Types,Characteristics and Significances of Migrating Pathways of Gas-bearing Fluids in the Shenhu Area,Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea

The first marine gas hydrate expedition in China has been conducted by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey in the Shenhu Area, northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Previous study has analyzed the P-T conditions, geophysical anomalies and saturation calculations of these gas hydrates, but has not documented in detail the migration of gas-bearing fluids in the study area. Based on the interpretations of 2D/3D seismic data, this work identified two types of migration pathways for gas-bearing fluids in the Shenhu area, i.e., vertical and lateral pathways. The vertical pathways（largescale faults, gas chimneys and mud diapirs） presented as steep seismic reflection anomalies, which could be traced downward to the Eocene source rocks and may penetrate into the Late Miocene strata. The deeper gases/fluids might be allowed migrating into the shallower strata through these vertical conduits. However, the distributions showed distinct differences between these pathways. Large-scale faults developed only in the north and northeast of the Shenhu area, while in the drilling area gas chimneys were the sole vertical migration pathways. Since the Pliocene, normal faults, detachment faults and favorable sediments have constituted the lateral pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area. Although these lateral pathways were connected with gas chimneys, they exerted different effects on hydrate formation and accumulation. Gas-bearing fluids migrated upward along gas chimneys might further migrate laterally because of the normal faults, thereby enlarging the range of the chimneys. Linking gas chimneys with the seafloor, the detachment faults might act as conduits for escaping gases/fluids. Re-deposited sediments developed at the early stage of the Quaternary were located within the gas hydrate stability zone, so hydrates would be enriched in these favorable sediments. Compared with the migration pathways（large-scale faults and mud diapirs） in the LW3-1 deep-sea oil/gas field, the migration efficiency of the vertical pathways（composed of gas chimneys） in the gas hydrate drilling area might be relatively low. Description and qualitative discrimination of migration pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area are helpful to further understand the relationship between good-quality deep source rocks and shallow, mainly biogenicallyproduced, hydrates. As the main source rocks of the Baiyun sag, lacustrine mudstones in the Wenchang and Enping Formations may provide thermogenic methane. Gas chimneys with relatively low migration efficiency created the vertical pathways. Caused by the Dongsha tectonic movement, the release of overpressured fluids might reduce the vertical migration rates of the thermogenic methane. The thick bathyal/abyssal fine-grained sediments since the Late Miocene provided migration media with low permeability. These preconditions may cause carbon isotopic fractionation ofthermogenic methane during long-distance vertical migrations. Therefore, although geochemical analyses indicate that the methane forming gas hydrate in the Shenhu area was mainly produced biogenically, or was mixed methane primarily of microbial origin, thermogenic methane still contribute significantly.

Genetic source,migration and accumulation of helium under deep thermal fluid activities:A case study of Ledong diapir area in Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

Based on the geochemical parameters and analytical data,the heat conservation equation,mass balance law,Rayleigh fractionation model and other methods were used to quantify the in-situ yield and external flux of crust-derived helium,and the initial He concentration and thermal driving mechanism of mantle-derived helium,in the Ledong Diapir area,the Yinggehai Basin,in order to understand the genetic source,migration and accumulation mechanisms of helium under deep thermal fluid activities.The average content of mantle-derived He is only 0.0014%,the ^(3)He/^(4)He value is(0.002–2.190)×10^(−6),and the R/Ra value ranges from 0.01 to 1.52,indicating the contribution of mantle-derived He is 0.09%–19.84%,while the proportion of crust-derived helium can reach over 80%.Quantitative analysis indicates that the crust-derived helium is dominated by external input,followed by in-situ production,in the Ledong diapir area.The crust-derived helium exhibits an in-situ 4 He yield rate of(7.66–7.95)×10^(−13)cm^(3)/(a·g),an in-situ 4 He yield of(4.10–4.25)×10^(−4)cm^(3)/g,and an external 4 He influx of(5.84–9.06)×10^(−2)cm^(3)/g.These results may be related to atmospheric recharge into formation fluid and deep rock-water interactions.The ratio of initial mole volume of 3 He to enthalpy(W)is(0.004–0.018)×10^(−11) cm^(3)/J,and the heat contribution from the deep mantle(X_(M))accounts for 7.63%–36.18%,indicating that deep hot fluid activities drive the migration of mantle-derived 3 He.The primary helium migration depends on advection,while the secondary migration is controlled by hydrothermal degassing and gas-liquid separation.From deep to shallow layers,the CO_(2/3) He value rises from 1.34×10^(9)to 486×10^(9),indicating large amount of CO_(2)has escaped.Under the influence of deep thermal fluid,helium migration and accumulation mechanisms include:deep heat driven diffusion,advection release,vertical hydrothermal degassing,shallow lateral migration,accumulation in traps far from faults,partial pressure balance and sealing capability.

Large-scale Migration of Fluids toward Foreland Basins during Collisional Orogeny: Evidence from Triassic Anhydrock Sequences and Regional Alteration in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Area

The middle-lower Yangtze area underwent a series of complex tectonic evolution, such as Hercynian extensional rifting, Indosinian foreland basining, and Yanshanian transpression-transtension, resulting in a large distinctive Cu-Fe-Au metallogenic belt. In the tectonic evolution, large-scale migration and convergence of fluids toward foreland basins induced during the collisional orogeny of the Yangtze and North China continental blocks were of vital importance for the formation of the metallogenic belt. Through geological surveys of the middle-lower Yangtze area, three lines of evidence of large-scale fluid migration are proposed: (1) The extensive dolomitic and silicic alteration penetrating Cambrian-Triassic strata generally occurs in a region sandwiched between the metallogenic belt along the Yangtze River and the Dabie orogenic belt, and in the alteration domain alternately strong and weak alteration zones extend in a NW direction and are controlled by the fault system of the Dabie orogenic belt; it might record the locus of the activities of long-distance migrating fluids. (2) The textures and structures of very thick Middle-Lower Triassic anhydrock sequences in restricted basins along the river reveal the important contribution of the convergence of regional hot brine in restricted basins and the chemical deposition or their formation. (3) Early-Middle Triassic syndepositional iron carbonate sequences and Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn massive sulfide deposits alternate with anhydrock sequences or are separated from the latter, but all of them occur in the same stratigraphic horizon and are intimately associated with each other, being the product of syndeposition of high-salinity hot brine. According to the geological surveys, combined with previous data, the authors propose a conceptual model of fluid migration-convergence and mineralization during the Dabie collisional orogeny.

Perspectives on the Potential Migration of Fluids Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing in Southwest Florida

The variable-density flow model-SEAWAT Version 4, was used to evaluate the hydrogeological conditions associatedwith hydraulic fracturing （fracking） the limestone oil reservoir in the Lower Cretaceous Sunniland Formation of Southwest Florida.This research contributes to the understanding of the controls on fluid and potential contaminant migration, following high pressurehydraulic fracturing. A hydraulic fracturing treatment used recently in this formation at the Collier-Hogan 20-3H well represents thebase case simulation. Multiple stage fracturing using typical stress periods, a modelled fracture zone radius, and various injectionrates were tested to evaluate the potential for horizontal and vertical fluid migration in and from the reservoir under dynamicconditions, with TDS used as a tracer. Hypothetical scenarios including preferential vertical pathways between the SunnilandFormation and the Lower Floridan aquifer Boulder Zone were also simulated. Results indicate that injected fluids do not migratesignificantly in the lateral and vertical directions beyond the design fractured zone, unless a preferential pathway exists within closeproximity to the fractured zone. In a worst-case scenario under the simulated conditions, vertical heads are approximately 580 metersgreater than static conditions and fluids associated with hydraulic fracturing vertically migrate approximately 500 meters; therefore,the quality of the deepest sources of drinking water is not compromised. Analytical results from a monitoring well installed in theimmediate vicinity of the Collier-Hogan 20-3H well and at the base of the deepest source of drinking water support the conclusionthat impacts from hydraulic fracturing fluids have not migrated into the deepest sources of drinking water.

Linear numerical calculation method for obtaining critical point,pore fluid,and framework parameters of gas-bearing media

Up to now, the primary method for studying critical porosity and porous media are experimental measurements and data analysis. There are few references on how to numerically calculate porosity at the critical point, pore fluid-related parameters, or framework-related parameters. So in this article, we provide a method for calculating these elastic parameters and use this method to analyze gas-bearing samples. We first derive three linear equations for numerical calculations. They are the equation of density p versus porosity Ф, density times the square of compressional wave velocity p Vp^2 versus porosity, and density times the square of shear wave velocity pVs^2 versus porosity. Here porosity is viewed as an independent variable and the other parameters are dependent variables. We elaborate on the calculation steps and provide some notes. Then we use our method to analyze gas-bearing sandstone samples. In the calculations, density and P- and S-velocities are input data and we calculate eleven relative parameters for porous fluid, framework, and critical point. In the end, by comparing our results with experiment measurements, we prove the viability of the method.

Fluid migration paths in the marine strata of typical structures in the western Hubei-eastern Chongqing area,China

The western Hubei-eastern Chongqing area is an important prospective zone for oil and gas exploration in the central Yangtze area. Three representative structures, the Xinchang structure, Longjuba gas-bearing structure and the Jiannan gas field, were selected to analyze biomarker parameters in marine strata and to examine various types of natural gas and hydrocarbon sources. Fluid inclusions; carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopic characteristics; organic geochemical analysis and simulation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history of source rocks were used for tracing fluid migration paths in marine strata of the study area. The Carboniferous-Triassic reservoirs in three typical structures all experienced at least two stages of fluid accumulation. All marine strata above the early Permian were shown to have fluids originating in the Permian rocks, which differed from the late stage fluids. The fluids accumulated in the late Permian reservoirs of the Xinchang structure were Cambrian fluids, while those in the late Carboniferous reservoirs were sourced from a combination of Silurian and Cambrian fluids. A long-distance and large-scale cross-formational flow of fluids destroyed the preservation conditions of earlier accumulated hydrocarbons. A short-distance cross-formational accumulation of Silurian fluids was shown in the late Permian reservoirs of the Longjuba structure with favorable hydrocarbon preservation conditions. The fluid accumulation in the Carboniferous reservoirs of the Jiannan structure mainly originated from neighboring Silurian strata with a small amount from the Cambrian strata. As a result, the Jiannan structure was determined to have the best preservation conditions of the three. Comparative analysis of fluid migration paths in the three structures revealed that the zone with a weaker late tectonism and no superimposition and modification of the Upper and Lower Paleozoic fluids or the Upper Paleozoic zone with the fluid charging from the Lower Paleozoic in the western Hubei-easteru Chongqing area are important target areas for future exploration.

Evidence of Dual Scale Porous Mechanisms During Fluid Migration in Hardwood Species (Ⅱ) A Dual Scale Computational Model to Describe the Experimental Results

The second part of this paper is devoted to the computational modelling of transient water migration in hardwood. During re-saturation, the moisture content, measured during the process by using X-ray attenuation (see part 1 of this paper), increases quickly very close to the cavity, but requires a very long time for the remaining part of the sample to absorb the moisture in wetting. For this configuration and this material, the macroscopic approach fails. Consequently, a dual-porosity approach is proposed. The computational domain uses a 2-D axisymmetric configuration for which the axial coordinate represents the macroscopic longitudinal direction of the sample whereas the radial coordinate allows the slow migration from each active vessel towards the fibre zone to be considered. The latter is a microscopic space variable. The moisture content field evolution depicts clearly the dual scale mechanisms:a very fast longitudinal migration in the vessel followed by a slow migration from the vessel towards the fibre zone.The macroscopic moisture content field resulting from this dual scale mechanism is in quite good agreement with the experimental data.

Fluid Inclusions Usage for Assessing Oil Migration in Duhok, North Iraq

Studies of primary and secondary fluid inclusions were done on epigenetic barite samples collected from carbonates of Lower part of Sarmord Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and Aqra-Bekhme Formations (Upper Cretaceous) in Duhok, north Iraq. Lead isotopes composition in galena which associated barite that contained fluid inclusions helped the identification two events of fluid inclusions. These fluid inclusions contain brine water and hydrocarbons. Primary and secondary fluid inclusions in barite as well as lead isotopes composition in galena helped the interpretation of oil migration history and the pathway of oil migration. Ages of galena are syngronous with the events of oil and water trapping as inclusions within barite, and hence the interpreted galena generation could be assigned to the fluid inclusions age. Accordingly, the events are two phases of early and late generations that correspond to 120 m.y. and 30 m.y. respectively. Correlation with 10 PetroMod basin modeling of the generated oil from the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Formations fitted with the event of early galena generation, whereas the oil migration started before 70 m.y. and continued to 30 m.y. ago. Palynomorphs study confirmed that the oil in source rocks is similar with the migrated oil.

Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances（gases and aqueous solutions） as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO2, CH4, H2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO2 content is up to 99%, with δ-（13）C（CO2） values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and -3He/-4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ-（13）CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ-（13）C（CH4）δ-（13）C（C2H6）δ-（13）C（C3H8）δ-（13）C（C4H10）. According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic -（87）Sr. Due to CO2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at -6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.

Mechanisms of salt rejection at the ice-liquid interface during the freezing of pore fluids in the seasonal frozen soil area

Seasonal frozen soil accounts for about 53.50%of the land area in China.Frozen soil is a complex multiphase system where ice,water,soil,and air coexist.The distribution and migration of salts in frozen soil during soil freezing are notably different from those in unfrozen soil areas.However,little knowledge is available about the process and mechanisms of salt migration in frozen soil.This study explores the mechanisms of salt migration at the ice-liquid interface during the freezing of pore fluids through batch experiments.The results are as follows.The solute concentrations of liquid and solid phases at the ice-liquid interface(C*_(L),C*_(S))gradually increased at the initial stage of freezing and remained approximately constant at the middle stage.As the ice-liquid interface advanced toward the system boundary,the diffusion of the liquid phase was blocked but the ice phase continued rejecting salts.As a result,C*_(L)and C*_(S)rapidly increased at the final stage of freezing.The distribution characteristics of solutes in ice and the liquid phases before C*_(L)and C*_(S)became steady were mainly affected by the freezing temperature,initial concentrations,and particle-size distribution of media(quartz sand and kaolin).In detail,the lower the freezing temperature and the better the particle-size distribution of media,the higher the solute proportion in the ice phase at the initial stage of freezing.Meanwhile,the increase in concentration first promoted but then inhibited the increase of solutes in the ice phase.These results have insights and scientific significance for the tackling of climate change,the environmental protection of groundwater and soil,and infrastructure protection such as roads,among other things.

UNSTEADY MODEL OF DROP MARANGONI MIGRATION IN MICROGRAVITY

The experiments of drop Marangoni migration have been performed by the drop shift facility of short period of 4.5 s, and the drop accelerates gradually to an asymptotic velocity during the free fall. The unsteady and axisymmetric model is developed to study the drop migration for the case of moderate Reynolds numberRe=O(1), and the results are compared with the experimental ones in the present paper. Both numerical and experimental results show that the migration velocity for moderate Reynolds number is several times smaller than that given by the linear YGB theory.

Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Bearing Natural Gas Inclusions for Geothermometer and Geobarometer of Overpressured Environments in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure duringhydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbonfluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid inclusion provides a powerful tool for establishing therelationship of formation pressure evolution with time. Homogenization temperature of fluidinclusion can routinely be measured under microthermometric microscopy. Crushing technique has beenemployed to obtain the composition of fluid inclusions, and the commercial software VTFLINC easilyand rapidly completes the construction of p-t phase diagram. The minimum trapping pressure ofhydrocarbon fluid inclusion would be then determined in the p-t space. In this paper, three samplesof YC21-1-1 and YC21-1-4 wells at YC21-1 structural closure, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea,were selected for the pVt modeling practice, and the formation pressure coefficient (equals to fluidpressure/hydrostatic pressure) changing trend with time has primarily been established. Themodeling results also indicate that the reservoirs of Ling-shui and Yacheng formations in YC21-1structure are within a very high potential system and would have undergone a discharging of thermalfluids through top seal rupture, which depicts that there is a very high risk for natural gasexploration in this area.

Structure and Fluid Transportation Performance of Faults in the Changxing-Feixianguan Formation, Xuanhan County, Northeastern Sichuan Basin

On the basis of field observations, microscopic thin-sections and laboratory data analysis of ten faults in Xuanhan County area, northeastern Sichuan Basin, central China, the internal and megascopic structures and tectonite development characteristics are mainly controlled by the geomechanical quality in brittle formation of the Changxing-Feixianguan Formation. The fluid transportation performance difference between the faults formed by different geomechanics or different structural parts of the same fault are controlled by the mcgascopic structure and tectonite development characteristics. For instance, the extension fault structure consists of a tectonite breccia zone and an extension fracture zone. Good fluid transportation performance zones are the extension fracture zone adjacent to the tectonite breccia zone and the breccia zone formed at the early evolutionary stage. The typical compression fault structure consists of a boulder-clay zone or zones of grinding gravel rock, compression foliation, tectonite lens, and dense fracture development. The dense fracture development zone is the best fluid transporting area at a certain scale of the compression fault, and then the lens, grinding gravel rock zone and compression foliation zones are the worst areas for hydrocarbon migration. The typical tensor-shear fault with a certain scale can be divided into boulder-clay or grinding gravel rock zones of the fault, as well as a pinnate fractures zone and a derivative fractures zone. The grinding gravel rock zone is the worst one for fluid transportation. Because of the fracture mesh connectivity and better penetration ability, the pinnate fractures zone provides the dominant pathway for hydrocarbon vertical migration along the tensor-shear fault.

Generation of microfluidic gradients and their effects on cells behaviours

Introduction The concept of“gradients”has been widely demonstrated and applicated in biology.For example,concentration gradients and potential gradients in the body can regulate the homeostasis as well as the balance of physiological environment;oxygen gradients play a vital role in cellular gene expression and migration.

Effects of fluids on migration of quartz——Experimental studies at low temperatures

QUARTZ is present mainly as the species H4SiO4 in fluid. The currently accepted values for quartz solubility at low temperatures are low. At 300℃, quartz solubility is about 600×10-6 in the quartz-fluid system. Therefore, the migration of quartz should not be evident at low temperatures. However, thepresent note shows that quartz can be enriched and migrate significantly at 300℃. The solid/fluid ratio（S/F） of the experiments is only about 10 g/mL.

Dynamics of self-organizing single-line particle trains in the channel flow of a power-law fluid

The formation of self-organizing single-line particle train in a channel flow of a power-law fluid is studied using the lattice Boltzmann method with power-law index 0.6≤n≤1.2,particle volume concentration 0.8%≤Φ≤6.4%,Reynolds number 10≤Re≤100,and blockage ratio 0.2≤k≤0.4.The numerical method is validated by comparing the present results with the previous ones.The effect n,Φ,Re and k on the interparticle spacing and parallelism of particle train is discussed.The results showed that the randomly distributed particles would migrate towards the vicinity of the equilibrium position and form the ordered particle train in the power-law fluid.The equilibrium position of particles is closer to the channel centerline in the shear-thickening fluid than that in the Newtonian fluid and shear-thinning fluid.The particles are not perfectly parallel in the equilibrium position,hence IH is used to describe the inclination of the line linking the equilibrium position of each particle.When self-organizing single-line particle train is formed,the particle train has a better parallelism and hence benefit for particle focusing in the shearthickening fluid at highΦ,low Re and small k.Meanwhile,the interparticle spacing is the largest and hence benefit for particle separation in the shear-thinning fluid at lowΦ,low Re and small k.

GEOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF MAJOR ELEMENTS DURING FLUID ROCKS INTERAC TION IN MARINWOBO FAULT IN THE SOUTH MARGIN AREAS OF ALTAI MOUNTAINS

There are four types of metamorphic rocks in the Marinwobo fault, i.e, cataclasite, mylonite, mictosite and migmatitic granite, and the formation of these rocks is due to the progressive metamorphism of the pyroclastics. The fluids play a very important role in the metamorphic process of these rocks in the Marinwobo fault, the most important feature is that the fluids not only result in the migration of the major elements of the deformation rocks, but also result in the volume loss of the deformation rocks in the deformation process. Thus the migration laws of the major elements in different stages of the progressive metamorphic process are discussed according to mass balance equations. Finally, the quantitative analysis of the mass loss and volume loss of the different rocks the in Marinwobo fault is discussed in this paper.

New Geophysical Evidences of Fluid Related Features in the Western Ionian Sea-Part Ⅱ： Data Interpretation

The investigated area is located in the western Ionian Sea, which is an area widely occupied by the external from of the Calabrian Arc. It is characterized by a very rough morphology of the seafloor mainly induced by the thrusting and back-thrusting activity. Such a tectonic regime is extremely favourable for the presence of gas and related fluid migration. New processed line MS-24 and swath-bathymetric data highlighted the presence of positive structures at the seafloor interpreted as mud volcanoes. Along the seismic profile we have also recognized a high amplitude reflector that, although it corresponds to a stratigraphic horizon, it shows an anomalous high amplitude character. The seismic velocity field shows evidences of free gas occurrence and so it cannot be excluded the hypothesis that the high amplitude reflector could be a ＂bottom simulating reflector-BSR＂.

Fluid Potential Distribution and Oil & Gas Accumulation in Tertiary of Western Qaidam Basin

With the development of oil and gas exploration industry, researchers and engineers have realized that the key element controlling the migration of underground oil and gas and other fluid is not the pressure of stratum, but the underground fluid potential. Therefore, it is very crucial to study the distribution rule of fluid potential in order to correctly determine the exploration target areas. This paper studies the fluid potential distribution in Tertiary of west Qaidam Basin, puts forward the model of underground oil and gas migration and predicts the areas for further exploration.

中国大陆的强震与火山相互作用

强震活动和火山喷发都是地球内部圈层能量交换的显著表现.新近观测研究表明:强震与火山活动存在密切的相互作用,但人类对强震与火山的孕育环境和发生过程了解还十分有限,对火山内部岩浆系统的认识还远远达不到预测强震触发火山喷发或岩浆扰动及火山流体引发强震活动的需求.中国大陆的长白山和腾冲火山区存在强震-火山相互作用的迹象,腾冲这一潜在的强震和火山活动危险区是开展强震-火山相互作用研究的理想场所.立足于中国地震科学实验场的跨学科基础观测设施和相关科研项目,有望在腾冲火山区取得强震-火山关联性研究的新突破,为有效预防强震和火山灾害及热能开发提供科技支撑.