Impact of well placement and flow rate on production efficiency and stress field in the fractured geothermal reservoirs

Geothermal energy has gained wide attention as a renewable alternative for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.The advancements in enhanced geothermal system technology have enabled the exploitation of previously inaccessible geothermal resources.However,the extraction of geothermal energy from deep reservoirs poses many challenges due to high‐temperature and high‐geostress conditions.These factors can significantly impact the surrounding rock and its fracture formation.A comprehensive understanding of the thermal–hydraulic–mechanical(THM)coupling effect is crucial to the safe and efficient exploitation of geothermal resources.This study presented a THM coupling numerical model for the geothermal reservoir of the Yangbajing geothermal system.This proposed model investigated the geothermal exploitation performance and the stress distribution within the reservoir under various combinations of geothermal wells and mass flow rates.The geothermal system performance was evaluated by the criteria of outlet temperature and geothermal productivity.The results indicate that the longer distance between wells can increase the outlet temperature of production wells and improve extraction efficiency in the short term.In contrast,the shorter distance between wells can reduce the heat exchange area and thus mitigate the impact on the reservoir stress.A larger mass flow rate is conducive to the production capacity enhancement of the geothermal system and,in turn causes a wider range of stress disturbance.These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of geothermal energy extraction while considering reservoir safety and long‐term sustainability.This study deepens the understanding of the THM coupling effects in geothermal systems and provides an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy for a geothermal energy system.

Effects of channel wall wettability on gas-liquid dynamics mass transfer under Taylor flow in a serpentine microchannel

The wall wettability of microchannels plays an important role in the gas-liquid mass transfer dynamics under Taylor flow.In this study,we regulated the contact angle of the wall surface through surface chemical grafting polymerization under controlled experimental conditions.The dynamic changes of CO_(2)bubbles flowing along the microchannel were captured by a high-speed video camera mounted on a stereo microscope,whilst a unit cell model was employed to theoretically investigate the gas-liquid mass transfer dynamics.We quantitatively characterized the effects of wall wettability,specifically the contact angle,on the formation mechanism of gas bubbles and mass transfer process experimentally.The results revealed that the gas bubble velocity,the overall volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficients(kLa),and the specific interfacial area(a)all increased with the increase of the contact angle.Conversely,gas bubble length and leakage flow decreased.Furthermore,we proposed a new modified model to predict the gas-liquid two-phase mass transfer performance,based on van Baten’s and Yao’s models.Our proposed model was observed to agree reasonably well with experimental observations.

Mass transfer mechanism and relationship of gas–liquid annular flow in a microfluidic cross-junction device

Mass transfer performance of gas–liquid two-phase flow at microscale is the basis of application of microreactor in gas–liquid reaction systems.At present,few researches on the mass transfer property of annular flow have been reported.Therefore,the mass transfer mechanism and relationship of gas–liquid annular flow in a microfluidic cross-junction device are studied in the present study.We find that the main factors,i.e.,flow pattern,liquid film thickness,liquid hydraulic retention time,phase interface fluctuation,and gas flow vorticity,which influence the flow mass transfer property,are directly affected both by gas and liquid flow velocities.But the influences of gas and liquid velocities on different mass transfer influencing factors are different.Thereout,the fitting relationships between gas and liquid flow velocities and mass transfer influencing factors are established.By comparing the results from calculations using fitting equations and simulations,it shows that the fitting equations have relatively high degrees of accuracy.Finally,the Pareto front,namely the Pareto optimal solution set,of gas and liquid velocity conditions for the best flow mass transfer property is obtained using the method of multi-objective particle swarm optimization.It is proved that the mass transfer property of the gas–liquid two-phase flow can be obviously enhanced under the guidance of the obtained Pareto optimal solution set through experimental verification.

A New Method for Measurement of Helium Mass Flow Rate in the Cryogenic System of TORE SUPRA

The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.

Design of fan beam optical sensor and its application in mass flow rate measurement of pneumatically conveyed solids

The fan-beam optical sensor is made up of many semiconductor lasers and detectors fixed around the wall alternately at a cross section of pneumatically conveying pipe. When the sensor works, a scanning light source emits a 50° lamellar fan-beam through the gas-solid two phase flow, and the projection data resulting extinction effect of solid particles are detected at the same time. With the projection data, the flow rate mass can be calculated, and then the flow image can be reconstructed. In this paper, the design of the sensor including spatial arrangement of the structural parts, basic principle and measurement sensitivity distribution are introduced. The mathematical measurement model of solid mass flow rate is presented together with the testing results.

Lumped Parameter Mass Flow Rate and Pressure Control Characteristics Model for High-Speed Pneumatic PWM on/off Valve

Aiming at solving the problem of strong coupling characteristic of the key parameters of high-speed pneumatic pulse width modulation( PWM) on / off valve, a general lumped parameter mathematical model based on the valves time periods was well developed. With this model,the mass flow rate and dynamic pressure characteristics of constant volumes controlled by high-speed pneumatic PWM on /off valves was well described. A variable flow rate coefficient model was proposed to substitute for the constant one used in most of the prior works to investigate PWM on /off valves' dynamical pressure response, and a formula for disclosing the inherent relationship among the PWM command signal,static mass flow rate,and sonic conductance of the valve was newly derived.Finally,an extensive set of analytical experimental comparisons were implemented to verify the validity of the proposed mathematica model. With the proposed model, PWM on /off valves' characteristics,such as mass flow rate,step pressure response of the valve control system,mean pressure and ripple amplitude,not only in the linear range,but also in the nonlinear range can be wel predicted; Good agreement between measured and calculated results was obtained,which proved that the model is helpful for designing a control strategy in a closed loop control system.

Connection Between Liquid Distribution and Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Monolithic Bed

With a particular focus on the connection between liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer in monolithic beds in the Taylor flow regime, hydrodynamic and gas-liquid mass transfer experiments were carriedout in a column with a monolithic bed of cell density of 50 cpsi with trio different distributors （nozzle and packed bed distributors）. Liquid saturation in individual channels was measured by using self-made micro-conductivity probes. A mal-distribution factor was used to evaluate uniform degree of phase distribution in monoliths. Overall bed pressure drop and mass transfer coefficients were measured. For liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid masstransfer, it is found that the superficial liquid velocity is a crucial factor and the packed bed distributor is better than the nozzle distributor. A semi-theoretical analysis using single channel models shows that the packed bed distributor always yields shorter and uniformly distributed liquid slugs compared to the nozzle distributor, which in turn ensures a better mass transfer performance. A bed scale mass transfer model is proposed by employing the single channel models in individual channels and incorporating effects of non-uniform liquid distribution along the bedcross-section. The model predicts the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient wig a relative error within ＋30%.

Mass transfer intensification and mechanism analysis of gas–liquid two-phase flow in the microchannel embedding triangular obstacles

An effective mass transfer intensification method was proposed by embedding different triangular obstacles to improve the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency in microchannel.The influences of triangle obstacles configuration,obstacle interval and flow rate on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient,pressure drop and energy consumption were investigated experimentally.The enhancement factor was used to quantify the mass transfer enhancement effect of triangle obstacles.It was found that the isosceles or equilateral triangle obstacles are superior to the rectangular obstacles.The maximum enhancement factor of equilateral triangle obstacles was 2.35.Considering comprehensively mass transfer enhancement and energy consumption,the isosceles triangle obstacle showed the best performance,its maximum enhancement factor was 2.1,while the maximum pressure drop increased only 0.41 kPa(22%)compared to the microchannel without obstacles.Furthermore,a micro-particle image velocimetry(micro-PIV)was utilized to observe the flow field distribution and evolution,in order to understand and analyze the enhancement mechanism.The micro-PIV measurement indicated that the obstacle structure could induce the formation of vortex,which promotes convective mass transfer and thins the flow boundary layer,accordingly,the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency is remarkably improved.This study can provide theoretical guidance and support for the design and optimization of microchannel with triangular obstacles.

Effects of fluid recirculation on mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood

The effect of disturbed flow on the mass trans- fer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied nu- merically, and the results were compared with that of our previous work. The arterial wall was assumed to be vis- coelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid, which is more close to human arte- rial system. Numerical results indicated that the mass trans- fer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream. There- fore, it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids, but by the infiltration of the LDL （low-density lipoprotein） from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.

Different efficiency toward the biomimetic aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in microchannel and bubble column reactors: Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer

The selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde has attracted considerable attention because benzaldehyde is a high value-added product. The rate of this typical gas–liquid reaction is significantly affected by mass transfer. In this study, CoTPP-mediated(CoTPP: cobalt(II) mesotetraphenylporphyrin) selective benzyl alcohol oxidation with oxygen was conducted in a membrane microchannel(MMC) reactor and a bubble column(BC) reactor, respectively. We observed that 83% benzyl alcohol was converted within 6.5 min in the MMC reactor, but only less than 10% benzyl alcohol was converted in the BC reactor. Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer performances were compared for the MMC and BC reactors. The MMC reactor was assumed to be a plug flow reactor,and the dimensionless variance was 0.29. Compared to the BC reactor, the gas–liquid mass transfer was intensified significantly in MMC reactor. It could be ascribed to the high gas holdup(2.9 times higher than that of BC reactor), liquid film mass transfer coefficient(8.2 times higher than that of BC reactor), and mass transfer coefficient per unit interfacial area(3.8 times higher than that of BC reactor). Moreover,the Hatta number for the MMC reactor reached up to 0.61, which was about 15 times higher than that of the BC reactor. The computational fluid dynamics calculations for mass fractions in both liquid and gas phases were consistent with the experimental data.

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Pipe Wall Downstream of Orifice for Water and Air-Water Bubble Flows

An orifice is used widely as a flow meter or a contraction device in pipeline systems in hydro-power plants, thermal power plants, and chemical plants because of its simple construction, high reliability, and low cost. However, it is well known that flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) occurs on the pipe wall downstream of the orifice. Some of the authors have examined FAC through experimental and numerical analyses and have reported that one of the major governing parameters of FAC for single-phase water flow is the pressure fluctuation p’ on the pipe wall, and also that pipe wall thinning rate TR can be estimated by p’. In addition, they have presented the effects of the ori-fice geometry on p’ or TR, and have described a method for suppressing p’ or TR. In the present study, FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow is examined and compared with the single-phase water flow experimentally. Further, it is shown that because p’ is also considered a governing parameter of FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow, TR can be estimated using p’. It is also indicated that, by using a downstream pipe with a smaller diameter than that of the upstream pipe, p’ or TR can be suppressed.

Experimental Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of an Adjustable Critical-Flow Venturi Nozzle

The response of an adjustable critical-flow Venturi nozzle is investigated through a set indoor experiments aimed to determine the related critical flow rate,critical pressure ratio,and discharge coefficient.The effect of a variation in the cone displacement and liquid content on the critical flow characteristics is examined in detail and it is shown that the former can be used to effectively adjust the critical flow rate.The critical pressure ratio of the considered nozzle is above 0.85,and the critical flow control deviation of the gas flow is within±3%.Liquid flow can reduce the gas critical mass flow rate accordingly,especially for the cases with larger liquid volume and lower inlet pressure.The set of results and conclusions provided are intended to support the optimization of steam injection techniques in the context of heavy oil recovery processes.

A Numerical Simulation of Air Flow in the Human Respiratory System Based on Lung Model

The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airways of human lungs is considered. The basis of a lumped parameter model or a transport equation is modeled during the inspiration process, when oxygen enters into the human lung channel. The quantitative measurements of oxygen are detached and the model equation is solved numerically by explicit finite difference schemes. Numerical simulations were made for natural breathing conditions or normal breathing conditions. The respiratory flow results for the resting conditions are found strongly dependent on the AD effect with some contribution of the unsteadiness effect. The contour of the flow rate region is labeled and AD effects are compared with the variation of small intervals of time for a constant velocity when breathing is interrupted for a negligible moment.

隧道火灾相向射流排烟系统烟气质量流率比例系数

为探究隧道相向射流排烟系统中火灾发生时烟气的流动特性,通过FDS数值模拟研究隧道内不同上、下游风速工况下的上、下游烟气质量流率变化。基于等效风速、理论分析和数值模拟结果得到上、下游风速与烟气质量流率比例系数的关系式。结果表明:当等效风速小于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数随等效风速增加而减小,并且等效风速与上、下游烟气质量流率比值存在线性关系;当等效风速大于临界风速时,上、下游烟气质量流率比值和烟气质量流率比例系数为0。

基于调整局部滤袋渗透率的袋式除尘器流量分配方法

矿山开采、矿石破碎等过程产生大量粉尘,袋式除尘器是去除含尘气流中颗粒物的有效设备。袋式除尘器在运行中存在滤袋过滤风量分配不均问题,现有增加导流板的方式增加了结构的复杂性。为解决中箱体下进风袋式除尘器滤袋质量流量分配不均的问题,提出一种基于调整部分滤袋渗透率的滤袋质量流量均匀分配方法。首先,选择Realizable k-ε双方程模型进行模型袋式除尘器流场的数值模拟,通过数值模拟结果与模型实验的结果对比验证了模拟方法的正确性;然后建立安装160条滤袋的中箱体下进风除尘器几何模型,利用数值模拟方法分析了0.5~1.2 m/min过滤风速下除尘器内流场特征、滤袋的质量流量分配规律和均匀性;最后以1 m/min过滤风速下滤袋质量流量分配不均问题为例,设计了减小质量流量大的出口侧滤袋渗透率的方法;并根据达西公式和滤料阻力计算公式,给出了渗透率与滤料厚度、纤维直径和填充率之间的关系。结果表明:本研究模型下,过滤风速增高会使滤袋质量流量分配更不均匀,除尘器出口侧滤袋的质量流量逐渐增大;将流量偏大区域的8~10列滤袋的渗透率由2.0×10^(−11) m^(2)减小到1.7×10^(−11) m^(2),可使滤袋质量流量分布均方根偏差由0.158降低到0.099,且除尘器初始阻力的增长仅为6.1%,方法具有可行性。在滤料制作过程中可进行滤料渗透率的调整,故通过调整局部滤袋渗透率使滤袋质量流量分布均匀的方法可行。

聚乙烯相对分子质量及其分布快速评价方法研究

以国内外采用不同工艺和催化剂生产的17种聚乙烯的测试结果为基础,通过理论推导与模型拟合相结合,建立了以熔体流动速率快速计算相对分子质量及其分布的方法,并由此计算出数均分子量。经验证,该方法准确性较好,可弥补凝胶渗透色谱法的不足,有利于装置生产过程中准确控制产品质量和提高新产品开发效率。

高压氢气欠膨胀射流数值模拟研究

为探究高压氢气欠膨胀射流的特性和规律,采用数值模拟的方法,研究20~70 MPa泄漏压力下,出口直径为1 mm的氢气射流,对流场结构和泄漏流量进行分析。研究结果表明:近场区域存在复杂的激波结构,包含中心的核心区和四周的混合层;而在远场区域,高压氢气欠膨胀射流具有和亚音速射流相同的自相似特性,远场的起始位置与射流的有效直径成正比;数值模拟得到不同压力下高压氢气泄漏的质量流量,通过与理论计算结果比较,得到不同压力比下的流量系数变化情况。研究结果可为高压氢气储运装置应急状态下的防护区域划分和事故原因调查等提供参考。

基于可调文氏管的液氧流量闭环控制特性研究

针对液氧供应系统流量精准控制困难的问题,开发了一套流量闭环控制系统并应用于液氧供应系统中。为实现系统按预设目标流量进行输出,进行了四类试验:无控制试验、流量闭环控制试验、PID参数影响试验与流量阶跃调节试验,研究了贮箱压力、液氧温度、针锥位置、调节范围与PID参数等因素对液氧流量闭环控制特性的影响。结果表明,通过反馈实时测得的液氧质量流量,流量闭环控制系统控制可调文氏管节流面积变化,实现了液氧流量±1%的精准控制,解决了由于系统压力波动及液氧温度变化等原因导致的液氧流量供应不稳定的问题,并实现了液氧在5∶1流量变比内的精准阶跃调节。

喷嘴结构内流场数值模拟研究

提升雾化喷嘴出口流量可以提高液体出口速度,从而获得更细小的雾滴,增强雾化效果.为了抑制空化效应,获得更大的出口流量,本文通过建立喷嘴内流场的数值模型,对内流场速度、液相体积分数以及湍动能分布等流场信息进行分析.针对空化的产生机理,提出多种改进喷嘴结构的方案:减小喷嘴长度、增加喷嘴倒角和降低壁面粗糙度,有效降低了空化效应,显著增大了喷嘴的出口流量,改善了雾化效果,为喷嘴结构的优化提供了参考.

基于DEM-FEM耦合模型的质量流量对喷丸强化效果的影响

目的提出一种将有限元(FEM)与离散元(DEM)相耦合的新方法,即通过定义关键字的方式在ABAQUS软件内实现DEM-FEM耦合功能,并应用此方法建立喷丸强化模型。方法将弹丸视为等直径刚体,利用刚体动力学模拟弹丸-弹丸和弹丸-靶材之间相互作用以及整个弹丸流。通过建立的DEM-FEM耦合喷丸强化模型研究质量流量对残余应力场和表面粗糙度的影响。结果质量流量对喷丸强化效果有显著影响,最大残余应力随质量流量的增加而减小,由2 kg/min时的–596.77 MPa下降到6 kg/min时的–581.91 MPa;表面残余应力随质量流量的增加先增大后减小,由2 kg/min时的–420.86 MPa增大到4 kg/min时的472.06 MPa,随后减小到6 kg/min时的–450.50 MPa;表面粗糙度Ra随质量流量的增加减小,由2 kg/min时的11.21μm减小到6 kg/min时的9.82μm。设计了喷丸强化实验,对质量流量2 kg/min的结果进行了验证。结论实测值与模拟值吻合较好,所建立的模型可以准确反映实际喷丸强化过程。质量流量对喷丸强化效果具有显著影响。