Heavy-organic particle deposition from petroleum fluid flow in oil wells and pipelines

Suspended asphaltenic heavy organic particles in petroleum fluids may stick to the inner walls of oil wells and pipelines. This is the major reason for fouling and arterial blockage in the petroleum industry. This report is devoted the study of the mechanism of migration of suspended heavy organic particles towards the walls in oil-producing wells and pipelines. In this report we present a detailed analytical model for the heavy organics suspended particle deposition coefficient corresponding to petroleum fluids flow production conditions in oil wells. We predict the rate of particle deposition during various turbulent flow regimes. The turbulent boundary layer theory and the concepts of mass transfer are utilized to model and calculate the particle deposition rates on the walls of flowing conduits. The developed model accounts for the eddy diffusivity, and Brownian diffusivity as well as for inertial effects. The analysis presented in this paper shows that rates of particle deposition （during petroleum fluid production） on the walls of the flowing channel due solely to diffusion effects are small. It is also shown that deposition rates decrease with increasing particle size. However, when the process is momentum controlled （large particle sizes） higher deposition rates are expected.

Modeling of gas-solid flow in a CFB riser based on computational particle fluid dynamics

A three-dimensional model for gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed（CFB） riser was developed based on computational particle fluid dynamics（CPFD）.The model was used to simulate the gas-solid flow behavior inside a circulating fluidized bed riser operating at various superficial gas velocities and solids mass fluxes in two fluidization regimes,a dilute phase transport（DPT） regime and a fast fluidization（FF） regime.The simulation results were evaluated based on comparison with experimental data of solids velocity and holdup,obtained from non-invasive automated radioactive particle tracking and gamma-ray tomography techniques,respectively.The agreement of the predicted solids velocity and holdup with experimental data validated the CPFD model for the CFB riser.The model predicted the main features of the gas-solid flows in the two regimes;the uniform dilute phase in the DPT regime,and the coexistence of the dilute phase in the upper region and the dense phase in the lower region in the FF regime.The clustering and solids back mixing in the FF regime were stronger than those in the DPT regime.

Mechanisms for Particle Clustering in Upward Gas-Solid Flows

Two-dimensional unsteady cocurrent upward gas-solid flows in the vertical channel are simulated and the mechanisms of particles accumulation are analyzed according to the simulation results. The gaseous turbulent flow is simulated using the large eddy simulation (LES) method and the solid phase is treated using the Lagrangian approach, and the motion of the gas and particles are coupled. The formation of clusters and the accumulation of particles near the wall in dense gas-solid flows are demonstrated even if the particle-particle collisions were ignored. It is found that a cluster grows up by capturing the particles in the dilute phase due to its lower vertical velocity. By this way the small size clusters can evolve to large-scale clusters. Due to the interaction of gas and particles, the large-scale vortices appear in the channel and the boundary layer separates from the wall, which results in very high particle concentration in the near wall region and a very large-scale cluster formed near the separation point.

Three-dimensional cellular automata based particle flow simulations of mechanical properties of talus deposit

Based on three-dimensional cellular automata （CA）, a new stochastic simulation model to simulate the microstructures and particle flow of talus deposit is proposed. Ill addition, an auto-modeling program CARS is developed, with which nunaerical simulations can be conducted conveniently. For the problem of simulating mechanical behaviors of talus deposit, spatial anangement or sphere shapes should be considered. In the new modeling method, four sphere anangement models are developed for the particle flow simulation of talus deposit. Numerical results show that the talus deposit has the mechanical characteristics of typical stress-strain curves, as other rock-like materials. The cohesion of talus deposit decreases with increasing rock content, while the internal friction angle increases with increasing rock contents. Finally, numerical simulation is verified with the results of field test.

Numerical investigation of particle deposition on converging slot-hole film-cooled wall

Numerical research on the dilute particles movement and deposition characteristics in the vicinity of converging slot-hole(console) was carried out, and the effect of hole shape on the particle deposition characteristics was investigated. The EI-Batsh deposition model was used to predict the particle deposition characteristics. The results show that the console hole has an obvious advantage in reducing particle deposition in comparison with cylindrical hole, especially under higher blowing ratio. The coolant jet from console holes can cover the wall well. Furthermore, the rotation direction of vortices near console hole is contrary to that near cylindrical hole. For console holes, particle deposition mainly takes place in the upstream area of the holes.

Failure mechanism and stability analysis of the Zhenggang landslide in Yunnan Province of China using 3D particle flow code simulation

Based on the principle of 3D particle flow code,a numerical landslide run-out model is presented to simulate the failure process of the Zhenggang landslide(in southwestern China) under the effect of water after a rainfall.The relationship between the micro-mechanical parameters and the macro-shear strength of the grain material is determined through numerical calibrations.Then the rainfall effect is considered in numerical simulations and rain-induced sliding processes are performed,which help us to discuss the mechanism of deformation and failure of this landslide together with field observations.It shows the Zhenggang landslide would most likely be activated in Zone I and would gain momentum in Zone II.In order to prevent the potential disaster,a tailing dam is advised to be designed about 175 m downstream from the current landslide boundary of Zone II.Verified by field observations,the presented landslide model can reflect the failure mechanism after rainfall.It can also provide a method to predict the potential disaster and draft disaster prevention measures.

Solid Particles Injection in Gas Turbulent Channel Flow

This paper represents a review of the recent researches that investigate the behavior of the gas turbulent flow laden with solid particles. The significant parameters that influence the interactions between the both phases, such as particle size, loading ratio and the gas velocity, have been extensively reviewed. Those parameters are presented in dimensionless numbers in which the applicability of studying its effect in terms of all circumstances of the gas turbulent channel flow at different condition is possible. The represented results show that the turbulence degree is proportional to the particle size. It was found that at the most flow conditions even at low mass ratio, the particle shape, density and size significantly alter the turbulence characteristics. However, the results demonstrate that the particle Reynolds number is a vital sign: the turbulence field becomes weaker if particle Reynolds number is lower than the critical limit and vies verse. The gas velocity has a strong effect on the particles settling along the channel flow and as a result, the pressure drop will be affected.

Experimental study on the spatial distribution of particle rotation in the upper dilute zone of a cold CFB riser

Particle rotation plays an important role in gas-solid flows. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the spatial distribution of average rotation speed for glass beads in the upper dilute zone of a cold circulating fluidized bed(CFB) riser. It is shown that in the horizontal direction,the average rotation speed in the near-wall area is larger than that in the center area,while in the vertical direction,it decreases as the height increases. The reason resulting in this distribution is analyzed by considering several factors including particle size,particle shape,particle number density,particle collision behavior,and the surrounding flow field,etc. The effects of CFB operation conditions on the spatial distribution of average rotation speed are also studied. The results show that the increasing superficial gas velocity increases the average rotation speed of particles in the near wall area but takes nearly no effect on that in the center area. The external solids mass flux,however,takes the opposite effect. It is found that the average rotation speeds of particles in both areas are increased as the total amount of bed material increases.

DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW

The deposition of particles in turbulent pipe flow was investigated in terms of two mechanisms, turbulent and thermophoretic. A general equation incorporating these two mechanisms was formulated to calculate the deposition efficiency of aerosol particles in turbulent pipe flow together with thermophoretic deposition. The validity of the equation was confirmed by good agreement between calculated and measured results.

Experimental Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Fluidized Bed Particle Solar Receiver with Gas-Solid Countercurrent Flow Pattern

To design a particle solar receiver(PSR),a vital energy conversion system,is still a bottleneck for researchers.This study presents a novel PSR based on countercurrent fluidized bed(CCFB)technology,named CCFB receiver.In this design,downward-moving particles are subjected to the action of an up-flow gas to reduce the falling speed and enhance the radial disturbance,and hence increase the residence time of particles and improve the heat transfer.A cold-mold visual experimental setup is established.The influence factors are investigated experimentally,including the superficial gas velocity,solid flux,aeration gas,particle size and transport tube diameter.The results indicate that the maximum solid holdup can exceed 9%or so with fine particles of diameter d_(p)=113.5 μm and a tube diameter of 40 mm.It is proved that the CCFB can operate stably and adjust the solid flux rapidly.The results of this study provide a new structure for PSRs in the concentrated solar power field and could fill the research insufficiency in the gas-solid counterflow field.

Gas-solid flow in a high-density circulating fluidized bed riser with Geldart group B particles

We carried out experiments to explore and characterize the gas-solid flow dynamics of Geldart group B particles in a dense circulating fluidized bed riser. By reducing the pressure drop across the solid control valve and increasing the solid inventory in the storage tank, a high solid circulation rate and a solid holdup above 0.075 throughout the riser were simultaneously achieved. At a solid-to-gas mass flux ratio of approximately 105, flow transitioned from fast fluidization to a dense suspension upflow. In the axial direction of the riser, solid holdup had an exponential profile, increasing with increasing solid circulation rate and Jot decreasing superficial gas velocity. From the riser＇s center to its wall, the solid holdup increased markedly, exhibiting a steep parabolic profile. Increasing the solid circulation rate increased the radial non-uniformity of the solid concentration, while increasing the superficial gas velocity had the opposite effect, In our dense circulating fluidized bed riser, Geldart group B particles had similar slip characteristics to Geldart group A particles,

Tribo-charging of binary mixtures composed of coarse and fine particles in gas-solid pipe flow

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of adding fines on the tribo-charging of coarse glass beads. Four types of fines, i.e., copper, stainless steel, uncoated and silver-coated fine glass beads, mixed w让h 240-830 μm glass beads were conveyed by air through a stainless-steel spiral pipe acting as a tribo-charger. Regardless of the type or electrical conductivity of the fine particles tested, adding small amounts of fines (up to 10wt%) to coarse glass beads resulted in a sharp increase in the mass and surface charge densities of the particles. In gen eral, the profiles of the mass and surface charge den sides of the fine-coarse particle mixtures as a function of the mixture composition were determined by the relative magnitude of contact potential differences and the total surface areas of all the comp on ents. The domi nant particle tri bo-electrification mecha nism switched from coarse particle-wall con tacts to fine particle-wall contacts when the fines weight percentage in the mixture exceeded 10%. A model was developed to predict the mass charge density of bi nary mixtures as a function of the mixture composition.

SUPERSONIC DUSTY-GAS FLOWS WITH KNUDSEN EFFECT IN INTERPHASE MOMENTUM EXCHANGE

On the basis of the two-continuum model of dilute gas-solid suspensions,the dynamic behavior of inertial particles in supersonic dusty-gas flows past a blunt body is studied for moderate Reynolds numbers,when the Knudsen effect in the interphase momentum exchange is significant. The limits of the inertial particle deposition regime in the space of governing parameters are found numerically under the assumption of the slip and free-molecule flow regimes around particles.As a model problem,the flow structure is obtained for a supersonic dusty-gas point-source flow colliding with a hypersonic flow of pure gas.The calculations performed using the full Lagrangian approach for the near-symmetry-axis region and the free-molecular flow regime around the particles reveal a multi-layer structure of the dispersed-phase density with a sharp accumulation of the particles in some thin regions between the bow and termination shock waves.

温室中颗粒肥搅拌器数值模拟及性能分析

针对我国农业用水较大、颗粒肥溶解不完全易对灌溉系统造成堵塞及混合液体混合不均等问题,设计一种新型混肥搅拌器。利用ANSYS对搅拌器的应力及模态进行分析;在FLUENT模块中,采用多重参考系(MRF)方法建立基础模型,利用欧拉方程与k-ɛ方程对混肥区域流场、流速和湍流动能进行模拟分析。结果表明:搅拌器变形区域主要集中在圆筒支撑上,其变形较小;搅拌器最低频率为30.536 Hz,外部激励与固有激励比值为1.7,则搅拌器与外部结构不会发生共振。对不同搅拌速度下的吸入及排出性能进行分析,对比搅拌器混合时间。当搅拌速度为800 r/min时,圆筒式搅拌器可表现出最优性能。

高温致密砂砾岩储层盐敏及盐析损害机理

中国渤海湾盆地广泛分布特低渗致密砂砾岩油气藏,与常规砂岩储层相比,致密砂砾岩储层具有黏土矿物丰富,溶蚀孔隙及微裂缝发育且非均质性强等特点,注入流体侵入容易诱发储层损害,堵塞孔喉,降低储层渗流能力,阻碍油气井稳产。以BZ19-6井区砂砾岩储层井下岩心为例,分别依据行业标准法和高温高回压稳态法开展储层盐敏损害室内实验评价,基于扫描电镜分析了敏感性矿物和盐类矿物的类型及赋存特征。实验结果表明:储层盐敏程度为中等偏强~强;岩心渗透率越低,盐析对储层的孔隙度和渗透率的损害程度越大,建议对于渗透率小于0.1 mD、储层温度高于100℃的致密岩心,推荐应用高温高回压稳态法评价储层流体敏感性更具优势。研究区黏土矿物以丝片/丝缕状伊利石、蚀变高岭石及伊/蒙间层矿物为主,主要呈栉壳式、分散充填、搭桥等方式赋存于溶蚀孔隙,是储层盐敏的主要因素。高温环境地层水加速蒸发,易导致近井带盐析,盐类矿物主要为钾盐和石盐,赋存于矿物颗粒表面和孔隙壁面易堵塞微细孔喉;地层水静态蒸发可溶盐析出堵塞致密孔喉、动态驱替盐晶运移堵塞喉道及盐析弱化岩石力学强度,导致微粒运移是致密砂砾岩盐析损害的主要机理。推荐使用KCl-饱和盐水聚磺钻井液和两性离子聚合物钻井液技术,通过降低钻井液侵入和抑制盐类在钻井液中的结晶和成核,从而降低储层盐敏损害。

采动裂隙缩径后端抽采气流中煤岩颗粒沉积规律研究

井孔瓦斯抽采过程中抽采气流所携带的煤岩颗粒易在采动裂隙内沉积,严重降低了井孔瓦斯抽采流量,掌握裂隙内颗粒沉积特性是提高井孔瓦斯抽采流量的重要基础。开展了含缩径的裂隙内颗粒运移沉积实验,研究了抽采气流影响下颗粒在越过缩径后的颗粒沉积床演化规律,分析了抽采气速和缩径特征参数对采动裂隙缩径后端颗粒沉积规律和抽采局部阻力的影响。结果表明:裂隙缩径后端颗粒沉积床呈现2种演化规律;当颗粒沉积床沿气流方向呈“V”形分布时,颗粒沉积床沉积高度呈现先快速增大后缓慢减小的演化规律;当颗粒沉积床沿气流方向呈“?”形的颗粒沉积床时,沉积高度呈现先缓慢增大后缓慢减小的演化规律;此外,随着裂隙内颗粒床的发展,裂隙缩径后端的局部阻力变化可分为初期稳定阶段、快速发展阶段和最终稳定阶段;初期稳定阶段演化时间随抽采气速的增大或缩径比减小而缩短;快速发展阶段演化时间随抽采气速的增大或缩径比增大而缩短。

Simulation of the L-valve in the circulating fluidized bed with a coarse-grained discrete particle method

Stable and controllable solid flow is essential in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) systems. The L-valve is a typical non-mechanical valve that can provide flexible solid feeding. The investigation of the solid circulation rate and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the L-valve is crucial to its design and operation. The gas-solid flow in the L-valve of a full-loop CFB is studied with the coarse-grained discrete particle method (EMMS-DPM). Good agreements on the solid circulation rate and the pressure drop through the L-valve are achieved between the simulated and experimental data. The solid circulation rate increases linearly with the aeration velocity until the stable particle circulation of the CFB is destroyed. The flow patterns in the horizontal section of L-valve are gas-solid slug flow above the stationary solid layer and the moving solid layer, respectively. The effects of L-valve geometric parameters on the solid flow characteristics are also investigated. The results indicate that reducing the diameter and length of the horizontal section of L-valve can improve the solid transport efficiency, especially at low aeration velocity. Besides, the solid conveying capacity and flow stability are improved when the sharp bend of L-valve is modified to be a gradual bend.

Numerical analysis on the transport properties and residence time distribution of ribbon biomass particles in a riser reactor based on CFD-DEM approach

A bended ribbon biomass particle model was developed to explore the dynamic transport properties inside a riser reactor.Residence time distribution(RTD)of the particles was analyzed by using the Eulerian-Lagrange method.The effects of sampling height,particle density,particle size and gas-to-solid mass ratio on RTD were investigated.The coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method(CFD-DEM)model was verified firstly by experimental data on pressure drop and residence time distribution density function.The simulation results demonstrated that the ribbon biomass particles display a typical annular-core spatial distribution during transportation.The RTD of particles exhibit an approximate single-peaked normal distribution.The mean residence time(MRT)can reach up to 0.7 s when the particle density is 1200 kg/m^(3).Particle with higher density has longer mean residence time.The flow patterns are closer to plug flow if particle length over 12 mm.The particle flow pattern is not sensitive to changes in particle density and size,while the gas-to-material mass ratio has a significant impact on it.

CFD-DEM analysis of particle polydispersity on the performance of fluidised bed reactor during silane pyrolysis Author links open overlay panel

A CFD-DEM model is developed for chemical vapour deposition of silane in a fluidized bed reactor to investigate the effect of polydispersity on local phase dynamics,mass and heat transport,as well as the rate of Si deposition.Both gas-phase fines formation and heterogeneous deposition on the seed particle,as well as the scavenging effect for Si particle growth,are incorporated.The method is first validated against the experimentally measured Si deposition rate,percentage of fine production and minimum fluidisation velocity.Subsequently,the properties,primarily particle intermixing,fluidisation behaviour and bubble dynamics along with the deposition process,are analyzed for several polydisperse beds under various operating conditions.The effect of polydispersity of the bed on a fraction of the bubble size,dense phase expansion and interchange coefficient between various phases is thoroughly investigated to establish a correlation with reactor performance.The results show that broad-Gaussian particle size distribution(PSD)exhibits excellent improvement in fluidisation behaviour,resulting in a high deposition rate,and minimum formation of Si fines.

泥石流启动过程PFC数值模拟

泥石流松散碎屑物质具有散粒体的基本特征,在暴雨激发下容易形成泥石流,整个过程具有散粒体大变形的特征。颗粒流理论是基于离散单元法模拟圆形颗粒介质的运动及其相互作用,在模拟颗粒相互作用和大变形问题研究方面具有显著的优越性。为分析泥石流松散碎屑物质启动形成泥石流的过程及其与土体含水率的关系,采用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D)分析降雨作用下松散碎屑物质启动形成泥石流的过程,揭示崩滑堆积体在降雨作用下含水率超过临界值后质点运动速度和位移增加,松散碎屑物质启动并加速而导致滑坡泥石流连锁式破坏的过程和机制。