Preparation of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles with a Continuous Gas-liquid Membrane Contactor： Particles Morphology and Membrane Fouling

Nanosized calcium carbonate particles were prepared with a continuous gas-liquid membrane contactor. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration, CO2 pressure and liquid flow velocity on the particles morphology, pressure drop and membrane fouling were studied. With rising Ca(OH)2 concentrations, the average size of the particles increased. The effects of Ca(OH)2 concentration and CO2 pressure on particles were not apparent under the experimental conditions. When the Ca(OH)2 concentration and liquid flow velocity were high, or the CO2 pressure was low, the fouling on the membrane external surface at the contactor entrance was serious due to liquid leakage, whereas the fouling was slight at exit. The fouling on the membrane inner-surface at entrance was apparent due to adsorption of raw materials. The membrane can be recovered by washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and reused for at least 6 times without performance deterioration.

Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene hollow fiber microstructure on formaldehyde carbonylation performance in membrane contactor

Membrane contactor is regarded as a promising method for reaction and process intensification. The feasibility of formaldehyde carbonylation to synthesize glycolic acid using polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)membrane contactor has been proved in our previous study. In this paper, the effect of membrane microstructure on process performance was further investigated. Three porous PTFE hollow fibers with different pore sizes and one polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/PTFE composite membrane with dense layer were fabricated for comparison. The physical and chemical properties of four membranes, including chemical composition, morphology, contact angle, liquid entry pressure, thermodynamic analysis and gas permeability, were systemically characterized. Experiments of formaldehyde carbonylation under different reaction conditions were conducted. The results indicated that the yield of glycolic acid increased with decreasing pore size for porous membranes, which was due to the improvement of wetting behavior. The dense layer of PDMS in composite hollow fiber could effectively prevent the solvent from entering membrane pores, thus the membrane exhibited the best performance. At reaction temperature of 120℃ and operation pressure of 3.0 MPa, the yield of glycolic acid was always higher than 90% as the mass ratio of trioxane and phosphotungstic acid increased from 0.2:1 to 0.8:1. The highest turnover frequency was up to 26.37 mol·g^(-1)·h^(-1). This study provided a reference for the understanding and optimization of membrane contactors for the synthesis of glycolic acid using solvent with low surface tension.

Feasibility analysis of SO_2 absorption using a hydrophilic ceramic membrane contactor

Hydrophilic ceramic membranes would be potential candidates for membrane gas absorption if they could be applied to appropriate separation processes.This study highlights a novel concept for the practical implementation of SO_2 absorption in hydrophilic ceramic membrane that exhibits outstanding thermal and mechanical stabilities.With this aim,we investigated experimentally the performance of SO_2 absorption into aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in a hydrophilic alumina (Al_2O_3) membrane contactor in terms of SO_2 removal efficiency and SO_2 mass transfer flux,and compared the performance with that in a hydrophobic one.A series of experiments were performed at various conditions over a NaOH concentration range of 0–1.0 mol·L^(-1),a liquid flow rate range of 30–180 ml·min^(-1),a gas flow rate range of 120–1000 ml·min^(-1),an inlet SO_2 concentration range of 400–2000μl·L^(-1),and a temperature range of 10–35°C.It was found that the hydrophilic membrane was more competitive when using a NaOH concentration higher than 0.2 mol·L^(-1).Furthermore,it can be inferred that the hydrophilicα-Al_2O_3 membrane exhibited exceptional long-term stability under 480 h continuous operation.

Modelling of a tubular membrane contactor for pre-combustion CO_2 capture using ionic liquids:Influence of the membrane configuration, absorbent properties and operation parameters

A membrane contactor using ionic liquids(ILs) as solvent for pre-combustion capture CO_2 at elevated temperature(303-393 K) and pressure(20 bar) has been studied using mathematic model in the present work. A comprehensive two-dimensional(2 D) mass-transfer model was developed based on finite element method. The effects of liquid properties, membrane configurations, as well as operation parameters on the CO_2 removal efficiency were systematically studied. The simulation results show that CO_2 can be effectively removed in this process. In addition, it is found that the liquid phase mass transfer dominated the overall mass transfer. Membranes with high porosity and small thickness could apparently reduce the membrane resistance and thus increase the separation efficiency. On the other hand, the membrane diameter and membrane length have a relatively small influence on separation performance within the operation range.

Membrane-based air dehumidification:A comparative review on membrane contactors,separative membranes and adsorptive membranes

This review compares the different types of membrane processes for air dehumidification.Three main categories of membrane-based dehumidification are identified–membrane contactors using porous membranes with concentrated liquid desiccants,separative membranes using dense membrane morphology with a pressure gradient to drive the separation of moisture from air,and adsorptive membranes using nanofibrous membranes which adsorb and capture moisture to realise dehumidification.Drawing upon the importance of dehumidification and humidity control for urban sustainability and energy efficacy,this review critically analyses and recognizes the three unique categories of membrane-based air dehumidification technologies.Essentially,the discussion is broken into three sections-one for each category-discriminating in terms of the driving force,membrane structure and properties,and its performance indicators.Readers will notice that despite having the same objective to dehumidify air,the polymers used amongst each category differs to suit the operating requirements and optimize dehumidification performance.At the end of each section,a performance table or summary of dehumidifying membranes in its class is provided.The final section concludes with a comparative review of the three categories on membrane-based air dehumidification technologies and draw inspiration from parallel research to rationalise the potential and innovative use of promising materials in membrane fabrication for air dehumidification.

Mass transfer correlations for membrane gas-solvent contactors undergoing carbon dioxide desorption

Membrane gas-solvent contactors are a hybrid technology combining solvent absorption with membrane gas separation, which demonstrates potential for CO_2 capture through the ability of the membrane to rigidly control the mass transfer area. Membrane contactors have been successfully demonstrated for CO_2 absorption, and there is strong research interest in using membrane contactors for the complimentary CO_2 desorption process to regenerate the solvent. However, understanding and modelling the various stages of mass transfer in the desorption process is less well-known, given the existing mass transfer correlations had been developed from absorption experiments. Hence, mass transfer correlations for membrane contactors are reviewed here, and their appropriateness for desorption analysed. This is achieved through simulating CO_2 desorption through a membrane contactor from loaded 30 wt% monoethanolamine solvent to enable comparison of the correlations. It was found that the most cited correlations by Yang and Cussler were valid for shell side parallel flow, while that of Kreith and Black was viable for shell side cross flow. A limitation of all of these correlations is that they assume single phase flow on both sides of the membrane; however, the high temperature of CO_2 desorption can lead to partial solvent vaporisation and hence two phases present on one side of the membrane contactor during desorption. A mass transfer correlation is established here for two phase parallel flow on the shell side of a membrane contactor, based on experimental results for three composite and one asymmetric hollow fibre membrane contactors stripping CO_2 from loaded MEA at 105–108 °C. This correlation is comparable to that reported in the literature for mass transfer in other two phase systems, but differs from the standard format for membrane contactors in terms of the exponent on the dimensionless Schmidt and Reynolds numbers.

Ammonia Removal from Wastewater through Combination of Absorption Process in the Membrane Contactor and Advance Oxydation Process in Hybride Plasma-Ozone Reactor

Wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonia can be harmful to aquatic life and degrade the water quality. Wastewater containing ammonia is usually removed by conventional methods such as aeration in towers, biological treatment and adsorption of the ammonium ion to the zeolite surface. However, these methods are less effective and relatively expensive. Therefore there is a need for alternative technologies that can improve the efficiency of ammonia removal from wastewater. This study aims to obtain the process of ammonia removal through a combination of absorption in the membrane contactor and the advance oxidation process in the hybrid plasma-ozone reactor. Wastewater containing ammonia used in the study was a synthetic wastewater with a concentration of about 800 ppm. In the experiment, the wastewater fi＇om the reservoir was firstly passed into the membrane contactor on the shell side, and then mixed with ozone from the ozonator befbre entering the plasma reactor, and finally was circulated back to the reservoir. Meanwhile, the absorbent solution was sent to the lumen fiber in membrane contactor. Experimental results showed that the ammonia removal efficiency increases with increasing in circulation rate and temperature of the wastewater. The highest efficiency of ammonia removal obtained from the experimental results was 77%.

Reduction of VOC emissions by a membrane-based gas absorption process

A membrane-based gas absorption （MGA） process was evaluated for the removal of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） based on C6H6/N2 mixture. The absorption of C6H6 from a C6H6/N2 mixture was investigated using a hydrophobic polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor and the aqueous solution of N-formyl morpholine （NFM） as absorbent. The effects of various factors on the overall mass transfer coefficient was investigated. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of C6H6 could reach 99.5% in present studied system. A mathematical model based on resistance-in-series concept was presented to predict the value of overall mass transfer coefficient. The average error between the predicted and experimental values is 7.9%. In addition, conventional packed columns for VOCs removal was also evaluated for comparison.

PVDF膜接触器在电厂含氨废水处理中的应用研究

燃煤电厂含氨废水具有水量大、氨氮浓度高、水质波动大的特点,常规脱氨工艺处理困难.本文采用PVDF膜接触器处理燃煤电厂高浓含氨废水,考察了膜接触器类型、水侧流量、气侧真空度、气液接触面积、进水水质等因素对脱氮效率的影响.结果表明,基于PVDF膜接触器的气液分离工艺,能够将高浓含氨废水中的氨氮浓度由1 250 mg/L降至300 mg/L以下;外压式和内压式膜接触器都有理想的应用效果;提高膜接触器水侧流量、气侧真空度能够有效提高NH3传质效率;增大传质膜面积能够显著提升循环液氨氮脱除率.提出了分离NH3在燃煤电厂的多种资源化回用途径,为膜接触器的工程化应用提供参考.

基于中空纤维膜接触器的氨水吸收CO_(2)的膜润湿性能模拟研究

膜接触器吸收(膜吸收)技术结合了膜分离与气体吸收的优点,在碳捕集技术中应用潜力巨大,但膜润湿是制约其发展和应用的主要障碍之一。着重研究了基于中空纤维膜接触器的氨水吸收CO_(2)过程中的膜润湿问题。本工作通过引入润湿分数的概念,利用COMSOL建立了润湿状态的二维稳态非润湿膜吸收模型,考察了不同操作参数下膜润湿对CO_(2)吸收性能的影响。结果显示膜润湿对传质性能具有显著的影响,完全润湿条件下的CO_(2)脱除效率和传质速率相比非润湿条件分别下降了38.5%和32.5%;气相参数的变化对非润湿状态的影响更大,而液相参数则对润湿状态的影响更明显。

Different efficiency toward the biomimetic aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in microchannel and bubble column reactors: Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer

The selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde has attracted considerable attention because benzaldehyde is a high value-added product. The rate of this typical gas–liquid reaction is significantly affected by mass transfer. In this study, CoTPP-mediated(CoTPP: cobalt(II) mesotetraphenylporphyrin) selective benzyl alcohol oxidation with oxygen was conducted in a membrane microchannel(MMC) reactor and a bubble column(BC) reactor, respectively. We observed that 83% benzyl alcohol was converted within 6.5 min in the MMC reactor, but only less than 10% benzyl alcohol was converted in the BC reactor. Hydrodynamic characteristics and gas–liquid mass transfer performances were compared for the MMC and BC reactors. The MMC reactor was assumed to be a plug flow reactor,and the dimensionless variance was 0.29. Compared to the BC reactor, the gas–liquid mass transfer was intensified significantly in MMC reactor. It could be ascribed to the high gas holdup(2.9 times higher than that of BC reactor), liquid film mass transfer coefficient(8.2 times higher than that of BC reactor), and mass transfer coefficient per unit interfacial area(3.8 times higher than that of BC reactor). Moreover,the Hatta number for the MMC reactor reached up to 0.61, which was about 15 times higher than that of the BC reactor. The computational fluid dynamics calculations for mass fractions in both liquid and gas phases were consistent with the experimental data.

面向烟气脱硫过程的膜接触器应用研究进展

工业化石燃料的广泛使用造成大量的含硫烟气排放,为了满足环境保护要求必须对烟气进行脱硫处理.膜吸收技术具有脱硫率高、传质效果好的特点,在烟气脱硫领域具有广泛的应用前景.本文以膜材料与膜接触器设计为主线,重点综述了膜接触器在烟气脱硫中的应用情况,分析不同吸收剂对膜吸收过程的影响;总结了无机膜、有机膜、混合基质膜在膜吸收脱硫方面的研究进展;汇总了膜接触器设计方法,以吸收过程阻力串联模型为基础建立相应膜材料与吸收过程的传质模型,利用模型对膜材料、膜组件、操作条件等进行优化.以期对烟气脱硫膜材料和膜接触器设计开发具有一定的参考价值.

人工膜肺氧合器技术进展

人工膜肺氧合器,又称人工膜肺组件或人工膜肺,是体外膜肺(ECMO)系统中2个最重要的核心部件之一,用于实现对静脉血液的供氧和二氧化碳的清除,支持病人建立体外心肺循环。人工膜肺氧合器是膜组件的一种,在ECMO系统中属于耗材,寿命一般较短且成本较高,目前第三代人工膜肺技术依然存在较多问题,需进一步开发基于新原理和新材料的人工膜肺组件。为此,基于人工膜肺发展历程,从膜材料的制备、膜材料的生物相容性、组件的设计、微流控人工膜肺等方面综述人工膜肺的发展现状,重点综述基于微流控原理的人工膜肺的研究进展。最后,对人工膜肺氧合器技术未来的发展方向进行展望,即在传统中空纤维式膜肺氧合器方面,需进一步开发新的高透气材料并优化组件内流路;在新型微流控膜肺方面,需在芯片并行放大、生物相容性改性及加工制备方法上进一步突破。

中空纤维膜接触器捕集燃煤电厂烟气中CO_(2)研究进展

以燃煤发电为主的基础能源电力行业是煤消耗大户和大型的CO_(2)固定排放源,通过捕集系统减少燃煤电厂CO_(2)排放是实现我国碳达峰和碳中和减排目标的重要途径之一。膜气吸收分离CO_(2)工艺同时具备了化学吸收法的高选择性和膜分离工艺结构紧凑的特点,是一种有望代替传统燃煤电厂烟气低浓度CO_(2)的分离方法。概述了膜气吸收法分离CO_(2)的主要工作原理,重点从吸收剂选择、膜材料分类、膜-溶剂交互作用机理和系统长周期运行稳定性4个方面介绍中空纤维膜接触器分离燃煤电厂烟气中CO_(2)的研究进展,最后对中空纤维膜接触器分离烟气CO_(2)工艺的发展趋势和应用挑战进行了展望。

Electrospinning in membrane contactor:manufacturing Elec-PVDF/SiO2 superhydrophobic surface for efficient flue gas desulphurization applications

In membrane contactors,maintaining a high SO_(2)absorption flux and an excellent wetting resistance are crucial for hazardous gas removal.In this study,we adopted an electrospinning strategy to fabricate highly robust superhydrophobic dual-layer Elec-PVDF/SiO_(2)composite membrane contactors used for flue gas desulfurization.The composite membrane contactor consisted of a durable and ultrathin three-dimensional(3D)superhydrophobic surface and a porous supporting layer,where the formulation was optimized by regulating the PVDF concentration,solvent ratio and SiO_(2)particles content in electrospinning solution.The scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),EDS-mapping,water contact angle(WCA)and surface roughness of as-prepared Elec-PVDF/SiO_(2)composite membrane contactors were conducted to explore the physical and chemical structure.The SiO_(2)nanoparticles were uniformly loaded in ElecPVDF/SiO_(2)composite membrane contactor,and constructed micro-nano dual-coarse lotus-leaf-like morphology,which noticeably elevated surface roughness(Ra).The SiO_(2)nanoparticles also functioned as hydrophobic modifiers,which boosted the WAC up to 155.The SO_(2)absorption fluxes and SO_(2)removal efficiencies were investigated.In particular,the membrane contactor doped with 20 wt%SiO_(2)nanoparticles significantly elevated the stability of desulfurization performance.Besides,the membrane mass transfer coefficient(Km)and corresponding membrane mass transfer resistance(H/Km)were explored.

中空纤维膜接触器分离CO_2/N_2混合气体的研究

以氢氧化钠(NaOH)、单乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)为吸收剂,采用疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜接触器技术进行了从CO2/N2混合气中分离CO2的研究.从机理上简要探讨了影响CO2吸收传质的因素.结果表明:3种吸收剂分离CO2的效率依次为MEA>NaOH>DEA,CO2的分离效率随吸收剂浓度和流速的提高而增大,随混合气流速及其中CO2浓度的增大而减小;在壳流程与腔流程的对比中腔流程对CO2的吸收效率要明显好于壳流程.

膜吸收法分离烟气二氧化碳的研究进展

在介绍膜吸收法的基本原理的基础上,主要从系统工艺、吸收液以及所采用的膜接触器结构和膜材料等3个方面对膜吸收法分离烟气中二氧化碳的研究现状进行了分析,并对膜吸收法的发展方向进行了展望。

海水烟气脱硫膜吸收单元及工艺研究

以海水作为吸收剂,采用自行研制的中空纤维管式膜接触器作为吸收单元,进行膜吸收法海水烟气脱硫过程模拟试验研究.考察膜接触器结构、膜填充密度、膜吸收单元工艺方式、模拟烟气SO2浓度、温度、气液流量等因素对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明,提高烟气温度、海水流量、膜接触器内气液分布均匀程度、气液相有效接触面积、增加膜吸收级数,均有利于提高脱硫率;烟气流量及SO2浓度的增大不利于SO2的脱除;烟气流经管程的气液流程方式利于提高脱硫率,但是气阻大,进气压力高,工程化应用难以实现.提高膜材料传质特性和优化设计膜接触器结构是提高膜吸收法烟气脱硫效率的根本途径.

中空纤维膜接触器分离烟气中CO_2

在中空纤维膜接触器试验台上利用模拟烟气进行CO2的分离试验,采用MDEA与MEA和MDEA与氨基酸盐2种混合吸收液,考察吸收液种类、浓度、CO2负荷和烟气CO2含量对脱除效率和传质速率的影响.结果表明,在MDEA水溶液中加入MEA或氨基酸盐作为添加剂,大大提高了脱除效率,改善了传质速率,相对于单一的MDEA吸收液,混合吸收液的脱除效率平均提高了200%,传质速率提高了238%,其中以MEA作为添加剂的混合吸收液的传质速率在2种混合吸收液中最好,传质速率最高可以达到1.7mo·lm-·2h-1.