Inter-layer interference for multi-layered tight gas reservoir in the absence and presence of movable water

Due to the dissimilarity among different producing layers,the influences of inter-layer interference on the production performance of a multi-layer gas reservoir are possible.However,systematic studies of inter-layer interference for tight gas reservoirs are really limited,especially for those reservoirs in the presence of water.In this work,five types of possible inter-layer interferences,including both absence and presence of water,are identified for commingled production of tight gas reservoirs.Subsequently,a series of reservoir-scale and pore-scale numerical simulations are conducted to quantify the degree of influence of each type of interference.Consistent field evidence from the Yan'an tight gas reservoir(Ordos Basin,China)is found to support the simulation results.Additionally,suggestions are proposed to mitigate the potential inter-layer interferences.The results indicate that,in the absence of water,commingled production is favorable in two situations:when there is a difference in physical properties and when there is a difference in the pressure system of each layer.For reservoirs with a multi-pressure system,the backflow phenomenon,which significantly influences the production performance,only occurs under extreme conditions(such as very low production rates or well shut-in periods).When water is introduced into the multi-layer system,inter-layer interference becomes nearly inevitable.Perforating both the gas-rich layer and water-rich layer for commingled production is not desirable,as it can trigger water invasion from the water-rich layer into the gas-rich layer.The gas-rich layer might also be interfered with by water from the neighboring unperforated water-rich layer,where the water might break the barrier(eg weak joint surface,cement in fractures)between the two layers and migrate into the gas-rich layer.Additionally,the gas-rich layer could possibly be interfered with by water that accumulates at the bottom of the wellbore due to gravitational differentiation during shut-in operations.

Rate transient analysis methods for water-producing gas wells in tight reservoirs with mobile water

Tight gas reservoirs with mobile water exhibit multi-phase flow and high stress sensitivity.Accurately analyzing the reservoir and well parameters using conventional single-phase rate transient analysis methods proves challenging.This study introduces novel rate transient analysis methods incorporating evaluation processes based on the conventional flowing material balance method and the Blasingame type-curve method to examine fractured gas wells producing water.By positing a gas-water two-phase equivalent homogenous phase that considers characteristics of mobile water,gas,and high stress sensitivity,the conventional single-phase rate transient analysis methods can be applied by integrating the phase's characteristics and defining the phase's normalized parameters and material balance pseudotime.The rate transient analysis methods based on the equivalent homogenous phase can be used to quantitatively assess the parameters of wells and gas reservoirs,such as original gas-in-place,fracture half-length,reservoir permeability,and well drainage radius.This facilitates the analysis of production dynamics of fractured wells and well-controlled areas,subsequently aiding in locating residual gas and guiding the configuration of well patterns.The specific evaluation processes are detailed.Additionally,a numerical simulation mechanism model was constructed to verify the reliability of the developed methods.The methods introduced have been successfully implemented in field water-producing gas wells within tight gas reservoirs containing mobile water.

Permeability evolution and gas flow in wet coal under non-equilibrium state:Considering both water swelling and process-based gas swelling

Accurate knowledge of gas flow within the reservoir and related controlling factors will be important for enhancing the production of coal bed methane.At present,most studies focused on the permeability evolution of dry coal under gas adsorption equilibrium,gas flow and gas diffusion within wet coal under the generally non-equilibrium state are often ignored in the process of gas recovery.In this study,an improved apparent permeability model is proposed which accommodates the water and gas adsorption,stress dependence,water film thickness and gas flow regimes.In the process of modeling,the water adsorption is only affected by water content while the gas adsorption is time and water content dependent;based on poroelastic mechanics,the effective fracture aperture and effective pore radius are derived;and then the variation in water film thickness for different pore types under the effect of water content,stress and adsorption swelling are modeled;the flow regimes are considered based on Beskok’s model.Further,after validation with experimental data,the proposed model was applied to numerical simulations to investigate the evolution of permeability-related factors under the effect of different water contents.The gas flow in wet coal under the non-equilibrium state is explicitly revealed.

Quantitative research of the liquid film characteristics in upward vertical gas, oil and water flows

The study of liquid film characteristics in multiphase flow is a very important research topic, however,the characteristics of the liquid film around Taylor bubble structure in gas, oil and water three-phase flow are not clear. In the present study, a novel liquid film sensor is applied to measure the distributed signals of the liquid film in three-phase flow. Based on the liquid film signals, the liquid film characteristics including the structural characteristics and the nonlinear dynamics characteristics in three-phase flows are investigated for the first time. The structural characteristics including the proportion, the appearance frequency and the thickness of the liquid film are obtained and the influences of the liquid and gas superficial velocities and the oil content on them are investigated. To investigate the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of the liquid film with the changing flow conditions, the entropy analysis is introduced to successfully uncover and quantify the dynamic complexity of the liquid film behavior.

Mechanism of gas-water flow at pore-level in aquifer gas storage

By means of the pore-level simulation, the characteristics of gas-water flow and gas-water distribution during the alternative displacement of gas and water were observed directly from etched-glass micromodel. The results show that gas-water distribution styles are divided into continuous phase type and separate phase type. The water lock exists in pore and throat during the process of gas-water displacement, and it reduces the gas flow-rate and has some effects on the recovery efficiency during the operation of gas storage. According to the experimental results of aquifer gas storage in X area, the differences in available extent among reservoirs are significant, and the availability of pore space is 33% 45%.

A New Method for the Dynamic Reserves of Gas Condensate Reservoir Using Cyclic Gas Injection Based on the Effects of Reinjection Ratio and Water Influx

As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.

The R&D of a Novel Sulfur Tolerant CO Shift Catalyst and Its Application in the Integrated Low Water Gas Ratio Process

The QDB-5 sulfur tolerant CO shift catalyst, with anti-methanation property by supported compositing alkali promoters, has been proved to effectively reduce the outlet methane content in the condition of a low water gas ratio. Thus, a new technology based on a lower water/gas ratio than before has been developed with the new catalyst. The CO conversion at lower temperatures and catalyst stability were confirmed by long term industrial application. The high temperature catalyst performance also showed a better result than the conventional commercial catalyst, with higher CO conversion and well controlled methane outlet. Our research and the industrial application of catalyst have shown the importance of alkali metals as core promoters for such kind of catalysts.

Review on the Development of Oil and Gas Flow in Underground Porous Media

Through reviewing the flow theory’s birth and development history in underground porous media and contrasting the mechanics of underground fluids and mechanics of viscous fluids, this paper points out the main factors, which affect the development of the theory on oil and gas porous flow. The development law and development route of the mechanics of fluids in porous media are also summarized in this paper.

A study of hydrate plug formation in a subsea natural gas pipeline using a novel high-pressure flow loop

The natural gas pipeline from Platform QKI8-1 in the southwest of Bohai Bay to the onshore processing facility is a subsea wet gas pipeline exposed to high pressure and low temperature for a long distance. Blockages in the pipeline occur occasionally. To maintain the natural gas flow in the pipeline, we proposed a method for analyzing blockages and ascribed them to the hydrate formation and agglomeration. A new high-pressure flow loop was developed to investigate hydrate plug formation and hydrate particle size, using a mixture of diesel oil, water, and natural gas as experimental fluids. The influences of pressure and initial flow rate were also studied. Experimental results indicated that when the flow rate was below 850 kg/h, gas hydrates would form and then plug the pipeline, even at a low water content （10%） of a water/oil emulsion. Furthermore, some practical suggestions were made for daily management of the subsea pipeline.

Multibeam water column data research in the Taixinan Basin:Implications for the potential occurrence of natural gas hydrate

A multi beam sonar survey is carried out in the continental slope of the Taixinan Basin to obtain submarine topographic and water column data. The data are processed to obtain water column images. Anomalous water column images, displaying plume characteristics, are found in gas hydrate enriched areas in the Taixinan Basin.This indicates the presence of natural gas resources in the Taixinan Basin. The multibeam sonar system is shown to provide an accurate and effective approach for detecting sub-sea gas hydrate.

Water invasion and remaining gas distribution in carbonate gas reservoirs using core displacement and NMR

Water invasion is a common phenomenon in gas reservoirs with active edge-and-bottom aquifers.Due to high reservoir heterogeneity and production parameters,carbonate gas reservoirs feature exploitation obstacles and low recovery factors.In this study,combined core displacement and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments explored the reservoir gas−water two-phase flow and remaining microscopic gas distribution during water invasion and gas injection.Consequently,for fracture core,the water-phase relative permeability is higher and the co-seepage interval is narrower than that of three pore cores during water invasion,whereas the water-drive recovery efficiency at different invasion rates is the lowest among all cores.Gas injection is beneficial for reducing water saturation and partially restoring the gas-phase relative permeability,especially for fracture core.The remaining gas distribution and the content are related to the core properties.Compared with pore cores,the water invasion rate strongly influences the residual gas distribution in fracture core.The results enhance the understanding of the water invasion mechanism,gas injection to resume production and the remaining gas distribution,so as to improve the recovery factors of carbonate gas reservoirs.

Effects of instantaneous shut-in of high production gas well on fluid flow in tubing

As the classical transient flow model cannot simulate the water hammer effect of gas well, a transient flow mathematical model of multiphase flow gas well is established based on the mechanism of water hammer effect and the theory of multiphase flow. With this model, the transient flow of gas well can be simulated by segmenting the curved part of tubing and calculating numerical solution with the method of characteristic curve. The results show that the higher the opening coefficient of the valve when closed, the larger the peak value of the wellhead pressure, the more gentle the pressure fluctuation, and the less obvious the pressure mutation area will be. On the premise of not exceeding the maximum shut-in pressure of the tubing, adopting large opening coefficient can reduce the impact of the pressure wave. The higher the cross-section liquid holdup, the greater the pressure wave speed, and the shorter the propagation period will be. The larger the liquid holdup, the larger the variation range of pressure, and the greater the pressure will be. In actual production, the production parameters can be adjusted to get the appropriate liquid holdup, control the magnitude and range of fluctuation pressure, and reduce the impact of water hammer effect. When the valve closing time increases, the maximum fluctuating pressure value of the wellhead decreases, the time of pressure peak delays, and the pressure mutation area gradually disappears. The shorter the valve closing time, the faster the pressure wave propagates. Case simulation proves that the transient flow model of gas well can optimize the reasonable valve opening coefficient and valve closing time, reduce the harm of water hammer impact on the wellhead device and tubing, and ensure the integrity of the wellbore.

Critical effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and stem sap flow of poplar in the Yellow River Delta in response to soil water

To explore the critical relationships of photosynthetic efficiency and stem sap flow to soil moisture,two-year-old poplar saplings were selected and a packaged stem sap flow gauge,based on the stem-heat balance method,and a CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system were used.The results show that photosynthetic rates(P_(n)),transpiration rates(T_(r)),instantaneous water use efficiency(WUE)and the stem sap flow increased initially and then decreased with decreasing soil water,but their critical values were different.The turning point of relative soil water content(W_(r))from stomatal limitation to nonstomatal limitation of P_(n)was 42%,and the water compensation point of P_(n)was 13%.Water saturation points of P_(n)and T_(r)were 64%and 56%,respectively,and the WUE was 71%.With increasing soil water,the apparent quantum yield(AQY),light saturation point(LSP)and maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(n)max)increased first and then decreased,while the light compensation point(LCP)decreased first and then increased.When W_(r)was 64%,LCP reached a lower value of 30.7µmol m^(-2)s^(-1),and AQY a higher value of 0.044,indicating that poplar had a strong ability to utilize weak light.When W_(r)was 74%,LSP reached its highest point at 1138.3µmol·m^(-2)s^(-1),indicating that poplar had the widest light ecological amplitude and the highest light utilization efficiency.Stem sap flow and daily sap flow reached the highest value(1679.7 g d^(-1))at W_(r)values of 56%and 64%,respectively,and then declined with increasing or decreasing W_(r),indicating that soil moisture significantly affected the transpiration water-consumption of poplar.Soil water was divided into six threshold grades by critical values to maintain photosynthetic efficiency at different levels,and a W_(r)of 64-71%was classified to be at the level of high productivity and high efficiency.In this range,poplar had high photosynthetic capacity and efficient physiological characteristics for water consumption.The saplings had characteristics of water tolerance and were not drought resistant.Full attention should be given to the soil water environment in the Yellow River Delta when planting Populus.

Observation and characterization of flow in critical sections of a horizontal pressurized gating system using water models

This work is concerned with the hydraulics and f low characterization in a pressurized,horizontal gating system with multiple ingates attached to a plate mold,using transparent water models.Runners with two different aspect ratios(w/h=0.5 and 2)and four different types of ingates(rectangular,convergent,divergent and venturi)were examined for their influence on flow behavior.Flow behavior was visualized using a high speed camera capable of capturing images up to 10,000 frames per second.Real time experimentation with a few runner–ingate combinations were carried out to validate the usefulness of water models in predicting the f illing behavior.Comparison of the approaches provided useful insights into the filling behavior in critical sections of the flow passages as well as the utility of water models towards understanding of the f illing behavior during real time casting.

Height Detection and Analysis of Water Flowing Fractured Zone of Coal Face

Taking 91105 working face as the research object, the observation method of water flowing fractured zone and the layout of mining holes were determined by analyzing the field geological structure. It was shown that the fractured zone height and the ratio given by the measured method were 52.33 and 12.46, respectively. By the numerical simulation method with the software of UDEC, the fractured zone height and the ratio were 42.5 and 10.12. By comparison of measured height data and UDEC numerical simulation, there were some differences between the measured height and the calculated results of UDEC numerical simulation method. The method of simulation can be used as the technical basis for the design of waterproof coal pillar in the future.

Study on Flow Unit of Heavy Oil Bottom Water Reservoir with Over-Limited Thickness in Offshore Oilfield

The upper Ming section of L oilfield is a typical offshore heavy oil bottom-water reservoir with thick fluvial layers. All horizontal wells are developed by natural energy. Due to the few drilling holes and influence by the resolution of seismic data, it is difficult to describe reservoirs with thickness over 20 meters. In this paper, seismic resonance amplitude inversion technology is introduced to restore the real response of thick reservoirs and interbeds by drilling and drilling verification, and the geological bodies with different thickness are displayed by frequency division RGB three primary colors. Flow units of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water are divided according to the three major factors of interlayer, lithologic internal boundary and water-oil thickness ratio which have the greatest influence on horizontal well development, thick sand bodies are divided into 10 different flow units in three levels, each unit is separated from each other, and the reservoir structure, water-cut characteristics and water-flooding characteristics are different. The reliability of the research is improved by using the dynamic data of horizontal wells and newly drilled passing wells, which provides a basis for tapping the potential of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water.

体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响

为明确起旋室和排沙洞体型参数对梯形旋流排沙渠道水力特性的影响,采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了各参数下旋流排沙渠道的分流比、空腔形态、压强、流速,对比分析了不同断面型式的水力特性。结果表明,增大起旋室进口宽度,或减小起旋室出口宽度、起旋室高度、排沙洞直径,均能减小梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比;起旋室出口宽度是影响分流比的主要因素,排沙洞直径偏小会限制排沙洞内空腔的发展;增加渠道水面与排沙洞出口间的落差后可在排沙洞内形成更有利于泥沙运动的旋转水流;梯形旋流排沙渠道的水资源利用效率更高,当渠道来流量为89.6 m^(3)/h时,梯形旋流排沙渠道的分流比较矩形渠道的降低了6.6个百分点,且同一位置处的旋转水流流速更大。研究成果可为旋流排沙渠道在引水工程中的设计与应用提供参考。

断控型碳酸盐岩油藏动态储量计算方法

断控型碳酸盐岩油藏非均质性强,不同尺寸的孔、缝、洞交错发育,采用一般物质平衡方法计算的动态储量可能大于静态储量。在引入水油比的基础上,考虑孔缝洞介质不同时的岩石压缩系数,得到了适用于断控型油藏的综合压缩系数,并在此基础上建立了断溶体流动物质平衡新方程,通过数值模拟,验证了新方程的准确性与适用性。结果表明:新方程计算的动态储量与数值模拟得到的静态储量误差仅为0.1099%,验证了新方程准确可靠;哈拉哈塘地区多口井用新方程计算的动态储量与地质建模雕刻的静态储量相对误差为-4.82%~-0.15%,远远低于物质平衡方程计算的动态储量与静态储量的相对误差,新方程计算结果更接近实际情况,更适用于哈拉哈塘地区断控型碳酸盐岩油藏的储量计算。

非满管流对渠管结合输水系统水力特性的影响

【目的】了解非满管状态下的渠管结合输水系统水力特性。【方法】采用物理模型试验与理论分析相结合的方法,对不同充满度下主渠流速分布与水面线变化、管道流速、分流比的变化规律进行了研究。【结果】不同充满度下主渠各断面紊动强度沿程均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在距管道入口纵向2倍、横向1.5倍管径的主渠区域内流速变化较为剧烈;在有管道存在的主渠壁面附近水面线变化剧烈,沿程呈先降低后增大再降低的变化趋势。通过量纲分析得到非满管流速表达式,采用线性回归分析法拟合得到非满管流速系数计算式,计算值与实测值之间的相对误差不超过8.81%。当主渠流量不变时,非满管流速系数随主渠傅汝德数的增大而增大,随水深比、充满度的增大而减小,分流比随充满度的增大而增大;当充满度不变时,随着主渠流量的增大,非满管流速系数增大,分流比减小。【结论】非满管流对主渠的影响范围有限,在安装闸阀以及量水设备时要尽量避开相关影响区域,采用本研究推导的流速系数公式只需获得主渠的傅汝德数与水深值,即能快速计算非满管流速值,在来水流不变的情况下可通过增大主渠水深来获得较大的管道流量。

土壤源热泵地埋管侧水系统优化运行研究

本文基于江苏无锡某典型厂房土壤源热泵空调项目的实测数据,以地源侧系统总能耗最低为目标,构建设备模型对地源水泵运行工况进行优化,并与两种传统控制策略的运行效果进行对比,据此提出进一步的优化建议。结果表明:基于负荷的优化控制策略,其节能效果要明显优于定频控制策略,冬夏季典型测试日平均节能率分别为28.33%和13.27%,相比于5℃温差变频策略节能了3.61%和2.21%。适当增大地埋管的埋管深度或管径,可以进一步提升该优化控制策略的节能效果。传统的定温差控制策略在负荷率大于60%时,可在5℃基础上将温差增加1~5℃以提升节能效果。