A Novel Method for Determining the Void Fraction in Gas-Liquid Multi-Phase Systems Using a Dynamic Conductivity Probe

Conventional conductivity methods for measuring the void fraction in gas-liquid multiphase systems are typically affected by accuracy problems due to the presence of fluid flow and salinity.This study presents a novel approach for determining the void fraction based on a reciprocating dynamic conductivity probe used to measure the liquid film thickness under forced annular-flow conditions.The measurement system comprises a cyclone,a conductivity probe,a probe reciprocating device,and a data acquisition and processing system.This method ensures that the flow pattern is adjusted to a forced annular flow,thereby minimizing the influence of complex and variable gas-liquid flow patterns on the measurement results;Moreover,it determines the liquid film thickness solely according to circuit connectivity rather than specific conductivity values,thereby mitigating the impact of salinity.The reliability of the measurement system is demonstrated through laboratory experiments.The experimental results indicate that,in a range of gas phase superficial velocities 5–20 m/s and liquid phase superficial velocities 0.079–0.48 m/s,the maximum measurement deviation for the void fraction is 4.23%.

A New Device for Gas-Liquid Flow Measurements Relying on Forced Annular Flow

A new measurement device,consisting of swirling blades and capsule-shaped throttling elements,is proposed in this study to eliminate typical measurement errors caused by complex flow patterns in gas-liquid flow.The swirling blades are used to transform the complex flow pattern into a forced annular flow.Drawing on the research of existing blockage flow meters and also exploiting the single-phase flow measurement theory,a formula is introduced to measure the phase-separated flow of gas and liquid.The formula requires the pressure ratio,Lockhart-Martinelli number(L-M number),and the gas phase Froude number.The unknown parameters appearing in the formula are fitted through numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),which involves a comprehensive analysis of the flow field inside the device from multiple perspectives,and takes into account the influence of pressure fluctuations.Finally,the measurement model is validated through an experimental error analysis.The results demonstrate that the measurement error can be maintained within±8%for various flow patterns,including stratified flow,bubble flow,and wave flow.

Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles with a Continuous Gas-liquid Membrane Contactor： Particles Morphology and Membrane Fouling

Nanosized calcium carbonate particles were prepared with a continuous gas-liquid membrane contactor. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration, CO2 pressure and liquid flow velocity on the particles morphology, pressure drop and membrane fouling were studied. With rising Ca(OH)2 concentrations, the average size of the particles increased. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration and CO2 pressure on particles were not apparent under the experimental conditions. When the Ca(OH)2 concentration and liquid flow velocity were high, or the CO2 pressure was low, the fouling on the membrane external surface at the contactor entrance was serious due to liquid leakage, whereas the fouling was slight at exit. The fouling on the membrane inner-surface at entrance was apparent due to adsorption of raw materials. The membrane can be recovered by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and reused for at least 6 times without performance deterioration.

Effects of channel wall wettability on gas-liquid dynamics mass transfer under Taylor flow in a serpentine microchannel

The wall wettability of microchannels plays an important role in the gas-liquid mass transfer dynamics under Taylor flow.In this study,we regulated the contact angle of the wall surface through surface chemical grafting polymerization under controlled experimental conditions.The dynamic changes of CO_(2)bubbles flowing along the microchannel were captured by a high-speed video camera mounted on a stereo microscope,whilst a unit cell model was employed to theoretically investigate the gas-liquid mass transfer dynamics.We quantitatively characterized the effects of wall wettability,specifically the contact angle,on the formation mechanism of gas bubbles and mass transfer process experimentally.The results revealed that the gas bubble velocity,the overall volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficients(kLa),and the specific interfacial area(a)all increased with the increase of the contact angle.Conversely,gas bubble length and leakage flow decreased.Furthermore,we proposed a new modified model to predict the gas-liquid two-phase mass transfer performance,based on van Baten’s and Yao’s models.Our proposed model was observed to agree reasonably well with experimental observations.

Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber microstructure on formaldehyde carbonylation performance in membrane contactor

Membrane contactor is regarded as a promising method for reaction and process intensification. The feasibility of formaldehyde carbonylation to synthesize glycolic acid using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane contactor has been proved in our previous study. In this paper, the effect of membrane microstructure on process performance was further investigated. Three porous PTFE hollow fibers with different pore sizes and one polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/PTFE composite membrane with dense layer were fabricated for comparison. The physical and chemical properties of four membranes, including chemical composition, morphology, contact angle, liquid entry pressure, thermodynamic analysis and gas permeability, were systemically characterized. Experiments of formaldehyde carbonylation under different reaction conditions were conducted. The results indicated that the yield of glycolic acid increased with decreasing pore size for porous membranes, which was due to the improvement of wetting behavior. The dense layer of PDMS in composite hollow fiber could effectively prevent the solvent from entering membrane pores, thus the membrane exhibited the best performance. At reaction temperature of 120℃ and operation pressure of 3.0 MPa, the yield of glycolic acid was always higher than 90% as the mass ratio of trioxane and phosphotungstic acid increased from 0.2:1 to 0.8:1. The highest turnover frequency was up to 26.37 mol·g^(-1)·h^(-1). This study provided a reference for the understanding and optimization of membrane contactors for the synthesis of glycolic acid using solvent with low surface tension.

基于Bayes推断的交流接触器剩余电寿命预测

针对交流接触器可靠性开展研究,首先分析交流接触器的电弧侵蚀机理,建立了计及电弧电压及电弧重燃影响的电弧侵蚀模型,根据该模型仿真得到的交流接触器性能退化特征参量变化过程与交流接触器的实际退化规律一致。分析不同工况下性能退化数据特征,提出了不同工况下先验信息的等效折算方法,解决了不同工况下的先验信息利用问题。建立了基于Bayes推断的交流接触器剩余电寿命预测模型,提高了剩余电寿命预测精度,实现了利用不同工况下性能退化数据对交流接触器进行剩余电寿命预测。在AC-4、AC-3两种工况下进行了交流接触器电寿命仿真分析及实验分析,相对误差均小于5.5%,验证了方法的准确性。

基于MCGS和PLC的剪板机电气控制系统设计

剪板机是工业中常用的一种对材料进行裁剪的工具,针对剪板机工作的安全性和可靠的操作性、以及剪板机工作流程和控制特点进行了分析,选用人机交互MCGS组态技术和FX3U-48MR型PLC组合作为控制单元,设计了剪板机的人机交互界面进行实时监控和数据采集,剪板机工作的电气控制电路和软件控制系统。经过实践,该设计方案合理,安全可靠性高,实用性强,达到了设计要求。

接触器低速大吸力合闸优化控制策略

为了更好地抑制接触器合闸触头弹跳,提出一种控制策略以优化合闸过程。首先,利用线圈电压与电流作为输入构建参数观测器,实时观测接触器的动态吸力、弹簧反力、动铁心速度及位移。在此基础上,构造双闭环控制结构,外环采用模糊控制逐次调节超程前吸力裕量,内环将吸力裕量与实时弹簧反力叠加用作参考吸力,进行吸力闭环控制,实现外环动铁心合闸速度的逐次迭代优化。将观测位移与触头开距进行实时比较,一旦动铁心运动到超程阶段时,增大吸力参考,使电磁吸力快速增加,实现触头的低速大吸力合闸,以压制动铁心反弹,尽量抑制触头弹跳,并兼顾可靠合闸。通过仿真与实验验证了方案的可行性,该控制策略对依靠电磁力进行操动的电磁及永磁开关的合闸优化具有一定意义。

单稳态永磁接触器集成化磁链闭环控制技术

鉴于单稳态永磁接触器现有的控制方案存在成本高、可靠性低且优化困难等缺陷,该文提出一种集成化磁链闭环控制方案。首先,将电机传动领域的专用集成功率芯片应用到单稳态永磁接触器的智能控制中,设计其集成驱动电路;在此基础上,采用磁链闭环直接控制接触器的总磁链,在合闸过程中仅需设置一较小的恒定磁链参考值,即可实现自动弱磁,防止合闸末期永磁力过大造成严重的触头弹跳;在分闸过程中仅需设置总磁链参考值为0,即可使电磁磁链实时抵消永磁磁链,防止产生剩余吸力,造成分断速度降低,进而提高分闸性能。该文提出的方案既简化了单稳态永磁接触器硬件控制电路的设计,又降低了其优化控制的难度,对高性能永磁接触器的工程推广具有参考价值。

磁链闭环控制下接触器的优化设计方法

该文对接触器的优化设计进行研究,将磁链闭环控制引入接触器本体优化设计中,实现控制策略与本体优化设计的协同。首先,综合考虑接触器的外部漏磁和磁场分布特性,在三维有限元动态仿真的基础上构建改进的磁路模型,以实现磁路模型的参数化计算。然后,提出了一种改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)与磁路模型相结合进行优化设计,以Pareto前沿个数判断种群进化进程,实现自适应遗传-差分混合进化策略,提高了多目标优化设计算法的全局收敛性和收敛速度。最后,将恒磁链闭环控制策略与多目标优化设计相结合,通过减小接触器的电磁惯性、机械惯性及提高控制磁通密度,来提高机构响应速度和磁性材料利用率,同时减小触头弹跳。仿真及实验验证了改进磁路模型及多目标优化设计方法的有效性。

基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测方法

从接触器失效机理出发,通过有限元和动力学仿真详细分析超程时间退化过程,进而提出一种基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测方法。建立基于超程时间退化特性的电磁接触器寿命预测模型,设计并搭建接触器可靠性试验平台,并基于SJD-10048NK电磁接触器试验数据,分析预测接触器的剩余寿命,相对误差约为10%,验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明所提方法能够对接触器寿命进行准确预测,对于接触器的可靠性状态评估及其维护管理具有重要指导意义。

不同磁场条件下直流接触器电弧开断特性的仿真研究

直流接触器是实现分断、功率切换以及故障保护等功能的关键器件。文中以某直流接触器为例,建立了直流接触器氢气电弧特性仿真的二维磁流体动力学模型,该模型综合考虑了外部负载电路、触头运动以及非均匀外部磁场等因素对接触器电弧特性的影响,仿真研究了不同磁钢厚度下密闭式直流接触器内电弧开断过程中的电流电压变化曲线以及温度场分布。研究结果表明,在不同磁钢厚度的非均匀磁场作用下,450 V/400 A、充气压力为4 atm(1 atm=101 kPa)的直流接触器内部电弧的燃弧时间有所不同,并且随着磁钢厚度增大,磁场强度变强,燃弧时间缩短,磁钢厚度为5.5 mm时的燃弧时间最短。

基于多特征增强融合的交流接触器状态表征

准确掌握交流接触器的运行状态是实现交流接触器智能化的基础,为此提出了一种基于多特征增强融合的状态表征方法。首先针对交流接触器特征参数非线性、非平稳、随机变化、趋势性不明显但符合一定统计特性的特点,利用Wasserstein概率距离进行特征变换得到趋势性较强的初态特征;然后以多属性初态特征参数为驱动,考虑参数间强耦合的特点,利用自编码器神经网络进行特征压缩提取,剔除冗余信息,保留有用信息;在此基础上,以压缩提取特征为输入,通过自组织映射神经网络来实现多维特征的竞争性融合输出,得到交流接触器运行状态的综合健康指标,实现交流接触器状态的定量表征。最后,结合实测数据验证了所提方法的有效性,并与其他2种方法相比较,结果表明:所提方法得到的健康指标趋势性、单调性和鲁棒性相比其他2种方法分别至少提高了4%、24%和5%,研究可为下一步研究交流接触器的精准控制和智能化提供参考。

并联双线圈式直流接触器电磁机构合闸动作特性

直流接触器是新能源系统以及电动汽车中配置最为广泛的开关电器之一。而直流接触器的动态特性是衡量直流接触器性能的重要指标之一。文中以并联双线圈式直流接触器为研究对象,建立了直流接触器电磁机构的动力学模型,利用基于Adams与Maxwell软件的联合仿真研究方法对直流接触器的电磁机构进行合闸过程的仿真分析,研究结果表明,机构合闸动作的仿真合闸时间与试验合闸时间相吻合,验证了该仿真方法的正确性。同时研究了弹簧参数和线圈参数等因素对机构合闸运动特性的影响,发现在一定范围内弹簧预压力变化对合闸时间影响不大,线圈安匝数增大会导致合闸时间变小,线圈内阻增大会导致合闸时间变大且动触头弹跳更剧烈。文中的仿真方法与结果能为直流接触器电磁机构的改进设计与优化提供一定参考。

载流滑动摩擦部件表面失效及其修复技术研究进展

滑动电接触部件在电能传递与转换过程中起着举足轻重的作用,其失效和损伤行为带来的安全因素和经济影响重大,因此对其失效机理和修复技术的研究成为当今热点之一.已有众多学者通过试验和计算机模拟仿真等手段研究了电接触部件的表面损伤机制和寿命预测,至今为止,已研究出载流摩擦部件的表面修复技术多达15种以上,修复材料更是有上百种.本文中首先介绍了电接触的基本概念,从有无电流载入2个角度概述了滑动摩擦部件表面失效形式,并从试验研究及仿真模拟研究2个方面对表面损伤机制的研究方法进行了归纳;最后综述了滑动电接触失效部件的表面修复技术和修复材料体系的研究进展,总结了目前滑动电接触部件研究领域存在的问题,提出了利用试验与仿真模拟相结合探究涂层导电耐磨自润滑机理并优化涂层质量的研究思路.

PVDF膜接触器在电厂含氨废水处理中的应用研究

燃煤电厂含氨废水具有水量大、氨氮浓度高、水质波动大的特点,常规脱氨工艺处理困难.本文采用PVDF膜接触器处理燃煤电厂高浓含氨废水,考察了膜接触器类型、水侧流量、气侧真空度、气液接触面积、进水水质等因素对脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,基于PVDF膜接触器的气液分离工艺,能够将高浓含氨废水中的氨氮浓度由1 250 mg/L降至300 mg/L以下;外压式和内压式膜接触器都有理想的应用效果;提高膜接触器水侧流量、气侧真空度能够有效提高NH3传质效率;增大传质膜面积能够显著提升循环液氨氮脱除率.提出了分离NH3在燃煤电厂的多种资源化回用途径,为膜接触器的工程化应用提供参考.

Evaluation of frictional pressure drop correlations for air-water and air-oil two-phase flow in pipeline-riser system

Accurate prediction of the frictional pressure drop is important for the design and operation of subsea oil and gas transporting system considering the length of the pipeline. The applicability of the correlations to pipeline-riser flow needs evaluation since the flow condition in pipeline-riser is quite different from the original data where they were derived from. In the present study, a comprehensive evaluation of 24prevailing correlation in predicting frictional pressure drop is carried out based on experimentally measured data of air-water and air-oil two-phase flows in pipeline-riser. Experiments are performed in a system having different configuration of pipeline-riser with the inclination of the downcomer varied from-2°to-5°to investigated the effect of the elbow on the frictional pressure drop in the riser. The inlet gas velocity ranges from 0.03 to 6.2 m/s, and liquid velocity varies from 0.02 to 1.3 m/s. A total of885 experimental data points including 782 on air-water flows and 103 on air-oil flows are obtained and used to access the prediction ability of the correlations. Comparison of the predicted results with the measured data indicate that a majority of the investigated correlations under-predict the pressure drop on severe slugging. The result of this study highlights the requirement of new method considering the effect of pipe layout on the frictional pressure drop.

微气泡型管式气液接触器的气液两相流动特性研究

与常用气液鼓泡塔相比,管式气液接触器通过在管道空间内产生的均匀气泡状高分散体系强化气液传质过程,具有含气率高、能耗低和维护简单等优点。自主设计研制了带文丘里射流气泡发生器的微气泡型管式气液接触器;利用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟和室内实验相结合的方法,对其所涉及的成泡机理、气泡粒径分布特性等进行了系统研究。结果表明,采用体积分数法(VOF)模型耦合RNG k-ε湍流模型可模拟分析微气泡型管式气液接触器内成泡机理和气泡形态;在文丘里射流气泡发生器的扩张段内可将大气泡剪切破碎成微气泡,且微气泡均匀稳定;气泡粒径随液体流量的增大而减小,在液体流量为14.0 L/min、气体流量为最大自然吸气量、柱体长度为800 mm时气泡粒径最小(76.5μm);气泡粒径随气体流量的增大而增大,在气体流量为1.5 L/min、液体流量为8.0 L/min、柱体长度为800 mm时气泡粒径最小(86.7μm);气泡粒径随柱体长度的增大呈现先降低后基本不变的趋势,当柱体长度大于800 mm时,其对气泡粒径的影响较小。

A Numerical Study on the Effect of the Backflow Hole Position on the Performances of a Self-Priming Pump

A self-priming pump is a centrifugal pump that has the ability to prime itself. Typically, its performance dependson the configuration of its reflux hole. In this study, the ANSYS FLUENT software is used to investigate the effectsof three different radial positions of the reflux hole on gas-liquid two-phase distribution, pressure pulsation, andimp during self-priming. The research results indicate that: (1) The effective channel size for the reflux liquid toenter the volute varies depending on the location of the reflux hole. The effect of the impeller rotation on thereflux liquid becomes more obvious as the setting distance of the reflux aperture decreases. (2) The position ofthe reflux hole significantly affects the gas phase mass fraction inside the impeller, resulting in a significant reductionin the time it takes for the mass fraction to exceed 80%. (3) The position of the reflux hole significantly affectsthe average pressure on each monitoring surface. (4) Placing the reflux hole at a excessively distant radial distancecan result in an excessive vertical component. (5) The self-priming performance of the pump can be improved tosome extent by placing the return hole at a small radial distance.

具有可控开距接触器的研究

为了提高传统电磁式接触器分断电流的能力,并解决大开距下合闸功耗高、动铁心冲击力大、铁心磨损严重等问题,设计一种具有可控开距的接触器。通过结构改进,增大传统交流接触器结构层面可打开开距,利用基于单片机的控制电路识别分断电流,并在分断过程中对励磁线圈施加不同宽度的脉冲电流,使接触器在不同分断电流下具有不同的开距,完成分断后触头回到小开距的平衡位置。通过实验,验证了所设计的接触器具有可控开距的功能。