3+),single-doped YAG:Sc^(3+),and double-doped phosphors YAG:Ce^(3+),Sc^(3+) were prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS)(lower than 1 200℃).The characteristics of synthesized phosphors were determined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and fluorescence spectroscopy.During SPS,the lattice structure of YAG was maintained by the added Ce^(3+) and Sc^(3+).The emission wavelength of YAG:Ce^(3+) prepared from SPS(425-700 nm) was wider compared to that of YAG:Ce^(3+) prepared from high-temperature solid-state reaction(HSSR)(500-700 nm).The incorporation of low-dose Sc^(3+) in YAG:Ce^(3+) moved the emission peak towards the short wavelength.

Reasonable design a high-entropy garnet-type solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries

Traditional garnet solid electrolyte(Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12))suffers from low room temperature ionic conductivity,poor air stability,high sintering temperature and energy consumption.Considering the development prospects of high-entropy materials with high structural disorder and strong component controllability in the field of electrochemical energy storage,herein,a novel high-entropy garnet-type oxide solid electrolyte,Li_(5.75)Ga_(0.25)La_(3)Zr_(0.5)Ti_(0.5)Sn_(0.5)Nb_(0.5)O_(12)(LGLZTSNO)was constructed by partially replacing the Li and Zr sites in Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)with Ga and Ti/Sn/Nb elements,respectively.The experimental and density functional theory(DFT)calculation results show that the high-entropy LGLZTSNO electrolyte has preferable room temperature ion conductivity,air stability,interface contact performance with lithium anode,and the ability to suppress lithium dendrites.Thanks to the improvement of electrolyte performance,the critical current density of Li/Ag@LGLZTSNO/Li symmetric cell was increased from 0.42 to 1.57 mA cm^(−2),and the interface area specific impedance(IASR)was reduced from 765.2 to 42.3Ωcm^(2).Meanwhile,the Li/Ag@LGLZTSNO/LFP full cell also exhibits excellent rate performance and cycling performance(148 mA h g^(−1)at 0.1 C and 124 mA h g^(−1)at 0.5 C,capacity retention up to 84.8%after 100 cycles at 0.1 C),showing the application prospects of high-entropy LGLZTSNO solid electrolyte in high-performance all solid state lithium batteries.

Textural and chemical zoning in garnets related to mantle metasomatism and deformation processes

A few texturally-zoned garnets were found in a polymict peridotite (JJG1414) from the Cretaceous kimberlite, Kimberley South Africa. The systematic analyses of electron and ion microprobe as well as laser fluorination technique reveal the existencal of marked elemental and oxygen isotopic zonation in these gamed. corresponding to the textural zonation. The rims are normally enriched in Ca, Ti, Cr, LREE. Sr, Nb, and depleted in Mg, Al and 18O. It is demonstrated that these gamats were infiltrated by melts/fiuids, probably representing the disequilibrated products of fluid-asssted mantle deformation.

Major and trace element studies on garnets from Palaeozoic kimberlite-borne mantle xenoliths and megacrysts from the North China craton

Palaeozoic kimberlites from Mengyin, Shandong and Fuxian, Liaoning, eastern China, contain plenty of mantle xenoliths (peridotites, eclogites) and megacrystic minerals. In-situ electron and ion microprobe analyses on garnets from these xenoliths and megacrysts as well as relevant theoretical modeling reveal that these garnets were more or less affected by kimberlitic silicate melts prior to the encapsulation, in which eclogitic garnet from Fuxian, Liaoning Province, was little affected by mantle metasomatism, representing the primitive depleted mantle composition. In contrast, garnet from Mengyin, Shandong Province, and all megacrystic garnets were completely modified by metasomatic melts/fluids and reached perfectly chemical equilibrium, thus reflecting the characteristics of the enriched mantle. It is inferred that old lithospheric mantle beneath the North China craton was fairly strongly modified by metasomatism before Palaeozoic kimberlite emplacement.

An Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Metafelsic Rocks:Constraints on the Feature of Anatectic Melts and the Origin of Garnets in Collisional Orogens

Crustal anatexis in continental subduction zones has great bearing on chemical differentiation of the continental crust at convergent plate boundaries.This was experimentally investigated for ultrahigh-pressure(UHP)metafelsic rocks at 0.5-3.0 GPa and 650-900℃.The results show that partial melting begins at about 750℃ when pressure drops from 3.0 to 2.0 GPa,corresponding to decompressional exhumation of the deeply subducted continental crust.As the pressure further decreases to 1.0 GPa,the partial melting degree reaches the maximum of~25%at 900℃.Partial melts produced in these experiments are rich in silica and alkali,and poor in iron,manganese and magnesium.As the degree of partial melting increases,the composition of partial melts gradually converges toward homogeneous one.In the absence of free water,the partial melting of metafelsic rocks were triggered by the breakdown of hydrous minerals.At low temperatures of~750℃at 1.0-2.0 GPa,phengite dehydration melting occurs at first,giving rise to small amounts of felsic melts and peritectic K-feldspar.As the temperature rises up to 850-900℃,biotite begins to break down and gives rise to large amounts of felsic melts and peritectic minerals such as garnet,K-feldspar and orthopyroxene.It is noted that peritectic garnet is much different from anatectic garnet crystallized from anatectic melts and metamorphic garnet formed through metamorphic dehydration reaction under subsolidus conditions.The peritectic garnet is characterized not only by anhedral shapes with many multiphase crystal inclusions but also by compositions poor in spessartine and grossular but rich in almandine and pyrope.On the other hand,the anatectic garnets are characterized not only by euhedral shapes with few inclusions but also by compositions rich in grossular and spessartine but poor in almandine and pyrope.These observations provide experimental constraints on the origin of garnets in UHP metamorphic rocks,which have great bearing on understanding of anatectic metamorphism in collisional orogens.

Magnetooptics of non-Kramers Eu^(3+) ions in garnets:analysis complemented by crystal-field splitting modeling calculations

Spectra of absorption, luminescence, magnetic circular dichroism （MCD）, and magnetic circular polarization of lumines- cence （MCPL） in Gd3Ga5O12：Eu3＋ and Eu3Ga3O12 garnets were studied within the visible spectral range at 300 K. Analysis of the spectral and temperature dependences of the magnetooptical and optical spectra made it possible to identify the magneto-dipole （MD） and electro-dipole （ED） 4f→4f transitions occurring between Stark sublevels of the 7FJ （J=1, 2） and 5D0 multiplets in Eua＋-containing garnet structures. Quantum mechanical ＂mixing＂ had significant influence on quasi-degenerate states of the non-Kramers rare-earth Eu3＋ ion for Eu3GasOl2 in MCD due to forbidden MD transition 7F1→SD0 and for GdaGasOiE：EU3＋ in MCPL due to MD 4f→4f transition 5Do→7F1 and forced ED-transition 5Do→7F2. A parameterized Hamiltonian defined to operate within the entire 4f（6） ground electronic configuration of Eu3＋ ion was used to model the experimental Stark levels, including their irreducible rep- resentations and wavefunctions. The crystal-field parameters were determined through a Monte-Carlo method in which nine in- dependent crystal-field parameters, Bkq, were given random starting values and optimized using standard least-squares fitting between calculated and experimental levels. The final fitting standard deviation between 57 calculated-to-experimental levels was 0.73 meV.

Dual-interlayers constructed by Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/ionic-liquid for enhanced performance of solid garnet batteries

Li(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO) solid garnet-type electrolyte has been widely reported due to its outstanding safety and electrochemical stability.However,the inherent rigidity and brittleness of LLZTO lead to poor contact with anode/cathode and the operation failure of full cells.Herein,the dual-interlayers are constructed as the fast interfacial ion-migration channel by using Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(MXene,Txis-O,-OH,-F) with trace ionic liquid(IL),which promote the intimate contact between LLZTO and anode/cathode and suppress Li-dendrites growth.Notably,IL can wet the cathode to promote intimate interface contact and be decomposed into some inorganic compounds(such as Li3N,LiF,and Li2Sx),resulting in reduced interfacial resistance and fast Li-ion transportation.Consequently,in the prepared Li-symmetric cell,the interfacial resistance on the anode side plunges to 33.1 Ω cm^(-2),and stably maintains over 1000 h without short circuit at 0.05 mA cm^(-2).The full cell of Li|LiFePO4delivers a high initial capacity of 158.52 mA h g^(-1)and outstanding retention of 90.18% after 100 cycles at 60℃ and 0.2 C.Our work provides an efficient strategy to design dual-interlayers between LLZTO and anode/cathode for the interfacial modification to enhance the performance of solid garnet batteries.