Fine quantitative characterization of high-H2S gas reservoirs under the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption

In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement experiments.Fine quantitative characterization of the cores in three steady states(original,after sulfur injection,and after gas flooding)was carried out using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time spectrum and imaging,X-ray computer tomography(CT)of full-diameter cores,basic physical property testing,and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging.The loss of pore volume caused by sulfur deposition and adsorption mainly comes from the medium and large pores with sizes bigger than 1000μm.Liquid sulfur has a stronger adsorption and deposition ability in smaller pore spaces,and causes greater damage to reservoirs with poor original pore structures.The pore structure of the three types of carbonate reservoirs shows multiple fractal characteristics.The worse the pore structure,the greater the change of internal pore distribution caused by liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption,and the stronger the heterogeneity.Liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption change the pore size distribution,pore connectivity,and heterogeneity of the rock,which further changes the physical properties of the reservoir.After sulfur injection and gas flooding,the permeability of TypeⅠreservoirs with good physical properties decreased by 16%,and that of TypesⅡandⅢreservoirs with poor physical properties decreased by 90%or more,suggesting an extremely high damage.This indicates that the worse the initial physical properties,the greater the damage of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption.Liquid sulfur is adsorbed and deposited in different types of pore space in the forms of flocculence,cobweb,or retinitis,causing different changes in the pore structure and physical property of the reservoir.

Understanding fundamentals of electrochemical reactions with tender X-rays:A new lab-based operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method for probing liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces across a variety of electrochemical systems

Electrocatalysis is key to improving energy efficiency,reducing carbon emissions,and providing a sustainable way of meeting global energy needs.Therefore,elucidating electrochemical reaction mechanisms at the electrolyte/electrode interfaces is essential for developing advanced renewable energy technologies.However,the direct probing of real-time interfacial changes,i.e.,the surface intermediates,chemical environment,and electronic structure,under operating conditions is challenging and necessitates the use of in situ methods.Herein,we present a new lab-based instrument commissioned to perform in situ chemical analysis at liquid/solid interfaces using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(APXPS).This setup takes advantage of a chromium source of tender X-rays and is designed to study liquid/solid interfaces by the“dip and pull”method.Each of the main components was carefully described,and the results of performance tests are presented.Using a three-electrode setup,the system can probe the intermediate species and potential shifts across the liquid electrolyte/solid electrode interface.In addition,we demonstrate how this system allows the study of interfacial changes at gas/solid interfaces using a case study:a sodium–oxygen model battery.However,the use of APXPS in electrochemical studies is still in the early stages,so we summarize the current challenges and some developmental frontiers.Despite the challenges,we expect that joint efforts to improve instruments and the electrochemical setup will enable us to obtain a better understanding of the composition–reactivity relationship at electrochemical interfaces under realistic reaction conditions.

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and pattern formation of a gas–liquid interfacial AC current argon discharge plasma with a deionized water electrode

A discharge ignited by an AC power source in contact with deionized water as one of the electrodes is investigated.Immediately after initiation,the discharge exhibits a unique phenomenon:the gas-phase discharge is extended into the liquid.Later,a cone-like structure is observed at the liquid surface.Synchronous monitoring of current–voltage characteristics and liquid properties versus time suggests that the discharge shapes are functions of the liquid properties.The spatio-temporal profiles indicate the potential effects of water,ambient air impurities,and metastable argon on the discharge chemistry.This becomes more obvious near the liquid surface due to increasing production of various transient reactive species such as centerdot OH and NO centerdot.Moreover,it is revealed that thermalization of the rotational population distributions of the rotational states(N′⩽6,J′⩽13/2)in the Q1 branch of the OH(A2Σ+,υ′=0→X2Π3/2,υ′′=0)band ro-vibrational system is influenced by the humid environment near the liquid surface.In addition,the transient behaviors of instantaneous concentrations of long-lived reactive species(LRS)such as H2O2,NO−2,and NO−3 are observed with lengthening the discharge time.The production of multiple transient and LRS proposes AC excited gas–liquid argon discharge as a potential applicant in industrial wastewater cleaning,clinical medicine,and agriculture.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on the Performance of Gas/liquid Spiral Separator

The gas/liquid spiral separator, a key component in the compressed air system, was used to remove liquid and oil from gas stream by centrifugal and gravitational forces. To optimize the design of the separator,the relationship between the performance and structural parameters of separators is studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is employed to simulate the flow fields and calculate the pressure drop and separation efficiency of air-liquid spiral separators with different structural parameters. The RSM (Reynolds stress model)turbulence model is used to analyze the highly swirling flow fields while the stochastic trajectory model is used to simulate the traces of liquid droplets in the flow field. A simplified calculation formula of pressure drop in spiral structures is obtained by modifying Darcy's equation and verified by experiment.

Tracking the atomic pathways of Pt3Ni-Ni(OH)2 core-shell structures at the gas-liquid interface by in-situ liquid cell TEM

Using the in-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, the three-stage growth of Pt3Ni-Ni(OH)2 core-shell structures at the gas-liquid interfaces was clearly observed, which consists of(1) a thermodynamically driven Pt3Ni alloy core by the monomer attachment,(2) a nickel(Ni) shell formation due to the depletion of the Pt salt precursor, and(3) the oxidation and of the Ni shell into Ni(OH)2 flakes. We also further observed the nucleation and growth of the Ni(OH)2 flakes on an existing layer either at the middle part or at the step edge. More interestingly, the dynamic transformation among a Pt3Ni alloy, Ni clusters and Ni(OH)2 flakes was also imaged even at a high electron dose rate.

Torque and bending moment acting on a flexible shaft agitated by disk turbines in a gas–liquid stirred vessel

The torque and bending moment acting on a flexible overhung shaft in a gas–liquid stirred vessel agitated by a Rushton turbine and three different curved-blade disk turbines(half circular blades disk turbine, half elliptical blades disk turbine, and parabolic blades disk turbine) were experimentally measured by a customized moment sensor. The results show that the amplitude distribution of torque can be fitted by a symmetric bimodal distribution for disk turbines, and generally the distribution is more dispersive as the blade curvature or the gas flow rate increases. The amplitude distribution of shaft bending moment can be fitted by an asymmetric Weibull distribution for disk turbines. The relative shaft bending moment manifests a "rising-falling-rising" trend over the gas flow number, which is a corporate contribution of the unstable gas–liquid flow around the impeller, the gas cavities behind the blades, and the direct impact of gas on the impeller. And the "falling" stage is greater and lasts wider over the gas flow number for Rushton turbine than for the curved-blade disk turbines.

Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Electrical Characteristics of Doped Poly （3-Hexylthiophene） Films

The effect of annealing on the microstructure and electrical characteristics of poly （3-hexylthiophene） （P3HT） films doped with very small amounts of the electron acceptor 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane （F4-TCNQ） is studied. X-ray diffraction and UV-vis spectrum studies show that unlike the pure P3HT film, the thermal treatment on the doped fihns under an Ar atmosphere can effectively enhance the crystalline order of P3HT films, as well as successfully facilitate the orientation of the polymer chains. This improvement is attributed to the electrostatic force between P3HT and F4-TCNQ molecules. This force induces the polymer chains to crystallize and orient during the annealing process. As a result, annealing significantly improves performance, especially for the Ion/Ioff ratio of the TFTs based on the doped P3HT films.

Two-dimensional metallic behavior at polar MgO/BaTiO_3(110) interfaces

The first-principles calculations are employed to investigate the electrical properties of polar MgO/BaTiO3（110）interfaces. Both n-type and p-type polar interfaces show a two-dimensional metallic behavior. For the n-type polar interface,the interface Ti3d electrons are the origin of the metallic and magnetic properties. Varying the thickness of Ba TiO3 may induce an insulator–metal transition, and the critical thickness is 4 unit cells. For the p-type polar interface, holes preferentially occupy the interface O 2p y state, resulting in a conducting interface. The unbalance of the spin splitting of the O 2p states in the interface Mg O layer leads to a magnetic moment of about 0.25μB per O atom at the interface.These results further demonstrate that other polar interfaces, besides LaAlO3/SrTiO3, can show a two-dimensional metallic behavior. It is helpful to fully understand the role of polar discontinuity on the properties of the interface, which widens the field of polar-nonpolar interfaces.

基于表面层级结构的亲水微槽道减阻特性研究

随着全球能源危机日益加剧,流动减阻研究引起众多学者注意.超疏水微槽道内表面的层级结构有助于形成气液界面,从而实现减阻,但亲水微槽道内表面层级结构的减阻特性尚不清楚.文章结合数值模拟和实验研究,对亲水微槽道内空间立柱结构(transverse post structure,TPS)、二次内凹的空间立柱结构(doubly reentrant transverse post structure,DR-TPS)和二次内凹的微脊结构(doubly reentrant surface groove structure,DR-SGS),共3种表面层级结构的减阻特性进行了研究.研究发现,当气液界面稳定时,3种结构均有一定的减阻效果,其中,TPS和DR-TPS减阻效果相似,DR-SGS减阻效果最好,减阻率最高可达11.8%.经模拟发现,TPS和DR-TPS减阻效果低于DR-SGS的原因是它们的层级结构附近存在涡结构,造成了局部增阻.此外,流速对于3种结构的减阻效果也有影响,当流速较大时,结构中的气液界面容易失稳,从而使减阻效果减弱甚至出现增阻现象,TPS,DR-TPS和DR-SGS 3种结构维持气液界面稳定的能力依次增强.

Ti2AlN(0001)/Al固液界面从头算分子动力学研究

通过从头算分子动力学模拟计算,系统研究不同终止面Ti2AlN(0001)/Al固液界面在铝熔点附近的的界面结构、界面能以及电子结构。计算结果表明:Ti2AlN(0001)的4类终止界面均能诱导Al熔体按照FCC-Al{111}密排面“A-B-C”次序堆垛成准固相区,准固相区外延扩展能力由大到小依次为N终止界面、Al终止界面、Ti(N)终止界面、Ti(Al)终止界面;Ti2AlN(0001)的4类终止界面诱导Al熔体形核强弱的原因在于界面处Ti2AlN表层原子与第1层Al原子不同强度的结合引起后续Al原子层间结合强弱,这为Ti2AlN作为铝合金新型异质形核基底以及作为铝基复合材料增强相的界面结构设计提供了理论依据。

针对液体介质的磁性液体旋转密封技术概述

磁性液体是一种功能材料,既具有液体的流动性,又具有固体磁性材料的磁性,在密封中的应用是其最成功的应用之一。磁性液体密封作为高新密封技术,被广泛应用在军工、化工、航空航天等领域。目前,磁性液体密封技术在密封气体介质和真空中的研究已经趋于成熟,相比之下,对液体介质的密封还存在很大局限性。从磁性液体与被密封液体介质的界面稳定性、界面破坏过程以及用于液体介质的密封装置结构设计三方面,对磁性液体旋转密封技术的研究进展进行阐述,总结三类用于液体介质密封的磁性液体密封结构设计方法的技术特点和缺点,最后对磁性液体在液体介质密封中的前景作出展望。

池州市姚街铅锌矿的成矿地质条件浅析

池州市姚街铅锌矿为一铅锌银矿床,位于七都复背斜之三岗尖—杨美桥背斜南东翼,矿体产于奥陶系碳酸盐与志留系碎屑岩之间的钙-硅界面所形成的滑脱构造中,受近南北向断裂控制,后期成矿热沿着断裂构造侵入,由于受到顶板志留系碎屑岩的屏蔽作用,含矿热液同下部碳酸盐岩层充分交代而富集成矿,形成层控矽卡岩型矿床。以往地质勘查工作一直为取得找矿突破,但积累了丰富的资料,文章通过系统分析矿区地质特征及矿床成因,认为矿床含矿岩性为奥陶系中统宝塔组上部和上统汤头组的矽卡岩,主要金属矿物为方铅矿、闪锌矿、辉银矿等。矿区下一步找矿方向应关注碳酸盐与碎屑岩组合形成的钙-硅界面,钙-硅界面后期因层间滑脱或断层所形成的滑脱构造,以及周边存在中酸性岩岩浆岩侵入,这是寻找层控矽卡岩型矿床有利的成矿条件及找矿标志。

稀土在铸造锌铝合金ZA27变质中的作用机理研究

用分子动力学理论建立了液态ZA27合金模型,结合计算机编程构造出稀土化合物、α相、α相与液相共存时的原子结构模型,利用递归方法计算了稀土固溶于晶粒内和富集于晶界前沿时的电子结构,以及稀土化合物、α相、液态ZA27合金结构能.由此得出,稀土处于相界区比在晶内更稳定.从而解释了稀土在α相内溶解度很小,结晶时富集于相界前沿液体中,使α晶枝产生熔断、游离、增殖,且稀土化合物可作为α相异质核心细化晶粒的事实,进而从理论上揭示了稀土变质的机理.

单晶连铸凝固过程中的组织演化

单晶连铸是一项新型金属型材制造技术． 单晶组织的演化是在引晶初期通过晶粒的竞争生长机制完成的， 晶粒的竞争生长过程依赖由传热条件决定的固液界面形状． 本文观察了工业纯铝单晶连铸引晶初期的组织演化过程， 并通过液淬观察了宏观固液界面形状与单晶演化的关系， 指出形成中心向液体中凸出的固液界面是完成单晶演化的必要条件． 在此基础上建立了测算单晶演化速度的几何模型， 讨论了铸锭尺寸、连铸速度及固液界面形状因子对单晶演化速度的影响． 研究结果表明， 铸锭尺寸越大， 完成单晶演化所需时间越长； 提高连铸牵引速度和界面形状因子， 有利于单晶组织的演化．

H62黄铜疏水表面的制备及疏水机理研究

采用三氯化铁和盐酸溶液刻蚀H62黄铜表面,得到了一层由梯田状台阶结构及平均孔径为(6.2—8.3)μm的蚀坑组成的阶层结构。该表面与水滴的表观接触角最大为131.8(°),接触角滞后为5.6(°)。研究了不同刻蚀时间对表面疏水性的影响,结果表明刻蚀时间对表面阶层结构的形成和水滴在该表面的接触角有重要的影响。随着刻蚀时间的增加,表面逐渐形成台阶结构并且边缘趋于规整,接触角不断增大;当台阶结构消失时,接触角随之变小。初步分析了这种阶层结构的形成机制,用Wenzel理论、Cassie理论及有限液-固界面理论对表面的润湿性进行了分析。结果表明,有限液-固界面理论在表征粗糙表面润湿性方面更具有合理性。

铝合金表面处理对AM60/A390液固扩散连接界面组织及性能的影响

利用压铸工艺将液态镁和固态铝液-固复合是镁/铝异种材料连接的新工艺,进行铝合金表面氧化膜去除工艺的研究,并在此基础上,利用自制的液固双金属复合装置将液态镁合金AM60与处理后的固态铝合金A390进行液固复合。研究铝合金表面处理对液态AM60/固态A390液固复合工艺的影响,分析研究复合试样界面的组织和性能。结果表明:采用铝合金表面处理工艺能有效地去除A390铝合金表面的氧化膜,同时在其表面形成一层含La2O3的包覆层。包覆层一方面可保护铝合金表面,避免再次被氧化;另一方面包覆层中的La2O3又可以改善液态AM60/固态A390复合界面的组织,提高界面结合强度。AM60/A390的液固复合界面的抗剪强度最高可达78.4 MPa。经过固溶处理之后,可将强度提高到84 MPa。

旋转对称结构液－固耦合振动的多级杂交子结构分析

对立体空间旋转对称结构在液体中形成的耦合系统（ＣＮ系统）进行统一的群变换及界面协调，推导了对液体多级划分后的组合模态综合过程。进行子结构之间以及向上一级子结构的对接与缩聚，提出了旋转对称结构液－固耦合振动的多级杂交子结构法。完成了立体空间旋转对称结构完全液－固耦合动力特性的群分析。此方法使耦合系统的综合规模大为缩小，计算速度提高数倍。文中通过试验结果证实理论方法的正确性。

奇数碳烷基间二甲苯磺酸钠在大庆油砂上的吸附

考察了11种结构明确的奇数碳烷基间二甲苯磺酸钠(mCn-hS)在大庆油砂上的吸附,探讨了mCn-hS的初始质量浓度、分子结构、分子中烷基链长度及助剂对其吸附量的影响。结果表明,随着mCn-hS初始质量浓度的增大,其在大庆油砂上的吸附量先增大至饱和,后略有降低;烷基链长度相同的mCn-hS,随着其中芳基位置向烷基链中间位置移动,其在大庆油砂上的吸附量降低;NaCl和NaOH的加入使mCn-hS在大庆油砂上的吸附量增大,而异戊醇的加入使其降低;加入助剂后,随着mCn-hS分子中烷基链长度的增加,mCn-hS在大庆油砂上的吸附量减小。

铸造锌铝合金稀土变质机制的电子理论研究

根据分子动力学理论建立了液态锌铝合金ZA27的模型,结合计算机编程构造出了ZA27合金相与液相共存时的原子结构模型,利用Recursion方法计算了稀土固溶于晶粒内和富集于晶界前沿时的电子结构。由此得出:稀土处于相界区比在晶内更稳定,从而解释了稀土在相内溶解度很小,结晶时富集于相界前沿液体中的事实;稀土处于液态和晶态的结构能差相对于铝较大,解释了稀土在晶界前的富集使晶枝产生熔断、游离、增殖的观点。原子间的键级积分计算也表明,稀土处于晶界前沿液体中与铝相比不容易结晶到晶体表面,起到阻碍晶粒长大,细化晶粒的作用,这就从电子层次解释了稀土的变质机制。

定向凝固速度对Al-Bi偏晶点成分合金凝固组织的影响及计算机分析

通过实验研究Al-Bi偏晶点成分合金定向凝固速度对合金组织产生的影响。实验结果表明,Al-Bi偏晶点成分合金试件定向凝固速度较快时,固-液界面内部会形成Bi富集层,由于凝固界面前沿相液滴发生迁移,使得合金凝固后出现单峰值粒子尺寸。在试件定向凝固速度较慢时,合金少量相液滴按照指向-背离-再指向凝固界面的顺序发生尺寸变化,合金凝固后出现双峰值粒子尺寸。