Selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in water over Pd catalysts supported on Amberlyst-45

A series of Pd catalysts were prepared on different supports（Fe2O3,SiO2,ZnO,MgO,Al2O3,carbon,and Amberlyst-45） and used in the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in water.The Amberlyst-45 supported Pd catalyst（Pd/A-45） was highly active and selective under mild conditions（40-100 ℃,0.2-1 MPa）,giving a selectivity of cyclohexanone higher than 89%even at complete conversion of phenol.Experiments with different Pd loadings（or different particle sizes） confirmed that the formation of cyclohexanone was a structure sensitive reaction,and Pd particles of12-14 nm on Amberlyst-45 gave better selectivity and stability.

The critical role of Zr in controlling the activity of Pd/Beta on the hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone

The promoting effect of zirconium addition on Pd/Beta catalysts has been investigated in the selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone in the aqueous phase. The activity of the catalyst in the reaction was greatly improved by introducing Zr atoms into the framework of H-Beta zeolite. An important synergy between the Zr species and Pd, affecting the Pd dispersion state on the support, has been observed. The modification of the support with Zr^(4+) improves the Lewis/Brφnsted acid ratio of the catalyst, suppressing the further transformation of cyclohexanone. The kinetics of Pd/Zr-Beta catalyst showed high selectivity to cyclohexanone. The catalytic results showed that the Pd/Zr-Beta had the best catalytic performance at the desired temperature of 80℃ for 5 h.

Phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone over palladium nanoparticles loaded on charming activated carbon adjusted by facile heat treatment

Selective phenol hydrogenation is a green approach to produce cyclohexanone.It still remains a big challenge to prepare efficient supports of the catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation via a simple and cost-effective approach.Herein,a facile approach was developed,i.e.,direct calcination of activated carbon(AC)under argon at high temperature,to improve its structure and surface properties.The modified AC materials were supported with Pd nanoparticles(NPs)to fabricate the Pd/C catalysts.The as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance in the phenol hydrogenation,and its turnover frequency(TOF)value is 199.2 h^-1,1.31 times to that of Pd/C-raw.The Pd/C600 catalyst presents both better hydrophobicity and more structural defects,contributing to the improved dispersibility in the reaction solution(phenol-cyclohexane),the better Pd dispersion and the smaller Pd size,which result in the enhancement of the catalytic performance.Furthermore,the as-prepared Pd/C600 catalyst shows a good recyclability.

Nb_(2)O_(5)promoted Pd/AC catalyst for selective phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone

Phenol hydrogenation is a green route to prepare cyclohexanone,an intermediate for the production of nylon 66 and nylon 6.The development of high-performance catalysts still keeps a great challenge.Herein,the activated carbon(AC)was modified with an acidic material Nb_(2)O_(5)to adjust the microstructure and surface properties of AC,and the influences of the calcination temperature and Nb_(2)O_(5)content on the catalytic performance of the Pd/AC-Nb_(2)O_(5)catalysts for the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone were investigated.The Nb_(2)O_(5)with proper content can be highly uniformly distributed on the AC surface,enhancing the acidity of the Pd/AC-Nb_(2)O_(5)catalysts with comparable specific surface area and Pd dispersion,thereby improving the catalytic activity.The hybrid Pd/AC-10 Nb_(2)O_(5)-500 catalyst exhibits the synergistic effect between the Pd nanoparticles and AC-10 Nb_(2)O_(5),which enhances the catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of phenol.Furthermore,the as-prepared Pd/AC-10 Nb_(2)O_(5)-500 catalyst shows good reusability during 7 reaction cycles.

HYDROGENATION OF PHENOL AND CRESOLS CATALYZED BY CHITOSAN SUPPORTED PALLADIUM COMPLEX AT MILD CONDITIONS

A natural polymer catalyst, silica-supported chitosan palladium complex (abbr. as SiO2-CS-Pd) was found to catalyze the hydrogenation of phenol and cresols to corresponding cyclohexanones in high yield and 100% selectivity at 70 degrees C and 1.01325 x 10(5) Pa mild conditions. N/Pd molar ratio in the complex, temperature and solvents have much influence on the reaction. The reactivity order of reactants was found to be: phenol >m->p->o- The catalyst is stable during the reaction and could be repeatedly used for several times without much decrease in its catalytic activity.

Towards the selectivity distinction of phenol hydrogenation on noble metal catalysts

Selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is intriguing in chemical industry.Though a few catalysts with promising performances have been developed in recent years,the basic principle for catalyst design is still missing owing to the unclear catalytic mechanism.This work tries to unravel the mechanism of phenol hydro-genation and the reasons causing the selectivity discrepancy on noble metal catalysts under mild conditions.Results show that different reaction pathways always firstly converge to the formation of cyclohexanone under mild conditions.The selectivity discrepancy mainly depends on the activity for cyclohexanone sequential hy-drogenation,in which two factors are found to be responsible,i.e.the hydrogenation energy barrier and the competitive chemisorption between phenol and cyclohexanone,if the specific co-catalyzing effect of H 2 O on Ru is not considered.Based on the above results,a quantitative descriptor,E b(one/pl)/E a,in which E a can be further correlated to the d band center of the noble metal catalyst,is proposed by the first time to roughly evaluate and predict the selectivity to cyclohexanone for catalyst screening.

Study of the role of alkaline sodium additive in selective hydrogenation of phenol

The selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone is an important process in the chemical industry.However,achieving high selectivity at high conversion rates is highly challenging,particularly under continuous reaction conditions.Here,we found that the presence of Na alkaline additives(NaX,X=CO3^2–,HCO^3–,or OH^–)on Pd/Al2O3 not only promoted the phenol conversion from 8.3%to>99%but also increased the cyclohexanone selectivity from 89%to>97%during the continuous hydrogenation of phenol on a fixed bed reactor.After 1200 h of continuous reaction,no activity or selectivity attenuation was observed and the turnover number was approximately 2.9×10^5.Density functional theory calculations,spectroscopic,and dynamics studies demonstrated that the addition of NaX greatly promoted phenol adsorption and hydrogen activation,thereby improving catalytic activity.Simultaneously,the formation of a“-C=O-Na-”intermediate inhibited the excessive hydrogenation and intermolecular coupling of cyclohexanone,leading to high selectivity.

CATALYTIC BEHAVIOR OF A SILICA-SUPPORTED POLYTITAZANE-PLATINUM COMPLEX FOR THE HYDROGENATION OF PHENOL

A new kind of inorganic polymer, viz, silica-supported polytitazane (Ti-N), and its platinum complex (Ti-N-Pt) were prepared. Cyclohexanone can be obtained in a maximum yield of about 62.2% in the hydrogenation of phenol over Ti-N-Pt at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. The effects of mole ratio of N/Pt in the complex, concentration of the catalyst and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity and selectivity have been studied. The complex can be reused several times without loss in its catalytic activity.

Pd/TiN nanocomposite catalysts for selective hydrogenation of phenol and its derivatives

Pd/TiN nanocomposite catalysts were fabricated for one-step selective hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone successfully. High conversion of phenol （99%） and selectivity of cyclohexanone （98%） were obtained at 30 ℃ and 0.2 MPa H2 for 12 h in the mixed solvents of H20 and CH2C12. The Pd nanoparticles were stable in the reaction, and no aggregation was detected after four successive runs. The catalytic activity and selectivity depended on slightly the Pd particle sizes. The generality of the catalysts for this reaction was demonstrated by the selective hydrogenation of phenol derivatives, which showed that the catalyst was selective for the formation of cyclohexanone.

Ba修饰的Pd/Al_2O_3对苯酚液相原位加氢制环己酮反应的催化性能

利用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同助剂修饰的Pd/Al2O3催化剂,并考察了催化剂对苯酚液相原位加氢制环己酮反应的催化性能.结果表明,Ba-Pd/Al2O3对苯酚液相原位加氢反应有较优的催化性能.当w(Ba)=3%时,苯酚转化率可比Pd/Al2O3催化剂提高近2倍.在优化的反应条件下,苯酚转化率可达100%,环己酮收率可达80%.利用透射电子显微镜、CO化学吸附、X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附和CO2程序升温脱附等手段表征了不同Ba含量的Pd/Al2O3催化剂的物理化学性质.结果表明,Ba的添加可明显提高Pd在Al2O3表面的分散度,同时增强了催化剂表面的碱性.这是Ba-Pd/Al2O3对苯酚液相原位加氢制环己酮反应具有较优催化性能的重要原因.

载体对钯催化剂催化苯酚加氢制环己酮性能的影响

分别以MgO,-γAl2O3和镁铝水滑石(HT)为载体,PdCl2为活性金属前驱体,采用等体积浸渍法制得Pd质量分数为0.5%的Pd/MgO,Pd/Al2O3和Pd/HT催化剂,考察了它们对苯酚加氢制环己酮的催化活性和选择性.采用X射线衍射、N2吸附、H2程序升温脱附、CO2程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱等手段对这些催化剂进行了表征,并与催化活性和选择性关联.实验结果表明,载体的平均孔径越大,催化剂的表面Pd含量越高,催化剂表面的碱中心越多,则越有利于氢和苯酚在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高苯酚的转化率和环己酮选择性.在反应温度为130℃,H2与苯酚摩尔比为4,LHSV为0.19 h-1的条件下,0.5%Pd/HT催化剂上苯酚的转化率可达90%,环己酮的选择性可达97%以上.

Pd-Ce-B/水滑石催化液相苯酚选择性加氢制环己酮

以Al3+/(Al3++Mg2+)摩尔比为0.2的水滑石(HT)为载体,采用还原浸渍法制备了负载型Pd-Ce-B/HT催化剂,并将其应用于液相苯酚选择性加氢制环己酮.与Pd-Ce-B/Al2O3,Pd-Ce-B/MgO和Pd-Ce-B/SiO2相比,Pd-Ce-B/HT催化剂具有高活性和高环己酮选择性.5.8%Pd-Ce-B/HT上苯酚的转化率和环己酮的选择性分别达82.0%和80.3%,显示了其潜在的工业化应用前景.根据多种表征结果,初步讨论了催化剂的构效关系以及添加剂Ce3+和载体酸碱性对催化性能的促进作用.

苯酚液相原位加氢合成环己酮和环己醇

基于吸热的甲醇水相重整制氢反应和放热的苯酚液相催化加氢反应使用相同类型的催化剂,比较接近的反应温度和压力,且都在液相状态下进行的特点,提出在RaneyNi催化剂的作用下,将甲醇水相重整制氢反应产生的氢气原位地应用于苯酚加氢合成环己酮和环己醇的反应,实现了水相重整制氢和液相催化加氢两个反应的耦合。消除了传统方法中需要专门的氢气制备、存储和输送等环节,简化了工艺、降低了生产成本。通过这两个反应的耦合,甲醇水相重整过程中甲醇转化率和氢气选择性都得到明显提高;同时,在RaneyNi催化剂作用下实现了苯酚的高选择性还原(环己酮和环己醇总选择性达99%以上),比传统的氢气还原法具有更好的效果。

4-正戊基环己酮的合成

以骨架镍催化 4 -正戊基苯酚加氢得到 4 -正戊基环己醇 ,再经氧化作用合成了 4 -正戊基环己酮 。

Pd-AlCl_3-凹土催化剂催化苯酚选择性加氢制环己酮

以凹凸棒石黏土为载体,采用浸渍还原和回流吸附负载Pd和AlCl3制备Pd-AlCl3-PAL加氢催化剂,并用于苯酚选择性加氢制环己酮。采用XRD、EDX、TEM对催化剂进行了表征,考察AlCl3、Pd含量以及反应时间和温度对苯酚加氢制环己酮的影响。结果表明:AlCl3的引入和Pd含量的增加可增加催化剂的活性,提高产物环己酮选择性。反应温度的提高可能导致溶剂挥发带走苯酚,其苯酚转化率下降。反应时间的延长并没有显著提高苯酚转化率,反而产生环己醇使环己酮选择性下降。适宜的反应条件为Pd含量5%,反应温度50℃,反应时间1.5h,此时催化剂活性最好,苯酚转化率为98.45%,环己酮选择性可达到94.77%。

苯酚加氢研究进展

环己酮/环己醇是重要的化工原料,是生产大宗商品尼龙6和尼龙66的重要中间体.苯酚加氢法制取环己酮和环己醇,因具有能耗低、原子经济性好、选择性好等特点而被研究工作者广泛研究.本文主要介绍了苯酚的加氢机理,综述了该反应中不同种类的金属催化剂,总结了其在苯酚加氢制取环己醇和环己酮反应的最新研究进展,并指出了苯酚加氢反应存在的问题和发展方向.

Ni-Cu-Ce-B/γ-Al_2O_3对苯酚选择性加氢制备环己酮的催化性能研究

以NiCl_2、Cu(NO_3)_2、Ce(NO_3)_3为原料,采用等体积浸渍法和KBH4还原法制备Ni-Cu-Ce-B/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,研究了其催化苯酚选择性加氢制备环己酮的反应性能。考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间、液时空速、氢气/苯酚体积比、催化剂用量、不同助剂对反应活性和选择性的影响,通过正交实验筛选出了最佳的反应条件。结果表明,在反应温度为150℃、反应压力为1.0 MPa、反应时间为1.5 h、液时空速为2.0 h^(-1)、氢气/苯酚体积比为50/1时,反应活性达48.21%,反应选择性达29.16%。助剂Cu、Ce的加入和催化剂显碱性都有利于生成环己酮。

非晶态Ni-Cu-Ce-B催化剂的表征及其苯酚加氢表面作用机理

以NiCl2、Cu(NO3)2、Ce(NO3)3为原料,KBH4为还原剂,采用浸渍法和化学还原法制备了负载型和非负载型Ni-Cu-Ce-B非晶态催化剂,通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、物理吸附仪(BET法)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。以苯酚加氢制备环己酮为反应体系,考察了助剂Cu、Ce对Ni-B/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性和选择性的影响及其表面作用机理。结果表明,加入Cu、Ce的Ni-B合金晶化温度有所提高,热稳定性加强,将其负载于γ-Al2O3后催化剂的比表面积大大增加,活性组分分散均匀。Cu与Ni之间的电子转移和Ce对于催化剂碱性的提高有利于增加环己酮选择性。

苯酚催化氢转移制环己酮的新工艺

以3-(三苯基膦)二氯化钌[RuCl2(PPh3)3]作催化剂,甲酸钠为氢供体,研究了氢转移催化苯酚加氢制环己酮的新工艺。确定了氢转移加氢过程的适宜反应条件为:甲酸钠和苯酚用量摩尔比为4∶1,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为3.0 h,RuCl2(PPh3)3和苯酚用量质量比为5∶100。苯酚的转化率为100%,环己酮产率为95.1%。探讨了以甲酸钠为氢供体的反应过程,发现RuCl2(PPh3)3对苯酚氢转移加氢制环己酮具有优异的催化活性。