Flow Behaviors of Gas-Solid Injector by 3D Simulation with Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow

A computational study on the flow behavior of a gas-solid injector by Eulerian approach was carried out. The gas phase was modeled with k-ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. The simulations by Eulerian two-fluid model （TFM） were compared with the corresponding results by discrete element method （DEM） and experiments. It was showed that TFM simulated results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental and DEM simulated results. Based on TFM simulations, gas-solid flow pattern, gas velocity, particle velocity and the static pressure under different driving jet velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle were obtained. The results showed that the time average axial gas velocity sharply decreased and then slightly increased to a constant value in the horizontal conveying pipe. The time average axial particle velocity increased initially and then decreased, but in the outlet region of the convergent section the particle velocity remarkably increased once more to the maximal value. As a whole, the static pressure distribution change trends were found to be independent on driving gas velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle. However, the static pressure increased with increase of convergent section angle and gas jet velocities. The difference of static pressure to backpressure increased with increasing backpressure.

Conceptual design of a 714-MHz RFQ for compact proton injectors and development of a new tuning algorithm on its aluminium prototype

Radio frequency quadrupoles(RFQs),which are crucial components of proton injectors,significantly affect the performance of proton accelerator facilities.An RFQ with a high frequency of 714 MHz dedicated to compact proton injectors for medi-cal applications is designed in this study.The RFQ is designed to accelerate proton beams from 50 keV to 4 MeV within a short length of 2 m and can be matched closely with the downstream drift tube linac to capture more particles through a preliminary optimization.To develop an advanced RFQ,challenging techniques,including fabrication and tuning method,must be evaluated and verified using a prototype.An aluminium prototype is derived from the conceptual design of the RFQ and then redesigned to confirm the radio frequency performance,fabrication procedure,and feasibility of the tuning algorithm.Eventually,a new tuning algorithm based on the response matrix and least-squares method is developed,which yields favorable results based on the prototype,i.e.,the errors of the dipole and quadrupole components reduced to a low level after several tuning iterations.Benefiting from the conceptual design and techniques obtained from the prototype,the formal mechanical design of the 2-m RFQ is ready for the next manufacturing step.

Sensitivity Analysis of Injection Characteristic to Structural Parameters of GDI Injector Nozzle Hole

The nozzle inner-flow characteristic of the“spray G”injector was studied by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation,and the sensitivity of cycle fuel mass to the conicity and entrance radius of the nozzle hole were analyzed.Results show that the inner conicity of nozzle hole inhibits the development of cavitation phenomena,and increases the injection rate.While the outer conicity of nozzle hole promotes the diffusion of cavita-tion,leading to reductions of the liquid volume fraction of the nozzle outlet and the local flow resistance of the nozzle hole.The sensitivity of cycle fuel mass to inner-cone nozzle hole is stronger than that of the outer-cone noz-zle,especially at the smaller hole conicity.The increase of injection pressure enhances the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the nozzle hole structure,in which inner-cone nozzle has higher sensitivity coefficient than the outer-cone nozzle hole.However,the increase of injection pressure aggravates the offset of liquid jet to the nozzle axis of the outer-cone nozzle hole.With the increase of the inner conicity of nozzle,the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the entrance radius of the hole decreases.With the increase of the outer conicity of nozzle hole,the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the entrance radius of the hole increases.

Simulation of gas-solid flow characteristics of the circulating fluidized bed boiler under pure-oxygen combustion conditions

Under the pressure of carbon neutrality,many carbon capture,utilization and storage technologies have witnessed rapid development in the recent years,including oxy-fuel combustion(OFC)technology.However,the conventional OFC technology usually depends on the flue gas recirculation system,which faces significant investment,high energy consumption,and potential low-temperature corrosion problem.Considering these deficiencies,the direct utilization of pure oxygen to achieve particle fluidization and fuel combustion may reduce the overall energy consumption and CO_(2)-capture costs.In this paper,the fundamental structure of a self-designed 130 t·h^(-1) pure-oxygen combustion circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boiler was provided,and the computational particle fluid dynamics method was used to analyze the gas-solid flow characteristics of this new-concept boiler under different working conditions.The results indicate that through the careful selection of design or operational parameters,such as average bed-material size and fluidization velocity,the pure-oxygen combustion CFB system can maintain the ideal fluidization state,namely significant internal and external particle circulation.Besides,the contraction section of the boiler leads to the particle backflow in the lower furnace,resulting in the particle suspension concentration near the wall region being higher than that in the center region.Conversely,the upper furnace still retains the classic core-annulus flow structure.In addition to increasing solid circulation rate by reducing the average bed-material size,altering primary gas ratio and bed inventory can also exert varying degrees of influence on the gas-solid flow characteristics of the pure-oxygen combustion CFB boiler.

Electro-assisted photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) in ambient air using Ag/TNTAs at the gas-solid interface

The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces,and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays(TNTAs)by polydopamine modification.In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions,the stable,efficient and highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy.Specifically,with the assistance of potential,the CO formation rates reached 194.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) and 103.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation,respectively;the corresponding CO_(2) conversion rates in ambient air were 30%and 16%,respectively.The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect.Additionally,the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate.This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of the Gas-Solid Coupled Flow Field and Discharging Performance of Straw Crushers

The quality of crushing,power consumption,and discharging performance of a straw crusher are greatly influenced by the characteristics of its internalflowfield.To enhance the straw crusher’sflowfield properties and improve the efficiency with which crushed material is discharged,first,the main structural parameters influencing the airflow in the crusher are discussed.Then,the coupled gas-solidflowfield in the straw crusher is numerically calculated through solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and application of the discrete element method(DEM).Finally,the discharge performance index of the crusher is examined through detailed analysis of the crushed material dynamics.Additionally,a multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the structure and operational factors that have significant effects on the discharge performance.With optimization,the accumulation rate of crushed materials in the bottom region of the straw crusher decreases by 20.08%,and the massflow rate at the discharge outlet increases by 11.63%.

Identifying the enhancement mechanism of Al/MoO_(3) reactive multilayered films on the ignition ability of semiconductor bridge using a one-dimensional gas-solid two-phase flow model

Energetic Semiconductor bridge(ESCB)based on reactive multilayered films(RMFs)has a promising application in the miniature and intelligence of initiator and pyrotechnics device.Understanding the ignition enhancement mechanism of RMFs on semiconductor bridge(SCB)during the ignition process is crucial for the engineering and practical application of advanced initiator and pyrotechnics devices.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)gas-solid two-phase flow ignition model was established to study the ignition process of ESCB to charge particles based on the reactivity of Al/MoO_(3) RMFs.In order to fully consider the coupled exothermic between the RMFs and the SCB plasma during the ignition process,the heat release of chemical reaction in RMFs was used as an internal heat source in this model.It is found that the exothermal reaction in RMFs improved the ignition performance of SCB.In the process of plasma rapid condensation with heat release,the product of RMFs enhanced the heat transfer process between the gas phase and the solid charge particle,which accelerated the expansion of hot plasma,and heated the solid charge particle as well as gas phase region with low temperature.In addition,it made up for pressure loss in the gas phase.During the plasma dissipation process,the exothermal chemical reaction in RMFs acted as the main heating source to heat the charge particle,making the surface temperature of the charge particle,gas pressure,and gas temperature rise continuously.This result may yield significant advantages in providing a universal ignition model for miniaturized ignition devices.

One‑Step Gas-Solid‑Phase Diffusion‑Induced Elemental Reaction for Bandgap‑Tunable Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI Thin Film Solar Cells

Lead-free inorganic copper-silver-bismuth-halide materials have attracted more and more attention due to their environmental friendliness,high element abundance,and low cost.Here,we developed a strategy of one-step gas-solid-phase diffusioninduced reaction to fabricate a series of bandgap-tunable Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI bilayer films due to the atomic diffusion effect for the first time.By designing and regulating the sputtered Cu/Ag/Bi metal film thickness,the bandgap of Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI could be reduced from 2.06 to 1.78 eV.Solar cells with the structure of FTO/TiO_(2)/Cu_(a)Agm_(1)Bim_(2)I_(n)/CuI/carbon were constructed,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency of 2.76%,which is the highest reported for this class of materials owing to the bandgap reduction and the peculiar bilayer structure.The current work provides a practical path for developing the next generation of efficient,stable,and environmentally friendly photovoltaic materials.

空间发动机离心喷嘴真空下脉冲工作雾化特性实验研究

为得到空间双组元发动机中的液液同轴离心喷嘴在真实工作时的雾化特性,利用全透明真空舱搭建了真空喷雾实验与测量系统,对同轴离心喷嘴的脉冲雾化过程进行了实验研究。在入口压力1.6 MPa,开启时间分别为8 ms,20 ms和50 ms等典型工况下,对比研究了真空与大气环境下离心喷嘴脉冲工作的雾化特性,测试了同轴离心喷嘴单路脉冲工作以及两路同时脉冲工作的喷雾情况,测量了索太尔平均直径SMD的动态变化,并使用高速相机拍摄了相应的喷雾场图像。真空与大气下的对比实验表明,在真空下同轴离心喷嘴单路脉冲工作稳定段的SMD明显大于在大气中的SMD,且在真空下锥形液膜比较平滑。同轴离心喷嘴两路同时工作的实验结果表明,真空下两锥形液膜不会合并,而在大气下两股液膜会完全混合。

HL-3装置二号中性束注入束线量热靶研制

在托克马克装置的中性束注入器中,量热靶是非常重要的水冷部件之一,承担着接收和测量束功率的任务。除此之外,利用内置热电偶阵列的方式,可以实时监测靶板不同位置的温升情况,进而获得引出离子束或中性束的功率密度分布。在HL-3装置二号中性束注入束线上,为量热靶设计了一种利用直线推杆机构实现升降,并采用“W”字型靶板结构实现中性束能量的吸收。此外,利用Ansys Workbench的流体计算模块对量热靶在满功率运行状态下的温度分布做了模拟计算,结果显示:量热靶的设计满足二号中性束注入束线的120 kV/40 A/5 s满功率运行的使用要求。可为量热靶进一步的工程设计提供设计参考。

大直径偏心型文丘里施肥器优化设计与试验

为改善现有大直径文丘里施肥器的吸肥性能,对其进行结构优化设计.基于大直径对称型文丘里施肥器(M型),对其改造设计为偏心型文丘里施肥器(P型).采用正交设计方法,应用数值模拟技术,以吸肥效率为评价指标确定P型文丘里施肥器最优结构参数组合,并对2种施肥器进行试验测试和数值模拟对比分析.结果表明最优结构参数组合为喉管进口直径17 mm、扩散角3°、喉管出口直径20 mm、喉管凹槽宽度4 mm、喉管直线段长度16.6 mm、喉管凹槽直径27 mm、收缩角23.5°.通过试验测试对比分析,经结构优化后的P型施肥器较M型施肥器的最大吸肥流量提高了21.4%;在进口压力为0.25 MPa时,最大吸肥浓度提升了约30.7%,最大吸肥效率提升了约13.9%.流场分析表明,相较于M型施肥器,在相同的压差条件下,P型施肥器更不容易产生空化,并且P型文丘里施肥器流态更加稳定,能量损失更小.可见优化后的偏心型文丘里施肥器能提高吸肥性能.

基于某地区天然气井工况下静态引射器参数优化研究

天然气是一种绿色清洁能源,在工业发展过程中十分重要。新开采的天然气井有压力高、耗散快的特点,如何实现利用高压压力井引射低压压力井的天然气至关重要。基于某地区天然气井的压力井特点,设计具有最高引射效率的静态引射器,并使用CFD方法模拟引射器内部流动状态。改变引射器的几个关键结构尺寸,即喉部半径r_(1)、喉部出口半径r_(2),混合室半径R,研究适合该工况条件下的最佳引射器结构尺寸。最终得出引射器喉部尺寸为5.41 mm,喉部出口半径为5.65 mm,混合室半径为12.24 mm时,引射器的引射效果最佳,引射效率可达108.68%。试验结果表明,该设备在设计条件下具有良好的性能,偏离设计条件时仍有较高好的引射率,具有一定的抗波动能力。

窄条带状背斜油藏边部注水开发产能影响因素

JY油田Y油藏为典型窄条带状背斜油藏,其储集层注入水极易沿河道中心方向突进,导致油井快速水淹,产量递减快;由于对水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等产能影响因素认识不清,此类油藏开发难度较大。针对上述问题,建立了窄条带状背斜油藏精细数值模型,通过对比论证提出了“边部注水+逐步转注”开发,并在此基础上开展了水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等参数对产能的影响研究。结果表明:“边部注水+逐步转注”开发不仅可以增大边水能量,使得井网双向受效,还可以有效延缓构造高部位油井的见水时间,大幅度降低油井含水率。另一方面,在考虑油藏构造特征的前提下,量化了不同影响因素下的产能特征,明确了水体大小、构造幅度、垂向渗透率与水平渗透率之比等参数的合理界限,论证了不同储集层物性下油藏面积的适应性。可为同类型油藏改善注水开发效果提供借鉴。

一种基于直流式风洞的火星尘暴模拟装置

为了研究火星表面尘暴环境对探测器及人类活动的影响,研制了一种基于低密度直流式风洞的火星尘暴环境模拟装置:采用超声速引射器作为风洞动力源,结合具备多工况动态调节能力的大抽气量真空系统,实现了引射气量精准调控,可模拟100~1500 Pa低气压下的5~100 m/s大跨度风速;针对低气压下沙尘浓度难以精确控制的问题,采用振动式喂料、逆向螺旋式喷嘴设计以及大周期滞后串级调节方式,实现了0.1~1 g/m^(3)的沙尘浓度精确控制。该装置可用于研究火星尘暴环境对材料和机构的影响,同时还可用于火星气动力研究。

基于三维建模的喷油器流量系数在线测试

该文提出一种柴油机喷油器喷嘴流量系数在线测量方法。通过实验探究了燃油系统内部压力波的演化及传递过程并基于实验数据验证了算法的准确性;基于黎曼不变量理论将燃油系统内部复杂的压力变化过程简化为黎曼波的演化及传递过程,并建立了喷油过程中喷油器入口压力与流量系数的数学关系;根据燃油系统结构提出了一种基于喷油器入口压力信号的黎曼波解耦方法,提高了算法的使用范围。该文搭建了流量系数测量平台,通过实验验证了所提出方法有较高精度。

柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器燃料喷射特性的测试方法

针对双燃料喷射器结构复杂而无法实现喷射特性同时测量的问题,以同心双轴针式喷射器为研究对象,提出一种油和气同场测量方法,用动量法获取喷油规律及喷气规律型线,再通过测试密闭容腔内的压力变化计算喷气量,将二者结合可在测量喷气量的同时测量出精确喷气规律,最后对柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器的常用工况进行测试及验证。结果表明,采用动量法结合容积法的喷气规律测量方法得出的喷气量误差不超过5%。对喷射器的一致性进行验证,喷油量与喷气量的波动率均不超过3%,证明其喷射器一致性较好,该测试技术具有较高的准确度与可信度。

基于GT-Power的压电晶体喷油器性能仿真分析

为优化柴油机压电晶体喷油器性能,采用GT-Power建立高压共轨压电晶体喷油器仿真模型,改变模型中压电晶体的材料属性,设置不同电压条件,仿真分析压电晶体执行器的弹性模量、晶体驱动电压对执行器位移、喷油针阀压强、喷油器温度及每循环喷油量的影响。仿真结果表明:压电晶体喷油器弹性模量大于75 GPa,执行器位移随驱动电压的增大而增大;喷油器弹性模量大于80 GPa,喷油针阀处的压强增大,温度升高;相比弹性模量为55 GPa,弹性模量为80 GPa时,压电晶体执行器位移增大15.6%,喷油器每循环喷油量增加2.3%。压电晶体喷油器弹性模量为75~80 GPa,可以提高喷油速率,缩短喷油持续期,有利于提高柴油机热效率。

Gas-solid catalytic reactions over ruthenium-based catalysts

Ruthenium （Ru）‐based catalysts are widely employed in several types of gas‐solid reactions because of their high catalytic activities. This review provides theoretical research on Ru‐based catalysts and an analysis of their basic properties and oxidation behavior. There is particular emphasis on Ru‐catalyzed gas‐solid catalytic reactions, including the catalytic oxidation of VOCs, preferential oxidation of CO, synthesis of ammonia, oxidation of HCl and partial oxidation of CH4. Recent litera‐ture on catalysis is summarized and compared. Finally, we describe current challenges in the field and propose approaches for future development of Ru‐based catalysts.

缆控式智能配注系统关键工具腐蚀特性分析

注水仍是剩余油驱替的重要措施之一,数字化注采控制更是中国油田的重要发展趋势。然而,智能配注工具在腐蚀环境下的适应性评价工作不足,大大制约了中国数字化油田的发展进程。为评价缆控式智能配注工具材质在新疆油田井下复杂环境中的适应性,通过实验方法评价了用于智能配注工具的两种典型材质在不同温度、不同Cl^(-)浓度条件下的腐蚀特性。结果表明:随温度升高,A材料的腐蚀电位下降且腐蚀电流增加,而B材料的腐蚀电位升高且腐蚀电流减小;当Cl^(-)浓度升高时,A材料表现出较强的腐蚀倾向;而在所研究井况范围内,B材料表面钝化层未被破坏。可见,在所研究井况下,B材料耐蚀性能显著优于A材料。

Review of gas-solid two phase flow rate-concentration detection technology

The indirect detection method basic principle of rate and concentration,application range and research results on gassolid two phase flow were discussed.The present development situation and the existing problems of rate and concentration detection technology were analyzed and summarized.Emphatically analyzed the existing problems in the industrial application and research status of electrostatic method in measuring phase concentration.Design criterion of electrostatic phase concentration sensor is given,the superiority and wide industrial application prospect of the sensor used for phase concentration measurement are clarified.